定语从句设计 Microsoft Word 文档.doc

沧源民族中学 高二英语教学设计 语法模块之定语从句 10月28日11月1日学习定语从句（5课时）主备教师：朱雪华一、教学内容及解析本课时主要复习的是定语从句。含定语从句的概念、先行词的概念，关系词的概念与分类，关系词的用法。定语从句子是中学英语学习的重点，也是高考的主要考点，但又是高中英语学习的难点。无论从高考的角度还是英语学习本身来讲，定语从句知识都是我们必须弄懂和掌握的重点和热点。【课时分配】第1-2课时：定语从句的基本概念。关系词的用法及应注意的问题。 第3-5课时：专题练习及重点讲解二、教学目标与解析1、教学目标：（1）掌握定语从句中关系词的用法；（2）掌握定语从句的基本用法；（3）定语从句中需注意的事项。 2. 目标解析：（1）主要是指让学生学会辨别关系词，理解先行词与关系词的关系，学会关系词的运用；（2）主要对定语从句的基本句法结构的理解和运用；（3）通过比较名词性从句和定语从句，掌握判断的基本原则与方法，同时掌握了解五年高考关于定语从句的命题规律。三、问题诊断分析学生对定语从句的理解和运用是学生掌握此从句的难点。学生主要存在的问题是对句子结构分辨不清，主句与从句难以判断，关系词作什么成分难以划分，所以很难选择关系词。解决这些问题的关键是要学生从语文句子结构上的定语入手，来判断是否是定语从句；从先行词的特点入手，选择关系词。【教学过程】：四、教学手段适当使用多媒体增加例子、变式训练和练习量；学案五、教学过程：问题与例题 问题一、什么是定语从句？在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。讨论：什么是先行词？先行词与关系词的关系是怎样的？ 例题1：Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now? 先行词 关系词例题2：That is the house where he lived ten years ago. 先行词 关系词小结：（1）定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；（2）定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。 （3）引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose，as关系副词有：when, where, why. 师生互动：如何选择合适的关系代词。步骤一：找出先行词 步骤二：根据先行词在从句中所作的成分来确定关系词例题1：This is the detective who came from London.（先行词是the detective“侦探”指人，在从句中作came from London的主语，故选who作为引导词。同时who came from London又是定语从句修饰先行词the detective。“这是那个来自伦敦的侦探”）例题2：The book whichthat I am reading is written by Thomas Hardy.（先行词是the book “书”指物，做从句reading的宾语。同时whichthat I am reading又是定语从句修饰先行词The book。“我正在读的这本书是Thomas Hardy写的”）例题3：The desk whose leg is broken is very old.（先行词是The desk“桌子”，在从句中要来一个词表示“桌子的”作leg的定语，故选whose“某人的、某物的”。同时定语从句whose leg is broken修饰The desk。“那张腿坏了的桌子非常旧了。”）例题4：This is the room thatwhich Shakespeare was born in.（作介词in的宾语）问题二、关系词的用法： （一）关系代词的用法： 关系代词引导的定语从句, 关系代词引导定语从句时，在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语等句子成分。指代对象在从句中所做的成分 人物人+物可否省略主语who/thatwhich/that/asthat不可宾语who/whom/thatwhich/that/asthat可表语thatthatthat可定语whose/of whomwhose/of which不可1. who 与whom 的区别：都指人。who 可作主语和宾语，whom作宾语，但在介词后和非限制性定语从句中的宾语只用whom.2.Whose 在定语从句中指“某人的、某物的”，作定语。作定语用whose=the+ n+ of which/whom =of which/whom the + n例题：(1) He is the man whose car was stolen last week. (2) It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time. 注意： “介词 + whose +名词”引导定语从句。如：I love my motherland, for whose good future I will work hard. 3.Which 指物,也可指主句的整个句子。在定语从句中做主语、宾语、偶尔作定语。例题：1） The river which runs through the center of the city brings us lots of pleasures.(which=the river 作runs 的主语)2） They stayed with me for three weeks during which time we had a good time.(during which time= during three weeks time“在这三周的时间内” )4. That只引导非限制性定语从句，在定语从句中指人或物，可做主语、宾语、和表语。作宾语和表语时that可省略。作介词的宾语时，介词不可提到that之前。不可引导非限制性定从。5. As 在定语从句中可指人、物、也可指主句的整个句子。 as引导非限制性定语从句，有“正如，就像”之意。它在从句中可充当主语、宾语或表语。As引导的的定语从句常用省略形式，常出现于the same.as,such.as,as.as,so.as中。1） 置于主句句尾，在从句中常作主语、宾语、状语等。例题：1）The explorer took only such men and things as he really needed into the jungle.这个探险者进入丛林时仅带一些他确实需要的人和东西。 2）Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected.那些对世界作出巨大贡献的人应受到极大的尊重。 3）Lets meet at the same place as we did yesterday. 咋们在昨天见面的同一地方见面吧。2）置于句首、主语与谓语之间或句末。as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面、中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句一般只能放在主句之后。例如： As had been expected， the England team won the football match. The earth runs around the sun， as is known to everyone.例题：1）As everybody knows,Shakespeare is a famous writer.每个人都知道，莎士比亚是一个著名的作家。 2）Im very interested in,as you know,classic music.我对古典音乐很感兴趣，你知道的。