4形容词和副词(1).doc

形容词和副词一 形容词（adjective）什么是形容词：形容词是用来修饰名词，表示名词属性，一般放在它所修饰的名词之前.e.g. a useful book the beautiful picture形容词的分类：形容词可以分为单词形容词和复合形容词，中心形容词和外围形容词，动态形容词和静态形容词，等级形容词和非等级形容词（259）。形容词在句中的作用：1. 作定语（used as attribute）有些形容词只能作定语。常见的有：sleeping, like/similar, living/live, shameful(用于事或行为), conscious(用于事)/deliberate, lonely（兼作表语）, waking, elder, sick, frightened(兼作表语)等。He is a good cook.The people have boundless creative power.I lived a lonely life in the countryside.My elder sister is three years older than I.( older作表语)We hope to see an advanced, strong and prosperous China emerge in the world.2. 作表语 (used as predicative)This book will be most useful to you.The acting was superb.Dont feel bad. Everything will be all right.【注】大多数形容词即可作定语又可作表语等。但有少数形容词只能作表语，不能作定语，如alone, afraid, alike, alert（警觉的）, aware, alive（活着的，有活力的）, ashamed, content（满意的）, unable, asleep, awake, older, ill等等。（常见的系动词有seem, look, appear, sound, taste, feel, smell, stay, remain, keep, grow, turn, go, run, get, prove, stand, lie, rise, sit等） They are much alike in appearance. The dog is asleep. In that part of America the natives(当地人) go naked（赤身裸体） all the year round.3. 作宾语补足语 (used as objective complement)They found the book quite instructive.We keep our rooms clean and tidy.Who left the door open?4. 作状语 (used as adverbial ) 形容词用作状语的时候较多，在很多情况下引起一个短语作状语。 Curious, we looked around for other guests.(由于好奇，我们向四面看看还有什么别的客人。)Unable to find words to express themselves, they silently grasped our hands. (由于找不到话来表达自己的感情，他们默默地握住了我们的手。)He spent seven days in the wind and snow, cold and hungry.Afraid of difficulties, they prefer to take the easy road. Strange to say, he did pass his exam after all.(独立成分作状语)5. 相当于名词（used as nouns）某些形容词前用定冠词the，变成名词化的形容词，可在句中作主语，宾语等。He has a keen sense of the new.他对新鲜事物有敏锐的感觉In America education is only for the rich.(上两例中，the new =the new things新鲜事物, the rich=the rich people 富人，其他的例子the young 年轻人，the blind盲人， the old老年人等。)形容词的位置：1. 形容词一般须放在它所修饰的名词之前。但如有一个以上的形容词修饰名词，这些形容词的位置即由它们和被修饰名词的关系的密切程度来确定，一般说来，关系最密切就最靠近被修饰的名词，关系较疏远就离被修饰名词也较远。a strong, swift and young horse一匹又壮又快又年轻的马many happy and healthy children许多幸福而健康的儿童that young Korean fighter那个年轻的朝鲜战士a small but comfortable room一间舒适的小房间(comfortable一词较长，放在small之后，这也是英语里安排形容词位置的一种方法)2. 形容词所修饰的是some, any, every, no等所构成的复合不定代词时，须放在它所修饰的词的后面。 Is there anything important in this book? There is nothing wrong in the sentence3. 在下面一些特殊情况下，形容词须放在被修饰的名词之后。All the commune members, young and old, went out to harvest the crops.It is the only solution possible.I have never seen a film so interesting and instructive.形容词的比较等级及其形式 英语形容词比较等级（degrees of comparison）一般有两个：即比较级（comparative degree）和最高级（superlative degree）。平时所见的形容词通常称为原级（positive degree）。形容词的比较形式是： 原级 比较级 最高级 形容词 +er +est more+形容词 most+形容词1. 规则变化（单音节词和少数双音节词）一般情况词末尾加 +er +est great greater greatest small smaller smallest单音节词如以“e”结尾加 +r +st large larger largest brave braver bravest able abler ablest 以辅音+y结尾的词将yi加 +er +est happy happier happiest busy busier busiest 以一个辅音字母结尾的，（重读音节，中间短元音）须双写这个辅音字母再加 +er +est big bigger biggest thin thinner thinnest 少数以-er, -ow, 结尾的双音节词，末尾加 +er +est clever cleverer cleverest narrow narrower narrowest 其他双音节和多音节词皆在前面加单词 more + most +difficult more difficult most difficultimportant more important most importantuseful more useful most useful2.