高中英语 Unit 3 Fairness for All 知识点汇总 新人教版选修10.doc

unit3 fairness for all一、核心单词用法例析1register v. 登记，注册; 以挂号寄送where can i register for the arabic course?我选阿拉伯语一科到哪里注册？2special adj. 特殊的；专门的，特别的 on holiday the railways run extra trains for special purpose.假日铁路增开加班火车。3announce v t. 预示，显示； 宣布，告知the government announced its new economic policies.政府发布了新的经济政策。the secretary announced mr. and mrs. white. 秘书同胞怀特夫妇驾临。4support vt. n.支持，支撑；赞成， 拥护；赡养 支撑物， 支持，声援he supports the uns effort to reduce poverty in the world.他支持联合国为减少贫困做的努力。she is his sole support in life.她是他生活上唯一支柱。5break down （指机器）出毛病， 坏掉；精神崩溃（break up是“打碎、解散”意思） the car broke down.汽车坏掉了。he is suffering from a nervous breakdown.他正患神经衰弱。they broke up the alliance.他们终止了联盟。6prohibit vt. 禁止smoking in the railway compartment is prohibited.严禁在这节火车车厢内吸烟。children are prohibited from buying cigarettes.禁止儿童购买香烟。prohibit sb.from doing7. seize vt & vi. 常用被动，侵袭，发作（=attack, overcome）扣押， 查封，没收he was seized with sudden chest pain.他的胸口疼突然发作。8. grip vt. 紧握，抓紧the brakes failed to grip and the car ran into a wall.煞车失灵， 汽车撞在一堵墙上。10remain vi. 剩下、余下；逗留、继续存在；保持you may have all those that remain.你可以把剩下的那些全部拿走。11submitvi. & vt. （使）服从、屈服；提交we shall submit ourselves to discipline.我们必须守纪律。12punctuala. 准时的、正确的every one in our class is punctual for class.我们班每个人都能做到上课不迟到。13coincide vi. 同时发生，巧合 coincidental adj. 巧合性的， 巧合my religious beliefs and yours dont coincide.我的宗教信仰和你的不一致。14march n. vt. 军队进军、前进；进行曲；前进、齐步前进、三月(首字母大写)she was very angry and marched out of the shop.她很生气，快步走出去了。it was a days march from the city to the camp.从城市到营地需要一天的行程。15abuse vt. 误用，滥用 dont abuse your authority.不要滥用你的权利。16battle n./v. 战斗， 斗争our company is fighting a legal battle.我们公司正在打一场官司。two armies battled for days.两军苦战了几天。17 happiness n. 幸福， 快乐my happiness is complete.我的幸福是完满的。18creed n. 宗教信条， 教条。in our country all men are treated equally ,without regard to race, social origin or creed.在我国，不论种族、出身和信仰，人人平等。19 seat vt. 使就坐， 使坐下 n. 座， 座位these ladies were conducted to seats of honor at the top of the room.注意：seat是及物动词，要接宾语；sit是不及物动词，后面不能接宾语。二、词组句型用法全解1seize on 抓住（机会），把握（良机）、利用well seize on this chance.我们要抓住这个机会。2regard. as 把看作，把认为do you regard this issue as important?你认为这个问题重要吗？注意： regard as意思是：认为是； regard with是以某种心态看某事物。as regards “至于， 关于”。一般位于句首，作介词用。类似的表达还有as to, as for, with regard to等。on the basis of “在基础上”， “基于理论” his story is on the basis of his own life experience when he is young.他的小说是在他年轻时的生活经历基础上写出来的。注意：base指有形的基础；basis指无形的基础。 如military base军事基地，the basis of philosophy哲学基础get on board 登上飞机/轮船等sweep the board 大获全胜 go by the board 落水,落空his plan went by the board. 他的计划落空。he is expected to sweep the board at tennis tournament.他被认为有望在网球锦标赛上获全胜。worry about / be worried about担心，发愁he doesnt worry about me.他不会为我发愁的。6. out/out ofout of 在。外、由于、缺乏、放弃jack cant come this afternoon out of the work.今天下午杰克因为工作的原因不能来了。we are out of fresh water.我们的淡水用完了。ill talk her out of marrying green.我要说服她不要嫁给格林。as usual 像往常一样as planned 按计划 as follows 如下, as never before 从未有过, as expected 预料之中辨析：as it is/as it were用as it is 陈述真实的情况，常译为“事实上”，“实际上”。比如：i thought things would get better, but as it is, they are getting worse.我以为事情会越来越好。但事实上，事情越来越糟糕。as it were意义是：“可以说是”、“似乎是”、“仿佛”，并不那么肯定、确切。