as引导的常见的定语从句有：as we all know 大家都知道 as I can remember正如我所记得的as we all can see 正如我们都能看到的那样 as often happens 这经常发生As we expect 正如我们预料的那样 as you see 这一点你明白As has been said before 如前所述 as is well known 众所周知As (is/was) expected 正如预料的那样 as (had been) expected正如当时预料的那样As (was) planned 按照计划 as is often the case这是常见的情况 6. 介词=关系代词结构1） 可替代when,where,why,that等关系词例题：1）There used to be a time at/during which(=when)the Chinese people struggled for freedom.中国人曾有过一段为自由而斗争的日子。（at/during which=when在定语从句中作时间状语） 2）In 2006,we moved to Boston,in which =where my grandparents live.2006年，我们搬到了波士顿，我爷爷奶奶就住在那里。（in which =where在从句中作地点状语） 3）There is no reason for which =why we shouldnt be friends 做原因状语。 4）There are many ways (in which=that) we can solve this problem.作方式状语。高频考点：常见的有some/several/a few/a little/many/more/most/the large of which/whom 例题：1）Here are the questions,some of which=of which some I thought difficult for you. 就是这些问题，其中有一些我认为对你来说太难。 2）Present at the meeting were almost experts on DNA,most of whom=of whom mostcame from the USA.出席会议的大都是DNA专家，其中大部分来自美国。2） which,whom前介词的确定 可依据习惯搭配、所表的的意思、或与先行词搭配的具体意义来确定。例题：1）I bought a great many books,on which I spend all my money that I saved.我买了很多书，这些书花了我积攒的所有钱。（依据习惯搭配depend on来确定） 2）In ten years,Jill went from working in the mailroom to running the company,in which more than 1000 people now work.在十年的时间里，吉尔从在邮局做起，一直做到开公司，现在有1000多人在他的公司上班。（依据与先行词搭配的具体意义in the company) 3)The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.这种无色的气体是氧气，离了它我们活不了。（根据所表达的意思“没有氧气”without oxygen来确定）要点拓展：1 在英语中有时为了强调某一名词，不定式前也可加上关系词。2.有些动词+介词的习惯用语不可把介词提前，否则将会失去本来的意思。例题：1）Here is the money with which to buy a piano.=Here is the money to buy a piano.这就是买钢琴的钱。 2）This is the right CD for which Im looking .( ) This is the right CD which Im looking for.( )这就是我在找的CD。7. 关系代词的省略 关系代词在从句中作动词宾语、表语或者作介词的宾语，且介词在从句句尾时。例题：1)I have never regretted the decision (that/which)I made years ago. 2)After a score of years ,Johnson is not the naughty boy (who/that) he used to be.二十年后，Johnson不再是当年那个淘气的男孩子了。 3）Generation gap is a problem(which/that) people are interested in. 注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词who，whom, that作宾语时通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用whom, 不可省略；用于指物的关系代词which和that作宾语时在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。 (2) 关系副词的用法1. where 的用法 在从句中做地点状语。常可由in which,on which,at which,to which等取代。例题：These are the few points where we disagree with each other.=These are the few points to which we disagree with each other.这就是我们之间有分歧的几点。要点拓展：有时where也可作介词from 的宾语，引导定语从句。例题：We went up to the roof,from where we had a good view of the procession我们爬到屋顶，从那儿我们可以一览整个行进队伍。（用from which是不对的，就用where不够具体和形象。）2.When 的用法 在从句中作时间状语。常可由 on which,in which,at which,during which等取代。例题：April the first is the day when people make fun of others.=April the first is the day on which people make fun of others.要点拓展：有时when 也可作介词的宾语，引导宾语从句。例题:1)The baby is due in May,by when the new house should be finished.婴儿在五月出生，到那个时候房子就能完工了。 2）That was written in 1946,since when the education system has undergone great changes.那个东西写于1946，自那以后教育体系发生了巨大的变化。注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如： Each time(when) he came, he did his best to help us. But help never stopped coming from the day (when)she fell ill. 3. why 在定语从句中做原因状语, 不可引导非限制性定语从句，可用for which 代替。它的先行词只有reason。例题：I have come around to explain the reason why I was absent from the meeting.疑难辨析：the reason why 与 the reason that 此处that引导的是同位语从句，that不做成分，后面的句子是解释说明reason 的内容。例题：The reason that the car broke down doesnt hold water.车子坏了这一原因是站不住脚的。（that 引导同位语从句，解释reason的内容，在同位语从句中不做句子成分。）在下面的句子中，不能用why,只能用which/that:例题：I dont want to hear any reason (which/that) you might give.我不想听你提出的任何理由。