王文柯词汇讲义.doc

基础词汇翻译讲义section 1 1 historic historical2 Electric electrical3 Economic economical4 Industrial industrious5 Considerable considerate6 Sensible sensitive7 Continualcontinuous8 Intenseintensive9 Respectable respective respectful10 Imaginableimaginaryimaginative11 Intelligentintelligibleintellectual12 Contemptiblecontemptuous13 Crediblecredulouscreditable14 Alternatealternative15 Comparablecomparative16 Politicpolitical17 Beneficialbeneficent18 Officialofficious19 Potentpotential20 Confidentconfidential21 Negligentnegligible22 Momentarymomentous23 Memorablememorial24 Socialsociable25 Childishchildlike26 Distinctdistinctive27 Classicclassical28 Comprehensiblecomprehensive29 Disinteresteduninterested30 Earthlyearthy31 Effectiveefficient effectual32 Exceptionalexceptionable33 Fatalfateful34 Fleshlyfleshy35 Homelyhomelike36 im(un)practicalimpracticable37 Ingeniousingenuous38 Manlymasculine male39 Movablemobile40 Mysteriousmystical41 Notablenoted42 Practicalpracticable43 Regretfulregrettable44 Seasonableseasonal45 Spiritualspirituous46 Tortuoustorturous47 Transitorytransient48 Elementaryelemental49 Healthyhealthful50 Likelylikable51 Desirabledesirous52 Cleancleanly53 Kindkindly54 Temporaltemporary55 conscientious conscious56 council counsel 57 critic critical 58 dying dyeing59 emigrant immigrant 60 Empire empirical61 evident evidence62 fabric fabricate63 facilitate facility64 fatal fateful65 feel fell66 fraction fracture67 fiction friction68 front frontier69 graceful gracious70 harness hardness71 host hostage72 identical identity73 implication implicit74 inherent inherit75 initial initiative 76 installation installment77 intelligent intellectual78 Invest investigate79 knit knot80 less lesser81 lessen lesson82 level lever83 liberal liberate（常与from连用）84 lighting lightning85 live lively86 literal literary87 loyal royal88 meantime meanwhile89 mass mess90 model（与after, on连用） mold91 moral mortal92 mutual neutral93 numerous numerical94 objection objective95 odor odd96 organic organism97 personal personnel98 perspective prospective99 physician physicist100 precious previous101 procedure proceedings102 proposition preposition 103 publication publicity104 punctual puncture105 radical radioactive106 reliable reliant107 remainder remains108 respect aspect109 rigorous vigorous110 roast toast111 rouse arouse112 route routine113 rumor tumor114 scrap scrape115 consequence subsequence116 ashamed shameful117 sheer shear118 simulate stimulate119 single singular120 sober somber 121 start startle122 statue status123 strip stripe124 Strike stroke125 superficial superfluous126 thereby therefore127 thrive strive128 trivial trifle129 tune tone130 underline underlying131 vacation vocation132 variable various133 vegetarian vegetation134 verdict contradict135 verse version136 wear weary137 worthy worthwhile138 Casual casualtySection 2 1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.2Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large. comfonable classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management.3Robert Fulton once wrote, The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. 4Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.5This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.6This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.7However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascination and delightful aspects. 8New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.9For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.10Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.11We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.12Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.13But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.14Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.15Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially Americas, have little productive slack.16Actually, it isnt, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.17Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.18It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.19Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.20When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.21The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.22The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.23New ways of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.24His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability.Section 31. The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. 46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. 47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalists intellectual preparation for his or her career.48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. 49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. 50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.2. Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected American. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not American, who have become anti-intellectual. First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals-the average scientist for one. (48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics. The definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living (50) They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority eminent scholars. “Being learned in some branch of human knowledge in one thing, living in public and industrious thoughts”, as Emersion would say, “is something else.”Text 1In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. This is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite.” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.” The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that todays immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population； in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents； in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilationlanguage, home ownership and intermarriage.The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English “well” or “very well” after ten years of residence.” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” Hence the description of America as a graveyard” for language. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrive before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S-born whites and blacks.” By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.Rodriguez notes thatchildren in remote villages around world are fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nations assimilative power.”Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against Americas turbulent past, todays social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.21. The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means_.A identifying B associating C assimilatingD monopolizing22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century_.Aplayed a role in the spread of popular culture.Bbecame intimate shops for common consumers.Csatisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.Dowed its emergence to the culture of consumption.23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S._. Aare resistant to homogenization.Bexert a great influence on American culture.C are hardly a threat to the common culture.Dconstitute the majority of the population.24. Why