比如：he is my best friend, my second self, as it were. 他是我的好朋友，可以说是我的第二个自我。on the other hand “另一方面”，常和 on (the) one hand （一方面）成对出现。 offer a lift “让人搭乘自己的便车”，与give a lift相等，但后者还有别的意思。比如：the big increase in her salary gave her a tremendous lift.她的薪水大幅度增加使她极为振奋。注意：lift / raise/ rise三者都有“举起或升起”的意思。lift是用体力或机械力把某物举到一定的高度。raise是及物动词，强调“抬高”动作，还有“饲养，抚育”的意思。rise意为“升起， 站起来”，常指日、月、星辰升起。比如：this box is too heavy for me to lift.这个箱子太重，我搬不动this piece of good luck lifted his spirit.这次幸运使她非常高兴。10. after all 毕竟、终究。用在句子里加强语气，表示“让步”。i thought i was going to fail the exam, but i passed after all. 我原以为这次考试不及格了， 可毕竟还是及格了。用于句首或从句之首，意思则是“别忘记”，“须知”，“要知道”等。after all, ive nothing to be ashamed of.要知道，我并没有什么可羞愧的。11. make up 编造 、弥补、构成stop making things up!别编故事啦！what are the qualities that make up hamlets character?哈姆莱特的性格特征是什么？make up for the lost time。 努力补回失去的时间。12. not onlybut also “不但而且”shakespeare was not only a playwright but also an actor.莎士比亚不但是剧作家而且是演员。13. instead of 代替，而不 （对其后的内容“否定”）she usually does some reading in the room instead of in the library.她通常在房间而不在图书馆里阅读。13. as i woke even earlier than usual.as 在此引导原因状语从句，从句中使用了比较级，“比平常早”。as usual, “像平常一样”i like to be punctual for work and no boycott is going to make me late.14. is going to既表示将来时间又表示“肯定、会”等情态动词的意思，在此句中可以和will互换。意思是：我一贯准时上班，联合抵制也不会不可能使我迟到的。15. what excitement! 感叹句，对名词感叹用what；对副词、形容词、或动词感叹用how。how well you look!how dirty the house is!what a good idea!what genius you have!16. here you can take my copy now that ive finished with it. now that 引导原因状语从句， 意思是“既然”now that they could ride horses, it became easier to hunt the bison.既然他们学会骑马了，猎取野牛也就变得比较容易了。17. when walter shook his head a third time, i spoke up for walter.a third time 是 “又一次”。a third stranger “又一个陌生人”，不过，这是第三次见到的陌生人。所以，“再学一门外语”应为“learn a second language”,不能说“learn the second language”真题：the cakes are delicious. hed like to have _ third one because _ one is rather too small. （2002上海）a. a, a b. the, the c. a, the d. the,a解析：答案是c。18. speak up, 1）“大声说话”，相当于talk louder, speak louder2）“毫不迟疑地说出自己的意见”will you speak up? i cant hear you.he tried to force me to pay for a bad meal, but i spoke up and told him i would not.三、课文长句难点剖析. taxis passed all full of passengers as we pedestrians marched on the pavement.剖析：full of passengers “装满了乘客”，作主语补足语。. the boy was laid down, dead. 剖析：dead 是形容词做状语，表示伴随出现的结果状态。 3. maybe white businesses are suffering now since we dont shop downtown any more.剖析：suffer vi. 相当于 “ have loss”, 受损his business suffered while he was ill.在他患病期间他的生意受损了。还有其他意思，如“经历，遭受”；suffer pain/defeat/adversity 遭受痛苦（失败，不幸）。“notany more” 是“不再去商业区购物了”的意思。译文：因为我们不再到商业区去购物，白人的生意也许会受到损失。4. but it must mean were winning.剖析：进行式are winning表示：）讲话时的充沛情感；）该动作很快即将实现。译文：我们肯定会胜利的。5. it was not until november 13,1956 that the us supreme court declared separation on buses was not constitutional.剖析：it is(was)that是强调句型。强调“人”，可以用who, 其余用that引导从句。比如：mr wang told us a very interesting story.it was mr.wang who/that told us a very interesting story. （强调mr wang）it was a very interesting story that mr. wang told us.（强调a very interesting story）强调句的疑问形式：what was it that made you so happy?how was it that he lost his temper?6. today is a red letter day.剖析：日历上“喜庆日”都是红字印刷。