英语听力 Section B Interview.doc

Section B InterviewsInterview 1 Interview with Professor Glenn Denning about Food Security Background Information of Interview 1l Millennium Development Goals of UN：（联合国千年发展目标）Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hungerGoal 2: Achieve universal primary educationGoal 3: Promote gender equality and empower womenGoal 4: Reduce child mortality ratesGoal 5: Improve maternal healthGoal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseasesGoal 7: Ensure environmental sustainabilityGoal 8: Develop a global partnership for development1）消灭极端贫穷和饥饿：靠每日不到1美元维生的人口比例减半；挨饿的人口比例减半；2）普及小学教育：确保所有男童和女童都能完成全部小学教育课程；3）促进两性平等 并赋予妇女权力：最好到2005年在小学教育和中学教育中消除两性差距，至迟于2015年在各级教育中消除此种差距；4）降低儿童死亡率：五岁以下儿童的死亡率降低三分之二；5）改善产妇保健：产妇死亡率降低四分之三；6）与艾滋病毒/艾滋病、疟疾和其他疾病作斗争：遏止并开始扭转艾滋病毒/艾滋病的蔓延；遏止并开始扭转疟疾和其他主要疾病的发病率增长；7）确保环境的可持续能力：将可持续发展原则纳入国家政策和方案，扭转环境资源的流失；无法持续获得安全饮用水的人口比例减半；到2020年使至少1亿贫民窟居民的生活有明显改善；8）全球合作促进发展：TranscriptMatt Smith: Welcome to the La Trobe University podcast. I would be your host, Matt Smith, and Im here today with Professor Glenn Denning. Thank you for joining me, Glenn.Professor Glenn Denning: Youre welcome.Matt Smith: Now, Ive been told that youre the man to talk to about food security. What is food security?Professor Glenn Denning: Food security is by definition the ability of people in household food security at the national level to provide the food needs to live a healthy and productive life. And we look at food security beyond food, to food and nutritional security. So its not just about the amount of food, which is measured by energy requirements, but its also the quality of the food.Its a global aim. Its encompassed in the Millennium Development Goals about reducing hunger by 50 percent by the year 2015. Whats actually happened is we have more hungry people today than we had when the Millennium Development Goals were dreamt up(构思).Roughly a billion people on the planet dont have enough food right now. That is something to be very concerned about. Probably 2 billion people dont have adequate nutrition and they have various kinds of micronutrient deficiencies.All of these things dont just affect the quality of your life-nobody likes to go to bed hungry-but it also affects your ability to grow and develop intellectually and socially. So if we fail to address (解决) hunger and under-nutrition, were actually compromising（危害） the capabilities of the next generation.Matt Smith: So how do you go about addressing a global problem such as that?Professor Glenn Denning: We sometimes forget, you know, about one in six, one in seven of the worlds population are going hungry, and so the first thing is to bring it to the attention of leaders all over the world that this is something we have to be serious about.A few years ago, the World Bank woke up to this and actually produced a major report recognizing that they neglected agriculture. And more recently with the global food crisis, when food prices, all food prices, even right here in Australia, went through the roof （价格飞涨）, it was realized that weve really neglected agriculture.The way to address that at all levels-at the global level, at the country level, at the village level-is to think of food security as being about availability of food, which is to do with the production of food and enough to go around.Secondly, access to food, which is ensuring people have the incomes to be able to purchase food in the marketplace or, if necessary, if we have to subsidize (给予补助) to provide vouchers or food stamps, whatever is needed to ensure that people have access to food.And the third is utilization of food. And what thats all about is that even if you have food, you have to be able to use it, and that means you should be drinking clean water, you shouldnt be down with malaria, and you should understand aspects of nutrition.Matt Smith: Didnt they change the sort of crops that they were all planting?Professor Glenn Denning: Exactly. Well, they didnt change the crops. Basically what happened was they changed the technology of growing the main staple crops, which were rice and wheat. And it was the technology based on research, combined with better policies and institutions. These things came together, and these countries that we feared would sink （渗透，插入），actually ended up generating more than enough food. And even countries like India had surpluses (过剩) at the time when people thought that they wouldnt be able to feed themselves.A. Listen to the interview and select the best answer to each question.1. Which of the following is NOT true concerning food security? （D）A. Food security is the ability of people in household.B. Food security at the national level to provide the food needs to live a healthy and productive life.C. Food security also deals with food and nutritional security. D. Food security only refers to amount of food. 2. What aspects will be affected by the inadequate food, inadequate nutrition and micronutrient deficiencies? (D)A. The quality of peoples life. B. The ability to grow and develop intellectually and socially.C. The capabilities of the next generation.D. All the above.3. What should be done first to address food problem? (A) A. To arouse the attention of all leaders over the world. B. To increase food production.C. To make better use of food.D. To make more food available in the marketplace.4. What can be implied from the interview? (C)A. Australia has been putting more resources in agriculture.B. Poor countries were not themselves putting sufficient resources into agriculture and food security issues.C. More recently, food prices has been very high. D. Experts have already realized that theres a large portion of society in poor countries.5. What did people do to increase food production according to the interview? (B) A. They changed the main staple crops. B. They changed the technology of growing the main staple crops. C. They fertilized the land. D. They did more research.B. Listen to the interview again and answer the questions briefly.1. What is encompassed in the Millennium Development Goals?