（在这个定语从句中，that/which作定语从句谓语动词give的宾语） 当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where试比较： Ill never forget the day when my hometown was liberated. Ill never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer. His father works in a factory where radio parts are made. His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts. 在表明方式、时间或地点的先行词后面，常用that来代替in which,when,或where,此时that也可省去。关系 词that在句中不做任何成分，只起引导作用，修饰的先行词常为the way,the time,the day,the place,等。此时that也可换成其他相应的副词。1)以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以in which或 that 引导，如： The way in which you answered the questions was admirable. 但在非正式文体中，人们通常省略in which或 that : The way (in which/that) he spoke to us was suspicious. I dont like the way (that) you laugh at her. 2) 表地点时，that(=where=介词+which)也可省略。例题：I have never been to the places(that/where/in which)the Indians live.我从未去过那些印第安人居住的地方。3） 表示时间时，that(=when=介词+which)也可省略。例题：I should not have wasted so much time(that/when/during which)I should have studied.我浪费了很多我本应该用来学习的时间。4） 另外，that有时还可用来代替关系副词why，表示原因。例题：I like children and thats the reason that/why I became a primary school teacher.我喜欢孩子，这就是我当小学教师的原因。（三）关系词的选择 设计意图：让学生注意特殊情况下，如何选择关系词。师生互动：学生思考回答，教师进一步补充说明。1 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作主语，只能用who 指人，which指物；关系代词做宾语，常用whom（口语中有时用who）指人，which指物，它们都不能用that代替。 2 关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用whom指人，which指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如： Do you know the boy to whom she was talking? Do you know the boy (that) she was talking to? The pencil (which/that) he was writing with suddenly broke. 3关系词的选择方法(1)一看先行词的意义即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因，如指物时不能用who或whom，指人时通常不用which等。(2)二看关系词的句法功能即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等，如作定语通常用whose，有时也用which；作状语要用when, where, why。注意，不要一看到先行词为表时间、地点、原因的名词，就认为一定要用 when, where, why 来引导定语从句，要注意分清它们在定语从句充当什么成分。如I forget the time when he will come.(when 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作状语)I forget the time that he told me. 我忘记了他告诉我的时间。(that 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作宾语)The reason why he cant come is that he is ill. 他不能来的原因是他病了。(why 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作状语)The reason that he told me is not true. 他告诉我的原因不真实。(that 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作宾语)(3) 三看定语从句的种类即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句，如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句。注意，不要一看到逗号就认为是非限制性定语从句。如：If youve really said that to her, _ will cause real trouble.A. thatB. whichC. asD. what此题答案是A，不是B。尽管空格前有逗号，但这并不是非限制性定语从句，所以不能填 which。正确的理解是：If youve really said that to her 是一个条件状语从句，逗号后的句子是主句，空格处填that用作主句主语问题三 定语从句中需注意的事项as 和which 引导定语从句的区别有时，非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时一般采用which或as来引导。如： He passed the exam, which/as he hoped he would. （1）as引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。 They are hollow, which makes them very light. As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China. （2）从意义上讲，which指前面主句的内容；而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西，因此常译成“就象 那样”。 （3）as引导的非限制性定语从句表示积极的意义，与主句是顺理成章的关系，绝不能与之矛盾。若非限制性定语从句表示消极的意义，则只用which。如：He has succeeded in his career, as / which we all hope. 他在事业中成功了，这正是我们大家所希Her grandma died last week, which made her very sad. 她的奶奶逝世了，这使得她很悲伤。(4) 当非限制性定语从句的引导词前面有介词时，只能用which, 而不可用 as。如：He has a new computer, for which he paid nearly ten thousand Yuan. (5) 当关系代词代替主句中的宾语从句或复合结构(如：宾+补；不定式短语；动词-ing形式短语等) 时，一般只能用which, 而不用 as。如：She told us that there was something wrong with her bike, which was true。