宾补的定义.doc

宾补的定义语法 2008-10-13 20:57:03 阅读816 评论2 字号：大中小订阅 有些及物动词带了宾语后还需要有一个补足成分才能使句子完整，这个补足成分就叫做宾语补足语。用来说明宾语的行为、特征、状态、身份等。宾语和宾补一起构成复合宾语。主要有下面几种类型：1. 名词（或代词）+名词 She found him a very clever boy. 2. 名词（或代词）+形容词He had a strange way of making his class lively and interesting. 3. 名词（或代词）+副词或介词短语Last Sunday I saw you out with your sister. To her surprise, she found herself in a different world. 4. 名词（或代词）+分词（分词短语）I saw him doing his homework when I passed his window. I was absent-minded when I heard my name called. 注意：在用现在分词或不定式作宾语补足语的动词中，有些只能用现在分词作宾语补足语；有些只能用不定式作宾语补足语；还有的动词既能用现在分词又可用不定式作宾语补足语：1）、只能用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词有：catch, keep, mind, prevent, stop(阻止)等。She caught her son smoking a cigarette.His words started me thinking.2）、只能用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, trust, encourage, let, allow, permit, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, remind, ask, invite, beg, request, worry, advise, persuade, call on, tell, order, command, require, make, force, drive, forbid, warn, help, teach, show, assist, report, bear, wait for, think, take, know, judge, consider, suppose, believe, allow, prove, declare等。Their parents dont allow him to stay out late. 他父母不允许他在外面呆到很晚。3）、既能用现在分词又可用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：see, watch, notice, look at, observe, listen to, hear, feel, have, imagine, discover, like, want, understand, hate, get, set, leave等。She was seen running away from the scene of the crime.有人看见她从犯罪现场跑开。I saw you put the key in your pocket.我见你把钥匙放进了口袋。5. 名词（或代词）+不定式1).to doThe villagers did not allow them to build a factory there.（ask tell beg force wish want expect advise permit order persuade）2) 省略 to 的不定式使用不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式符号 to 的取舍问题：1）、在hear, listen to, let, have, make, see, watch, notice, observe 等动词后的不定式需省去 to 。2）、feel 一词，跟 to be 型不定式带 to；跟 to do 型不定式不带 to。3）、help 一词后的不定式，可带 to，也可以不带 to。6. 名词（或代词）+从句We will make our hometown what your hometown is now.7. 常见with+复合宾语有下列几种形式：1） with名词代词形容词 It is not good manners to speak with your mouth full 满嘴食物去说话是不礼貌的。 2） with名词代词副词The city looks more beautiful with all the lights on所有的灯亮起来，这城市看起来更漂亮了。 3） with名词代词介词短语 The woman with a baby on her back lives downstairs 这个背着婴儿的妇女住在楼下。 4） with名词代词不定式，不定式表示主动、将来的动作。With you to help us, we are sure to finish the work on time有你来帮忙，我会按时完成任务的。With so much work to do, we cant kill any time by playing cards 有这么多工作要做，我们没有时间打扑克。5）with名词代词-ing形式，-ing形式表示主动或动作正在进行。With a boy leading the way, they started towards the village由一个男孩带路，他们朝那个村子走去。6） with名词代词过去分词，过去分词表示被动或动作已经完成。With the problems settled, we all felt very happy 问题解决了，我们都感到很高兴。7）with名词代词名词China is a great country, with its capital Beijing. 中国是一个伟大的国家，首都是北京。8. 结构：主+谓语+ it +宾补+真正宾语I found it pleasant to be with your family.We think it out duty that we should help the poor.在复合宾语中，宾语通常为名词或代词，但有时也可以用不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或that从句来充当。这时，应使用先行it代替宾语，而将真正的宾语移到句子的后部，如：I felt it necessary to speak about our shortcomings.Do you consider it any good trying again?We all thought it a pity that you couldnt join us.注意：在这种结构中，宾语补足语通常为名词或形容词；常用于这种结构的动词有： feel, find, think, make, take, judge, consider 等。5名词(或代词)+分词(分词短语)举例(1)we saw the puples playing basketball我们看见学生们在打篮球。 (2)we mustnt leave the work half done我们不要让这工作半途而废。辨析现在分词和不定式作宾语补足语的意义有些不同。后者指事情的全过程，目的在于仅仅说明发生了这事；前者指正在进行的动作的一部分，目的在于将该动作当时进行的情景呈现于读者之前，相当于进行时态。 举例(1)I saw him go upstairs我看见他上楼去了。(强调上楼的全过程) (2)I saw him going upstairs我看见他在上楼。(强调上楼的动作进行) 6如果宾语不是一个名词或代词，而是一个从句，不定式或动名词，这时通常要用一个it(形式宾语)代替它，把从句、不定式，或动名词放到句子后部去。举例(1)They found it strange that no one would like to answer the question 他们觉得很奇怪，竟然没有人愿意回答这个问题。(2)I feIt it my duty to report it to the police我觉得有责任把这事报告给警察。(3)I think it unwise going on with the work我认为继续干是不明智的.例1Youll find this map of great _in helping you to go round London. Aprice Bcost Cvalue Dusefulness思路分析 本题考查的是of+形容词+抽象名词结构。这种结构的词义相当于其中抽象名词的形容词意义。如： of great，value=valuable of great use=useful of great help=helpful of little hope=hopeless 答案C 2007-09-17 21:18有些及物动词带了宾语后还需要有一个补足成分才能使句意完整，这个补足成分就叫做宾语补足语，用来说明宾语的行为、特征、状态、身份等。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。