不规则变化原级 比较级 最高级good (好) better bestwell (好，健康的) better bestbad (坏，差) worse worstill worse worstmany more mostmuch more mostlittle（小，少） less leastfar（远） farther farthest further furthestold older oldest elder eldest【注】“further”和“furthest”是“far”的比较级和最高级，但现在“furthest”用的较少而 “further”有“进一步”的意思。如：No further discussion is necessary.Ill give you further details later.(以后我将提供给你更多细节。)另外，“elder”和“eldest”主要用来表示兄弟姐妹之间的长幼关系。如：She is the eldest of the three(sisters).My elder brother is one year older than me.I am his eldest daughter(son).3.形容词前如加less和least，则表示“较不”和“最不”.useful less useful least usefulimportant less important least importantdifficult less difficult least difficult形容词比较等级的用法可分为原级，比较级，最高级1. 原级的用法独立地表示事物的性质，不和其他事物比较时用原级。如：This is a clean room.He has a big house.比较两个人或两个事物时可用原级进行比较（即用于同性质，程度，同等的比较）。“相等”as+(a. ad)原级+as 像那样，和同样This room is as large as that room (is large).He is as energetic as a young man.The trucks they make are as good as those made in Japan.Well give as much help as we can.There is plenty of food, so eat as much as you like.“不相等”not so(as)+(a. ad.)原级+as. 不如(像)那样This book is not as(so) easy as that one(book).Im not so(as) experienced as you think.These engines are not so(as) powerful as those weve just made.She is not so(as) talkative as before.【注】1）as后的形容词如作定语，而被定语修饰的单数可数名词之前有不定冠词“a”时，该不定冠词须放在形容词之后。German is as difficult a language as English.I havent seen as old a car as this for years.(= I havent seen a car as old as this for years.) 2.）当as(so).as 结构与复数可数名词搭配时，只能将比较结构用作名词的后置修饰语。I can carry parcels as heavy as this.(不可以说heavy parcels as this)He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.3）当as(so)as 结构与带有某些限定词（如Some, a little等）的名词词组搭配时，比较结构也只能用作名词的后置修饰语。Fetch me some water as clean as this.(不可以说some as clean as this)“几倍于”表示几倍于用twice（两倍），three times（三倍）等加as.as.Beijing is ten times as big as my home town.This lake is twice as big as that.This substance reacts three times as fast as the other one.表示“几倍于”也可以用下面的说法：Three times three is nine.He is twice my age.times+ the size(length, width, breadth, depth, value, level, velocity of/that.)(velocity速度)This river is twice the width of that river.The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.He eats twice the amount that you eat.This reservoir is four times the size of that one.用increase(be, go up, speed up, raise, rise)+by+倍数或数字百分比，此结构的by后表示的是净增加数。The velocity has been increased by 4 times.（速度增加了四倍。）The production of large high-precision machine tools has gone up by 20 to 30 percent since last year.（大型高精密度机床的生产从去年以来已经增产了百分之20到30.）上述结构中如不用by, 则表示“增加到 倍”，即“增加了x-1倍”。此外用谓语动词decrease, reduce, drop则表示相反意义。2. 比较级的用法两件事物或人物相比较，表示性质，程度，高低不同时用比较级。（比较级用于两者之间进行比较，这时比较级常用连词than与被比事物连接，引出比较状语从句。从句中常省略意义上与主句相同的部分，构成比较短语做状语。） a.或ad.的比较级+than. “比(高，好，大等)”Li is older than Chou.There are more workers in the factory than(there are workers) in that factory.She looks healthier and stronger(than she was).【注】1）汉语可以说“昆明气候比北京好”，英语必须加that，即进行比较的双方必须保持对等。除了在意义上保持对等，在语法结构上也要保持对等。可译为：The climate of Kunming is better than that of Beijing.The salary of a professor is higher than that of a secretary.Swimming is a more strenuous(紧张的)exercise than walking.2）表示程度可用much, far, still, even, a little, none, any, a great deal等状语来修饰形容词的比较级。This is even better than that.We are much better off now.(我们的生活比过去好多了。)She sings far better than the others.注意：I couldnt move a step further.He is a head taller than I. 3）英语比较级常译作“较”“一些”等，但不等于“更”。如表示“更”须用修饰语still，even，far, many, much, a lot, a little/bit, rather, slightly, not any等置于more than结构之前来表示.This book is even more useful than that one.He is far more truthful than most people.A delivery man can carry many more plastic(塑料的) containers than containers made of wood or glass.