译文：今天是值得庆贺的日子。. we may only have struck one small blow for liberty but who knows where itll lead?剖析：may have done表示对过去动作的推测，“准是，肯定”。must have done也表示“对过去的肯定推测”，但语气比前者强；lead to 通向：hard working can lead us to success.努力可以使我们走向成功。译文：我们为了自由也许才进行了一次小小的斗争，谁知这场斗争会吧我们引向何方呢？四、语法知识归纳梳理动词时态英语有种时态，初学者要掌握几种常用的，以便进一步学习。1、一般现在时态）表示现存的一般状态、习惯、经常发生的事以及客观事实。常常和sometimes, often, never，every day等副词或短语连用。比如：im german; i come from berlin.i get up at seven oclock every morning.）用来谈论时刻表和日程安排。when does the next train to cambridge leave?it leaves at half past four.真题：1. visitors _ not to touch the exhibits. (2001全国)a. will request b. request c. are requesting d. are requested.解析：一般现在时态的被动语态。故选d。2.-sorry, joe, i didnt mean to. (2003全国)-dont call me “joe”, im mr. parker to you, and _ you forget it! a. do b. didnt c. did d. dont 解析：否定的祈使句表示“建议”，语气较强。故选d。3. no one in the department but tom and i _ that the director is going to resign. (2004上海)a. knows b. know c. have known d. am to know 解析：既考时态又考主谓一致。no one是主语部分的中心词。故选a。4.you re drinking too much. ( 2000春招)only at home. no one _me but you. a. is seeing b. had seen c. sees d. saw 解析：表示一般（现在的）事实。故选c。5. i _ ping-pong quite well, but i havent had time to play since the new year. (2001全国)a. played b. will play c. have played d. play.解析：“乒乓球打得如何”是一般的事实状况。故选d。2、一般将来时： 1）表示动作在未来某一时刻发生。will/shall 和be going to均表将来，有时可以互换。但其区别是：will/shall表示一般的将来动作、有时也含有情态动词的意思；be going to 表示“计划、打算”或“某事非发生不可”。“oh dear! ive spilt some wine on my jacket.” “dont worry. ill clean it for you.”2） “be about to do”, “be to do”, “be going to do”这三种形式都可以表示将来时。be about to do表示最近的将来，意思是 “马上”、“立刻”。be to do 则表示某事在将来一定会发生或者命中注定会发生、已经计划好了。比如：we are to meet mr. smith next wednesday.我们下周三要见史密斯先生。you are to answer for all these things.你要对这些事负责的。when i was about to leave , the phone rang.我正要离开时，电话响了。注意：时间状语从句和条件状语从句里的一般将来时态，要用一般现在时态表达。1. youve left the light on. oh, so i have. _ and turn it off. (2000 全国)a. ill go b. ive gone c. i go d. im going 解析：你提醒我以后，我要去关灯。故选a。2. hundreds of jobs _ if the factory closes. (2001春招)a.lose b. will be lost c. are lost d. will lose 解析：将来时态的被动语态。故选b。3. when will you come to see me, dad? (2003北京) i will go to see you when you _ the training course. a. will have finished b. will finish. c. are finishing d. finish. 解析：时间状语从句里的一般将来时态要用一般现在时态去表示。故选d。4. lets keep to the point or we _ any decisions. (2004全国)a. will never reach b. have never reached c. never reach d. never reached 解析：祈使句加or或and连接的并列句，前面的祈使句相当于条件状语从句。故选a。5. the number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people _ to eat more fruit and vegetables. (2004上海)a. persuade b. will persuade c. be persuaded d. are persuaded 解析：这是条件状语从句中的将来时态用一般现在时态表达，同时考查语态。故选d。6. turn on the television or open a magazine and you _ advertisements showing happy families. (2004湖南 )a. will often see b. often see c. are often seeing d. have often seen 解析：该题中or连接两个平行的祈使句，and连接的是并列句，and之前的祈使句相当于条件状语，“在这种条件下将会。”，所以用一般将来时态。故选a。（参见本小节第小题）3、一般过去时现在完成时过去完成时：一般过去时态表示过去发生的事实或存在的状态。与现在完成时态的区别是：一般过去时描述的动作与现在无联系；现在完成式强调动作与现在的联系或对现在的影响。现在完成时常有everneveryet,alreadyso farsince ever等副词、短语作状语从句。比如：i quickly dressed and left the flat.我迅速穿好衣服后就离开了公寓。he came in, sat down and turned on the television.他走进来、坐下来，然后打开了电视机。i havent had my breakfast yet.