He asked her to help him with his English, which she did. (6) 关系代词仅代表主句中的谓语部分时，从句中谓语部分被省略而只保留情态动词的否定式或助动词否定式，引导词一般只用which, 而不用as。如：He speaks English very fluently, which I cant. (7) 关系代词作定语修饰后面的名词时，一般只用which, 而不用as。如：He suggested going swimming in the river, which idea we agreed with. (8) 关系代词仅代表主句中单个的名词时，一般只用which, 而不用as。如：He sent me a beautiful present, which I valued very much. (9) as 在非限制性定语从句中，还常跟such连用。如：There was a look of love in the teachers eyes, such as mothers have for their children. 老师眼里流露出对他喜爱的神情，就好像母亲对孩子的喜爱。 在正式文体中，以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以in which或 that 引导，如： The way in which you answered the questions was admirable. 但在非正式文体中，人们通常省略in which或 that : The way (in which) he spoke to us was suspicious. I dont like the way (that) you laugh at her. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指物时，关系词可用which或that，二者常可以互换；但在下列情况中，只能用that，不用which： (1) 当先行词是all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing等词时。如： All that can be done has been done. (2) 当先行词被all, any no, much, little, few, every等限定词所修饰时。如： We heard clearly every word that he said. (3) 当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如： The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets. When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake. (4) 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容 词最高级同时修饰时，如： Thats the most expensive hotel that weve ever stayed in. This novel is the second best one that I have ever read. (5) 当先行词被 the very, the only, the next, the last,the same等所修饰时。如： This is the very book that I want to find. (6) 当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如： The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Childrens Palace. She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most. (7) 当主句是以which/who开头的特殊疑问句;或以here/there开头时。如： Which is the car that killed the boy? 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系词可用who(m)或that，二者常可互换。 但在下列情况中，用who(m)，而不用that：(1) 当先行词是one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody等词时。如： Is there anyone who can answer this question? He was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp. 注：在非正式文体中可以说：Youre the one that knows where to go.) (2) 当先行词是he, they, those, people, person等词时。如： He who wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet. Those who are against the proposal put up your hands. 注：在固定结构的谚语或习语中，可用he that。如： He that promises too much means nothing. (3) 当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰时。如： Do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting? (4) 在分隔式定语从句中，若先行词指人，为了明确修饰关系，应当用who(m)。如： A new master will came tomorrow who will teach you German. Theres only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to see. I was the only person in my office who was invited. (5) 两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词，第二个定语从句常用who(m)来引导，如： She is the only girl I know who can play the guitar. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，在下列情况中，一般用关系词that: (1) 当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。如： Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there? Which of us that knows anything does not know this? (2) 当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时。如： He is the greatest man that has ever lived. (3) 当先行词被the only, the very, the last等词所修饰时。如： She is the only person that understands me. 当先行词被the same所修饰时，the samethat与the sameas在意思上是不同的,关系词既可以用as，也可以用that。在表示具体事物时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类多用as，表示同一事物多用that。 例如： This is the same bag as I lost yesterday. 这个书包和我昨天丢的相似。（相似物） This is the same bag that I lost yesterday. 