比较级+and+比较级（不接than从句） “越来越”The days are getting longer and longer.He is becoming more and more active in speaking English.表示“越来越”也可用“ever+比较级”The road got ever worse until there was none at all.(路越来越坏，直到最后连路都没有了。)the+比较级,the+比较级 (从句) （主句） “越，就越”The more you practice, the more you know.The warmer water (is), the faster it evaporates.The sooner, the better.all the more (因而更加)As a result, the rich became all the richer.(结果富的更富。)Thatll make the work all the more difficult.(这将使这工作更加难做。) more or less(大体上，或多或少)The question is more or less settled.Its an hours journey, more or less.（大约是一个小时的路程。） more than 和less than 表示“多于” “少于”There are more than three thousand students in our institute.We fulfilled our production plan for this year in less than ten months.注意more than在下面句子的用法：He accomplished more than (what)was expected of him.(他所完成的超过了所期待于他的。)She got more than she asked for.（她得到的超过她所要求的。） no more than, “只不过” not more than “不多于”I have no more than two dollars left in my pocket.(口袋里只剩两块钱了.)有“钱少”的含义I have not more than two dollars left in my pocket.（我口袋里顶多还有两块钱。）没有“钱多钱少”的含义 no less than “不亚于” not less than “不少于”There were no less than one thousand people at the meeting.（到会的有一千人之多。）“到会人多”的含义There were not less than one thousand people at the meeting.（到会的至少有一千人。）没有“到会人多或人少”的含义 all the better和 so much the better 这一类的说法都有“因此而更”的含义。If he will come, so much the better.If that is so, all the better.（果真如此，那就更好。）That would make things all the more difficult.（那样会把事情弄得更加难办。）2. 最高级的用法最高级用于三者或二者以上的比较。一般要有表示范围的短语或从句。形容词最高级前要加定冠词the(而副词最高级前不加the).The third room is the smallest of all. It is the most effective method in the treatment of the disease.China is the largest country in Asia.This is one of the best films that I have ever seen.Tom works hardest among us.（副词最高级）This is one of the largest room in our school.【注】1）使用形容词最高级是，通常有一个介词短语如of, in, at等以说明比较的范围。 2）有时形容词前加most(不加the)并不表示最高级，most当very讲，而是表示“很，十分”。This is a most important problem.This is most important problem.3)形容词最高级后的名词常常省去This novel is the best that I have ever read. 4)口语中可用于二者间的比较 This is the shortest of the two roads.5）加强最高级前边加by far“远远地”Chen Hong is by far the best worker in our factory.6)最高级可由比较级+than any other来代替。He is taller than any other students in the Class.=He is the tallest of all.7)如果形容词最高级前有物主代词，就不需要加定冠词了。Tuesday is our busiest day.Please send us the instructions at your earliest convenience.（请在方便时尽早把说明书寄来。）二副词（adverb）什么是副词: 副词是用来修饰动词， 形容词，其它副词或全句的，说明时间，地点，程度，方式等概念。副词的分类：疑问副词（Interrogative adverb） 关系副词 (Relative adverb) 连接副词 (Conjunctive adverb) 时间副词 (Adverbs of Time)地点副词 (Adverbs of Place)方式副词 (Adverbs of Manner)程度副词 (Adverbs of Degree) 其他性质的副词副词的构成：本身是副词 now, there, very由形容词+词尾ly构成 happily, quickly, usefully与形容词同形 early a.早的 ad.早 high a.高的 ad.高高地副词在句中的作用：1. 作状语（副词主要是用作状语的，它们可以用来修饰动词，形容词，副词，也有时修饰整个句子 It is raining hard.This is a quite useful tool.How gracefully they are dancing.First of all we must make the best use of our present equipment.2. 作表语I must be off now.（我得走了）Now autumn is in.（秋天来了）We are behind in our plan.When will you be back?3. 作定语I hope youll enjoy your stay here.I met an old friend of mine on my way home.The above remarks are quite to the point.（上面的评语是很中肯的。）4.作宾语的补足语I saw you out with my sister last Saturday.Sorry to have kept you up so late.（对不起让你这么晚还不能睡觉）We went to her house but