我还没吃早饭呢。过去完成时态则表示“在一般过去动作之前（过去的过去）”发生的动作。比如：she said she had finished her homework before supper.她说她晚饭前就做完了家庭作业。真题：1. all the preparations for the task _ and were ready to start. (2000春招)a. completed b. complete c. had been completed d. have been completed 解析：现在完成时态的被动语态，表示preparations已经完成。故选d。2. john and i _ friends for eight years. we first got to know each other at a christmas party. but we _ each other a couple of times before that. (2002春招)a. had been; have seen b. have been; have seenc. had been; had seen d. have been; had seen 解析：该题考查现在完成式和过去完成式的使用。故选d。3. this is teds photo. we miss him a lot. he _ trying to save a child in the earthquake. (2002春招)a. killed b. is killed c. was killed d. was killing 解析：该题考查时态和语态。一般过去时态表示“过去的事实”。故选c。4. my uncle _ until he was forty five. (2002上海) a. married b. didnt marry c. was not marrying d. would marry 解析：“四十岁时结的婚”是“过去的事实”；该句是notuntil结构。故选b。5.how long _ at this job? since 1990. (2003北京)a. were you employed b. have you been employed c. had you been employed d. will you be employed 解析：“做这份工作有多长时间了”指“过去”开始的动作延续到现在，还有可能向将来延续。要用现在完成时态表达。故选b。6. how are the team playing? (2002春招)they are playing well, but one of them _ hurt. a. got b. gets c. are d. were. 解析：表示过去的事实。故选a。7. you havent said a word about my new coat, brenda. do you like it? (2002全国)im sorry i _ anything about it sooner. i certainly think its pretty on you. a. wasnt saying b. dont say c. wont say d. didnt say 解析：表示过去的事实。故选d。8. i wonder why jenny _ us recently. we should have heard from her by now. (2002全国) a. hasnt written b. doesnt write c. wont write d. hadnt written 解析：writing在过去有无发生与现在有联系（因为我们正在关心着这件事）；recently也是与现在完成时连用的副词。故选a。9. with the rapid growth of population, the city _ in all directions in the past five years. (03春招)a. spreads b. has spread c. spread d. had spread 解析：过去开始的状态一直延续到现在，还有可能向将来延续。故选b。10. all morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness_. (2003全国)a. has grown b. is growing c. grew d. had grown 解析：表达过去的事实，grow是延续性动词。故选c。11. the silence of the library _ only by the sound of pages being turned over. (2003春招)a. has been broken b. breaks c. broke d. was broken 解析：过去时态的被动语态。故选d。12. the news came as no surprise me. i _ for some time that the factory was going to shut down. (2003北京)a. had known b. knew c. have known d. know 解析：know发生在came之前。故选a。13. i thought jim would say something about his school report, but he _it. (2003上海)a. doesnt mention b. hadnt mentioned c. didnt mention d. hasnt mentioned 解析：过去事实。故选c。14. my mind wasnt on what he was saying so im afraid i _ half of it. (2004 全国) a. was missing b. had missed c. will miss d. missed 解析：同上。故选d。15. how can you possibly miss the news? it _ on tv all day long. (2004北京)a. has been b. had been c. was d. will be 解析：表示延续到现在的状态。故选a。16. i arrived late; i _ the road to be so icy. (2003北京)a. wouldnt expect b. havent expected c. hadnt expected d. wasnt expecting.解析：“没有想到”是arrived之前的事。故选c。17. i _ while reading the english textbook. luckily, my roommate woke me up in time! (2004北京)a. had fallen asleep b. have fallen asleep c. fell asleep d. fall asleep 解析：在过去“阅读”的背景下发生的一个事实。故选c。18. although he has lived with us for years, he _ us much impression. (2004 上海)a. hadnt left b. didnt leave c. doesnt leave d. hasnt left 解析：与从句的谓语has lived并列。