6.1.1 基数词构成法.doc

6.1.1 基数词构成法不定代词可分作两类：1） 由body， one， thing构成的合成代词：Somebody anybody everybody nobodySomeone anyone everyone no oneSomething anything everything nothing2） 兼作代词和限定词的词：All another any both eachEither few little many muchNeither none other some此外还有every和no，只能作限定词（或称形容词），不能作代词。5.7.2 合成不定代词1）somebody, someone, anybody, anyone:Somebody和someone意思相同，都表示“某人”，但只用于肯定句（a），在否定及疑问句中通常用anybody或anyone（b）：a. Somebody (someone) said that youd been ill.Theres somebody at the door.Somebody (someone) has turned off the sight.Someone had placed a lamp on the table.I need somebody to help me in the work.She wants someone to look after her.b. Did anybody ever hear of such a thing?Has anybody anything more to say?I didnt know anybody at the party.Is there anyone (anybody) here who can speak Japanese?I do not know anyone connected with the exhibition.I hope our delay will not worry anyone.Anybody 和 anyone还可表示“任何人”：Everybody can tell you how to get there.I never discussed it with anybody.Anyone can do that.She felt that she could do it better than anyone.She felt that she could do it better than anyone.2）everybody和everyone意思形同，表示“人人”、“大家”：Everybody was glad to see martin back.Everybodys business is nobodys business.Everyone laughed, me included.The policed questioned everybody (everyone) I the room.3） Something 表示“某样东西”（a），在疑问句及否定句中用anything（b）：a. Something has happened.There was something missing.Shell be able to do something for you.I will tell you something of my own experience.b. His anything happened?(is there ) anything I can do?We cant decide anything now.I cant do anything like that.Anything还可用于条件句：If you want anything, you can call me.Hereafter when you need anything, I want you to come to me.Anything还可表示“任何东西（事）”：Anything is better than nothing.I want something to eat, anything will do.If its possible Id do anything for you.Take anything you fancy.4)everthing 表示（一切）（a）， nothing用于都定居（等于not anything），表示“没有什么”（b）：a. how is everything? Were anxious for everything to be settled. The strike brought everything to a standstill. Money isnt everything.b. but nothing could make her after her views. He had nothing to say against you.He knew absolutely nothing.Oh, thats nothing.5)nobody与no one意思相同，表示“没有人”：Nobody stands on much ceremony with us.“Whos in the dining-room?” “Nobody (no one)”.He said he would marry me or nobody.Apart from them, I had no one to talk to.Nobody 还可表示，“无关紧要的的人”：Why does he give himself such airs; hes a mere nobody.I want to be famous! Im tried of being a nobody.5.7.3 some, any no的用法1）some和any的用法：Some和any都表示“一些”，可以指人或其他棵树的东西（a）。也可代表不可数的东西（b），可用作主语。宾语等，some用于肯定句，any用于疑问句及否定句：a. Some of them can speak Japanese.Some of his books are very exciting.Some still believe he was innocent.Did any of your photos come out well?Do you know any of the people?I dont expect to see any of them there.b. I dont need any more money - Ive still got some.He kept some and gave the rest away.I dont think theres any left.Did she gave you any?Is there any left in the fridge?Some 间或可用在疑问句中，这时往往预计有肯定答复：Did some of you sleep on the floor?Can I take some of this paper?Any 还可用来表示“任何（一个）”：He was just as hard as any of us.Any is good enough for me.Ill take any that you dont want.His gift was unknown to any (of us ) except himself.2)some,any ,no 作定语的用法：Some，any， no 都可用作定语，some和any都表示“一些”，some用于肯定句，any用于疑问句及否定句，no表示“没有”，等于not any。这西祠有些语言学家称为限定词，也有些人称为形容词，他们可以修饰可数名词（a），也可以修饰不可数名词（b）：a. She bought some biscuits.There are scarcely any flowers in the garden.Are there any cows in the field?Some children learn languages easily.Did he catch any fish?No man is born wise.b. Some work is pleasant.I enjoy some music.Some French wine quite sweet.I have hardly any spare time.Have you any money on you?I dont think there is any petrol in the tank.Martin did no reading that night.3)some, any, no的特别的用法:a. Some 可用于请求或反问句中：Could you lend me some money?Would you like some tea?Arent there some eggs in the fridge?Didnt you put some stamps on the envelopes?b.some 有时和单数可数名词连用，表示“某个”（certain）：he had a good position in some shipping firm.Hes living at some place in east Africa.Ask some typist to come here.There must be some reason for what hes done.c.any可表示“任何一个”，有时意思较弱，接近于一个不定冠词：He wanted a job, any sort of a job.Any time you want me, just send for me.Any color will do.What I have told her isnt any secret.If you see any(=an) interesting book, please buy it for me.d.no可构成否定句，等于not a：he is no mood (not in a mood)for