(Reducing hunger by 50% by the year 2015.)2. How many people are living with inadequate nutrition and various kinds of micronutrient deficiencies?(Probably 2 billion.)3. What effect would have on the next generation if we fail to address hunger and under-nutrition according to Professor Glenn Denning?(Were actually compromising the capabilities of the next generation.)4. According to the report by World Bank, what did people neglect?(Agriculture.)5. What can be done to ensure that people have access to food according to the interview?(To make people have the incomes, or provide vouchers or food stamps, or what is needed.)C. Listen to the interview for the third time and fill in the blanks with the missing information to complete the paragraphs.The way to address that at all levels (1) at the global level, at the country level, at the village level is to think of food security as being about (2) availability of food, which is (3) to do with the production of food and enough to go around.Secondly, (4) access to food, which is ensuring that people have the incomes to be able to purchase food in the marketplace or, (5) if necessary, if we have to subsidize to provide vouchers or food stamps, whatever is needed to ensure that people have access to food.And the third is (6) utilization of food. And what thats all about is that even if you have food, you have to be able to (7) use it, and that means you should be drinking clean water, you shouldnt (8) be down with malaria, and you should understand aspects of nutrition.Interview 2 Interview with Professor Glenn Denning about Food Security (continued)TranscriptMatt Smith: Asia and Africa and I suppose in some ways South America would be the problem areas, the places that really need help to fulfill the Millennium Development Goals. Does this sort of response from the First World countries and the fact that we now have the global financial crisis and the fact that theres only five years to go until the goal should be met mean that they should be pretty much helping themselves? They shouldnt think they can rely on outside help?Professor Glenn Denning: Well, many of them have given up, to be honest. Ive met many of these leaders. And there was recently the G8 meeting in Italy in LAquila. They came out with a statement supporting agriculture and food security and committed $20 billion over three years. This is the G8 countries.You communicate this to your friends working in governments in different parts of the world and they laugh at it. They said, “Its not going to happen. Weve heard it all before.”Matt Smith: Not going to help or not going to happen?Professor Glenn Denning: Its not going to happen. Moneys not going to come. In 2004, at Gleneagles, the G8 committed to doubling aid to Africa by 2010. Its not going to happen. They wont come close to doubling. They may not come close to 20 percent increase.So thats how bad it is. I mean, I think a lot of developing nations have lost their faith in the international system. Were very quick to point our finger at poor countries when we see examples of corruption, bad management and bad governance. Were very quick to do that.And here in Australia I think theres both potential and also challenges ahead. And I think the Australian public needs to keep the government honest about what it has promised. It has promised, it has recommitted, the Rudd government has recommitted to the Millennium Development Goals, and thats great. Were glad to hear that.Another is, of course the Australian priorities are Asia and the Pacific, but there has also been a stated commitment to re-engage with Africa. It hasnt happened yet, but were very hopeful that Australia could really engage with a number of African countries. I think there are some real opportunities there. Theres a lot of similarities and a lot of common challenges facing the two continents. Theyre both very dry continents, they have historical connections to agriculture, theyre both going to be hit pretty hard by climate change, they have water constraints, a number of these things. I think there are some common issues, common problems, common opportunities to work together. So Im really hoping to sort of follow up and really keep Africa on the agenda for Australian aid in the future.Matt Smith: What is your next objective once you, well, leave Australia, I suppose? What are you looking forward to in the future?Professor Glenn Denning: I guess its more of the same. Wed probably have to step up our efforts to ensure that-next year is 2010 and thats kind of a significant milestone towards the MDGs in 2015. And theres going to be a big UN conference in New York, the general assembly meeting in September 2010, and no doubt Mr. Rudd or, whoever is the Australian prime minister, will be there, and I think its important that he and other leaders more than recommit themselves to the MDGs.Matt Smith: Professor Glenn Denning, thank you for your time.Professor Glenn Denning: Youre Welcome.A. Listen to the interview and answer the questions briefly.1. Why didnt most officials in governments have faith in the aid from the First World countries?(Because they found those countries fail to keep their promises.)2. How do we react when we see examples of corruption, bad management and bad governance according to Professor Glenn Denning?(Were very quick to point our finger at poor countries. )3. Where are the Australian priorities in aid program?(Asia and the Pacific.)4. What are the similarities and common challenges facing both Africa and Australia according to the interview? (Theyre both very dry continents, they have historical connections to agriculture, theyre both going to be hit pretty hard by climate change, and they have water constraints.)5. Whats Professor Glenn Dennings attitude towards MDGs? (Optimistic.)B. Listen to the interview again an