故选d。19. she has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book _ 50million. (2004福建)a. have reached b. has reached c. are reaching d. had reached 解析：该题既考时态又考主谓一致。sales是主语部分的中心词，又考虑与前半句的has set对称、一致。故选a。20. more patients _ in hospital this year than last year. (2004江苏)a. treated b. have treated c. had been treated d. have been treated 解析：现在完成时态的被动语态。故选d。21. the first use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their power _ increased enormously ever since. (2004上海)a. is b. was c. has been d. had been 解析：ever since也是现在完成时态的标志。故选c。22. she _ her hairstyle in her hometown before she came to chongqing for a better job. (2004重庆)a. would change b. has changed c. changed d. was changing 解析：该题中change发生在came前。但是没有过去完成时态had changed供选择，故只有选c。语法规定：当不强调某一动作发生在过去某动作之前、或读者一读到就明白哪个动作发生在前，可以用一般过去时态代替过去完成时态。23. sales of cds have greatly increased since the early 1990s, when people _ to enjoy the advantages of this new technology. (2004江苏)a. begin b. began c. have begun d. had begun 解析：时间状语从句描述的还是过去的事实。故选b。24. it is said in the book that thomas edison (18471931) _ the world leading inventor for sixty years. (2004辽宁)a. would be b. has been c. had been d. was 解析：表示过去的状态。故选d。25. he kept looking at her, wondering whether he _ her somewhere. (2004湖北)a. saw b. has been c. sees d. had seen 解析：see应该发生在kept looking之前。故选d。26. george and lucy got married last week. did you go to their wedding? (2004湖北)no, i _. did they have a big wedding? a. was not invited b. have not been invited c. hadnt been invited d. didnt invite 解析：在did go to their wedding之前没有得到邀请。故选c。27. i hear jane has gone to the holy island for her holiday. (2004湖南)oh, how nice! do you know when she_? a. was leaving b. had left c. has left d. left 解析：问“离开”发生在过去什么时候，是一般过去的事实。故选d。28. the window is dirty.i know. it _for weeks. (2004广西)a. hasnt cleaned b. didnt clean c. wasnt cleaned d. hasnt been cleaned 解析：表示从过去延续到现在的状态，有是“被动”。故选d。29. how are you today? (2000全国)oh, i _as ill as i do now for a very long time. a. didnt feel b. wasnt feeling c. dont feel d. havent felt. 解析：谈过去的感受与现在的联系。故选d。30. i _ you not to move my dictionary; now i cant find it. (2004吉林)a. asked b. ask c. was asking d. had asked 解析：该句表示过去的事实。故选a。4. 过去将来时： 表示从过去某一时刻看那以后将要发生的动作或存在的状态。由 “would+动词原形”构成。the weather report said there would be strong winds.辨析：强调今昔对比用used to do；would do表达过去反复发生的动作,“过去经常”。比如：as soon as she got up in the morning, she would make herself a cup of tea.charles would always smoke his pipe after dinner.when i was in australia, she would come to see us on weekends.now and then he would sit under the tree reading. 真题：what were you doing when tony phoned you? (2004天津)i had just finished my work and _ to take a shower. a. had started b. started c. have started d. was starting 解析：“我”在tony给我电话时就完成了（had finished）作业，正准备要去冲凉，所以是过去将来。备选答案中只有was starting(过去进行时态)表示过去将来。故选d。5. 现在进行时：a)表达目前正发生或存在的短暂性的动作或状态。比如：someone is walking towards the house.bob and i are having golf lessons.2) 少数表示动态动作的动词现在进行时态，可表示将来的计划，即最近的将来要进行的事。（常见的有go, come, stay, arrive, leave, start, fly, stop, take等）比如：i am going up to london, cant you see?i am taking my mum to holiday in florida