jokes.He found that this was no light task.Hes no fool, he isnt.Hes no friend of mine.Hes no financial expert.5.7.4 many ,much, few, little1）这几个词都是表示数量的，都可以用作定语（由人称作限定词，也有人称作形容词），可构成六个词：修饰可数名词ManyfewA few修饰不可数名词muchlittleA littleMany（用来修饰可数名词）主要用在疑问句及否定中（a）,也可在肯定句中修饰主语等（b），还可和too， so，as等词一起用（c）：a. Do you have many friends?I wonder how many people will be at the party.Were there many pictures by women artists?He didnt make many mistakes.Not many people are interested in the activity.b. Many people do not get enough to eat.Many students supported the plan.Rain has been forecast in many areas of the country.The financial report had many flaws.c. There are too many mistakes in this essay.I never saw so many swans on the lake.As many as ten people were found living in a single room.Much也表示“多”，但只能用来修饰不可数名词，主要用于疑问句和否定句（a），也可在肯定句中和too ，so等词连用，或用在句首（b）：a. Do you take much interest in it?( lot of; Ive a lot of interest in it.)We dont have much free time.Did you have much difficulty in finding the house?I havent got much money on me.How much time have you got?b. Youve given me too much food.So much time has been wasted that way.Much money has been spent on it.间或用在肯定句中（特别是在美国或比较正式的文体中）：The news brought us much joy.There is much good in him.I have much pleasure in introducing our speaker.Few是many的反义词，表示“很少”，用来修饰可数名词：They exchanged few words.There are few men more than six feet tall.Few people live to be 100.There are fewer cars here todays than yesterday.Little是much的反义词，也表示“很少”，但只能用来修饰不可数名词，带有否定意味，意思接近于no：They had very little money.There is little hope that she will recover.She had little opportunity of seeing the country.A few表示“有几个”，可修饰可数名词，意思接近some：He asked us a few question.This happened a few days ago.Only a few students were awarded scholarships.David had a few problems.A little 表示“有几个”，可修饰不可数名词，意思也接近与some:Come in and have a little whisky.She had a little money, ten pounds or so.Theres only a little time left, isnt there?Shall I go a little way with you？2）这些词还可在句中作主语、宾语等：Many 表示“很多人或东西”，代表可数名词：Not many of us will pass the examination.Many of the mistakes were jut careless.Many of the people at the meeting left early.How many do you need?Much表示“好多”，可代表不可数的东西：Much of this information has inaccurate.Much hangs on his decision.I havent time to do much.I have much to talk over with him.Few 是many的反义词，表示“很少人或东西”，可代表棵树名词：Very few of the books are easy enough for me.We saw of the sights as we had so little for time.I knew few of the people there.Little是much的反义词，表示“很少”，只代表不可数的东西，意思接近于nothing：You have done very little for us.He had little to tell us.I understood little of his speech.You eat too little.A few有肯定的意思，表示“有几个（一些）”，代表可数的东西：Only a few of the people who applied were suitable.I met o few of my friends there.Shes written lots of books but Ive only read a few (of them).I knew a few of the people there.A little 也有肯定的意思，表示“一点儿”。代表不可数的东西：Try and eat a little.Tell me a little about his illness.If youve got any spare milk, could you give me a little?“Is there any butter left?” “Yes, just a little”5.7.5 all, each , none1)all可用作定语（有人称作限定词），可修饰可数名词，表示“所有的”（a），也可以修饰不可数名词，表示“一切”（b），还可以与不可火速名词单数连用，表示“整个”（c）：a. all these girls were anemic.All my children can swim.She has read all these books.b all hope has gone.Not all food is good to eat.He has lost all his money.c. he spent all that year in London.He worked hard all his life.It has been raining all day.All还可和名词一道用作表语，表示状态：Auntie Ruth was all sweetness.He was all tenderness and kindness.That afternoon it seemed all disappointment.2)all也可用作代词，代表棵树的东西（a）或不可数的东西（b），在句中作主语、宾语等：a. all were pale and had dark rings under their eyes.All were sharply criticized.I brought all of them.All of them voted against the plan.b.now all was changed.I know that all was well with her.It was she who was the cause of all.All在句中可用作同位语：The people at the meeting all voted against it.My children can all swim.She has read them all.Hes pretty sick about it all.All后面还可跟一定语修饰它：All that she lacked was training.All I desired was leisure for study.All I can say is that we are extremely sorry.I have said all I intend to say.Youve seen all there is to see.Is that all you want to say?3)each可作定语，表示“每一个”（这时有人称之为“限定词”）：Each delegation began to state its viewpoints.He gave each child a present.Each lesson lasted an hour.Each day passes without any news.Each还可用作主语或宾语：Each of the houses is painted a different color.Each went his way.A chrysanthemum was presented to each of the ladies.He gave two to each.4)none和no都是否定词，no用作定语（前面已经说过），none则用作主语（a）。