这正是我昨天丢的那个书包。（同一物） 当先行词前有such, so, as时，关系词应当用as。如： A wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesnt understand. He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand. At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry as many passengers as they can. It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read. Lets discuss such things as we can talk of freely. 注意的问题： 1.the (only) one of + n + 定语从句;the very/right+n+定语从句（定语从句用单数谓语动词）one of + the +n+定语从句（定语从句用复数动词） 2.such as引导定语从句 与such that 引导结果状语从句This book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand. This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it. 3、where引导的定语从句与地点状语从句的区别Please make a mark where you have any question.(从句： )Please make a mark at the place where you have any question. (从句： )4. 在下列情况下，一般只用of whom和of which。(1) 定语从句的主语是few, little, some, most, many, much等时，一般只用of whom和of which。In the room are lots of people, many of whom I dont know. He has a lot of story-books, a few of which I have never read. (2) 定语从句的主语是数词、形容词的最高级时，一般只用of whom和of which。如：The old man has three children, two of whom are college students and one of whom is a manager. 那个老人有三个小孩，其中两个是大学生，另一个是经理。(3) 定语从句的主语是all, none, both, neither, each等不定代词时，一般只用of whom和of which。如There are fifty students in our class, all of whom are working hard. He planted two trees last year, both of which are growing well. (4) 在定语从句中作表语的定语时，一般只用of whom和of which。如：He has three brothers, of whom Li Lei is the youngest one. There are many countries in Asia, of which China is the largest one. 5、表示部分与整体of which/whom在非限制性定语从句中，表示“部分与整体”的关系时，用of which/whom或者of which/whom都可以。表示部分的可以是具体数目或百分数，也可以是few, several, some, half, many, much, most, all, none, either, neither, a quarter, a number, the larger, the smallest, the majority等。Our school has 80 teachers, 50 of whom (=of whom 50) are women. He has lots of books, most of which are English ones. 注意这里的of which不能用whose代替，这与表示所属关系的of which不同：The room the door of which (=whose door) is blue belongs to me. 6、注意：先行词虽然是时间或地点，但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词。(1)The factory where his father worked has closed. (作状语)比较：The factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed. (2)Ill never forget the days when we lived together. (作状语)比较：Ill never forget the days (that) we spent in Australia. (作及物动词spent的宾语)(3)The reason (why) she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. (作状语，用关系副词)比较：The reason (that) he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated. (作gave的宾语，用关系代词)7、关系代词做定语从句的主语时，从句谓语动词的形式与先行词一致。He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man8、定语从句与强调句的区别的诀窍：若将It is was. that /who 去掉而句中不缺成分，结构完整，说明原句是强调句型。若结构不完整，说明原句为定语从句。It was not until 1920_regular radio broadcasts began.9、 定语从句与同位语从句的区别：1) that 引导定语从句与同位语从句的区别： that引导定语从句说明名词（即先行词）的性质、特征、来源等，在定语从句中要充当句子成分；that引导的同位语从句说明名词（即先行词）所表示的具体内容，不做句子成分，不可省略。同位语从句的先行词往往是含有某种信息的词，如 message,news,fact,hope,desire,problem,idea,suggestion,advice,question,order,belief,doubt,fear,truth,thought等。：凡是同位语从句，皆可改为“the fact/news/idea/./thought is/was that.”结构，而定语从句则不可。例题：The news that our team won the game excited us all.我们队赢了的消息使我们都很激动。可改为：The news was that our team won the game. That后的从句说明news所表示的内容。所以是同位语。2） wh-类词引导引导定语从句与同位语从句的区别: who,whom,whose,when,where,why引导定语从句,他们分别指前面先行词所表示的人、物、时间、地点、原因，否则为同位语。在同位语从句中，wh-类词表疑问。例题：I will forever cherish the time when I won the prize in the National Maths Competition.我将永远珍惜我在国家数学奥林匹克竞赛中获奖的那一刻。（定语从句） I have no idea when he won the prize in the competition.我不知道他获奖的时间。（idea的同位语从句）附：一 定语从句的特殊结构1 分隔式定语从句 即为了某种特殊的需要，与先行词分离的定语从句例题：1）. I have