宾语（b）或同位语（c）：a. none of us would have said such a thing.None of my friends ever come(s) to see me.None of them has (have ) replied yet.None of these improvements has cost much.b.”have you brought any books to read?” “No, none”I like none of these pictures.Some people own several houses, others have none.How many questions are difficult? - None.c.we none of us live round here.They have none of them fulfilled their tasks.None有时可指不可数的东西：“How much petrol is there in the car?” “none”He has none of his brothers selfishness.He has lost none of his charm for her.5.7.6 both ,either, neither这三个词都指两者，both表示“两者都。“，either表示”两者中的任何一个“，neither表示”两者都不：1） both在句中可作定语（这时可说是限定词）(a),还可用作主语（b）、宾语（c）、或同位语（d）：a. Both women were French.Both (her) children are at college.He is blind in both eyes.She held something in both (her) hands.b. He has two brothers; both live in Seattle.Both felt that they ought to do something.Both of the women were French.Both of my parents live in London.c. Why not do both?Ill borrow both of them.I like these shirts.ill take both (of them).Ill do something for both of you.d. His parents were both dead.They have both seen the film.I shall read them both.We both went to their wedding.2） either可用作定语（这时可说是限定词）（a）、主语（b）或宾语（c）：a. Either proposal will have my support.He could write with either hand.Take either half; theyre exactly the same.You can park on either side of the street.b. Either (of these)would do.Either of us is willing to help.Either of the plans is equally good.She is younger than either of us.She is younger than either of us.c. I did not bring either with me.I like either of these.I dont want to owe anything to either of you.You can ask either of us for help.Either还可以作定语，表示“两。”：It is a pleasant road, both trees on either side.There are shops on either side if the street.There is a staircase at either end of the corridor.3） neither可用作定语（a）、主语（b）。宾语（c）或同位语（d）：a. Neither man knew the way.Neither book is satisfactory.Neither statement is true.Neither train had a restaurant car.b. I tried on two dresses, but neither fits me.Neither of them knew the way.Neither of them knew the way.Neither of them had a restaurant car.“Which is your car?” “Neither, mine is being repaired.”c. Ive read neither of these books.I could answer neither of the questions.She got neither of your letters.“Will you have ice-cream or coca-cola?” “neither ,thank you。“d. They neither of them said anything.I hope that youll neither of you say anything more.These two books are neither of them very good.5.7.7 other ,another1)other可用作定语（这时可说是限定词），表示“另外的”，“别的”、“其他的”：Miss Brown and two other teachers were there.Other members may not like the idea.Are there any other questions?Im busy now, please come some other time.还可用作主语（a）或宾语（b），表示“另外那个（的人）”、“别的。”（常可用于复数形式）：a. One of the boys is named tom, the other named David.Some like chocolate ice-cream, other prefer vanilla ice-cream.I went swimming while the others played tennis.Some people came by car, other came on foot.b. Show me some others.These shoes are dirty I ll have to wear my others.I dont like this one. Have you got any others?He raised one arm and then the other.2）another也可用作定语（这时可说是限定词），表示“另一个”（a）或（又一个）“（b）:a. now she was in another difficult.Shes got another boyfriend.Hes writing another novel.He could get another girl to do my typing.b.she had another cup of tea.Then another man rose to sp.In another year shell go to school.还可和一数词连用：Shell remain in London for other four or five days.Ive still got another three questions to answer.In another two weeks itll be finished.Weve got another 50 kilometers to go.Shes going to have another baby3)anther 也用作主语（a）、宾语（b）。或表语（c），表示“另外一个“：a. weve had many letters like this - another of them came today.Then another put up his hand.There was a rainbow in the sky, and another in his breast.b.theyve got three children already and theyre having another.If youve already seen that film, we can go and see another.I dont like this roomlets ask for another.c. is this another of your silly jokes?Is this another of your schemes to ask money?Saying is one thing and doing another.5.7.8 one ,several1)one可以用作定语（也可称为限定词），表示“一个”：One flower makes no garland.One thing Im sure of.He cant tell one tree from another.The journey takes one hour.还可以和表示时间的名词连用：One night there flew over the city a little swallow.Youll regret it one day.One afternoon he went out w