复合宾语主要有下面几种类型： 1名词(或代词)+不定式 举例(1)The doctor advised me to stop smoking医生劝我戒烟。 (2)She told to me to finish the work as soon as possible她告诉我要尽快完成工作。宾语补足语(3)I feel my heart beat fsst我感到心跳得快。 拓展在被动语态的句子中，宾语补足语就变成了主语的补足语。 举例(1)We are advised to wait有人劝我们等着。(2)They are allowed to talk in the classroom after class 课后他们被允许在教室里讲话。注意在动词make，hear，listen to，feel，see，watch，look at，notice，observe，have，let等后的补足语中，不定式不带to。举例(1)Nobody saw him come in没人看见他进来。 (2)Look at the horse run看那匹马跑。注意当这些动词在被动语态中作谓语时，后面的不定式就不能省去to。举例They were heard to sing a song.有人听到他们唱了一首歌。2名词(或代词)+名词举例(1)The government appointed her chief delegate to the conference 政府任命她为出席那个会议的代表团团长。 (2)we all call the boy Da Mao我们都称那男孩大毛。3名词(或代词)+形容词 举例(1) He proved himself worthy of confidence他证明他是值得信任的。 (2)I hope to see you well soon我希望你的病早些好。4名词(或代词)+介词短语或副词举例(1)Please make yourself at home请随便一点。 (2)He ordered them away他命令他们离开。（六）不定式作宾语补足语 1. 常接带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask, tell, want, teach, wish等； 2. 接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：see, watch, hear, make, let advise, allow, ask, beg, command, tell, invite, force, oblige, get, help, encourage, persuade, permit, remind, request, order, warn, cause等。 I often see him play football. She often asks me to help her. We dont allow such things to happen again. Most of the parents agree to forbid their children to smoke. She asked me to answer the phone in her absence. Please remind me to leave her this note. She requested him to go with her. 3. 用不定式作宾语补足语的几种说明： help后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式可以带to也可以不带to。 如：I often help my mother(to) do some housework. 在使役动词后作宾语补足语，不定式不带to。有些动词跟不定式作宾语补足语时省去了to，这些动词有：一感二听三让四观看。 这类动词有：make, let, have等。转为被动语态时，其后通常都用带to的不定式 (have没有被动语态)。What would you have me do? 你要我做什么？She made him give up smoking. 她让他戒了烟。Let him do whatever he wishes to do. 他想干什么就让他干吧。Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.虽然经常是他弄哭小妹妹，但今天他却被小妹妹弄哭了 3. 掌握“使役动词 have + 宾语过去分词”的几种含义 在“ have 宾语过去分词”结构中，过去分词作宾语补足语， have 也可用 get 。这一结构具有以下几种含义： 意为“主语请别人做某事”。例如： He wants to have his eyes examined tomorrow. 他明天想去检查眼睛。（“检查”的动作由医生来进行） 意为“主语遭遇、遭受某一不愉快、不测的事情”。例如： Be careful, or youll have your hands hurt. 当心，否则会弄伤手的。 意为“使完成某事”，事情既可以是别人做完，也可以由主语参与完成。 He had the walls painted this morning. 他今早把墙漆了。 （主语自己可能参与） 动词不定式也可作一些短语动词的宾语补足语。 Im waiting for James to arrive.我正等着詹姆斯的到来。 Hes arranged for a car to pick them up at the station.他已安排了一辆汽车去车站接他们。 The UN has called on both sides to observe the cease fire.联合国号召交战双方遵守停火协定。 （七）分词作宾语补足语 用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的发出者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系；用过去分词作宾补，表示宾语是动作的承受者，构成逻辑上的动宾关系。 1. 跟分词作宾补的动词有：catch, have get, keep, hear, find, feel, leave, make, want, start, notice, observe, watch, set等。例如： There was so much noise that the speaker couldnt make himself heard. 由于十分吵闹，讲话人没法让人听到他的声音。 When he awoke, he found himself being looked after by an old woman. 他醒来的时候发现一位老大娘正在照顾他。 2. 几种用过去分词作宾语补足语的情况说明： 表示“意欲；命令”的动词如 like, want, wish, order 等，可用过去分词 作宾语补足语。例如： The father wants his daughter taught the piano. 这位父亲想让女儿学钢琴。 感官动词 see, hear, notice, observe, watch, feel, find 等后，可用过去分词作宾语补足语。例如： I saw an old man knocked down by a car just now. 刚才我看到一位老人被车撞倒了。 使役动词 have, get, make, leave, keep 等后，可用过去分词作宾语补足语。例如： Have you got your films developed? 你拿胶卷去冲洗了没有？ “ with 宾语过去分词”结构中，过去分词用作介词 with 的宾语补足语。这一结构通常在句中作时间、方式、条件、原因等状语。例如： The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带进来了，他的双手被绑在背后。（表方式） With water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被加热，我们就会看到水蒸气。（表条件） With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得到解决，我们都回家了。（表原因）宾语补足语: 某些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。而复合宾语的第一部分通常由名词或代词充当，第二部分表示第一部分的名词或代词发出的动作或身份、特征等，称为宾语补足语。 简单的说，宾语补足语就是补充说明宾语是什么或宾语怎么样，通常做宾语补足语的成份有：名词、形容词、副词、分词、动词不定式、介词短语等。 宾语补足语有以下几类。 1.由动词不定式充当。多数是带to的不定式，也有不带to的不定式。1).要求带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有tell，ask，invite，force，get，beg，allow，wish，want，like，prefer，intend，expect，encourage，advise，permit，order，warn，cause等。eg. I would prefer you not to change your plan 我宁愿你不要改变计划。 They encouraged me to try again他们鼓励我再次尝试。 2).某些动词如think，consider，believe，know，find等后面作宾语补足语的不定式常用to be + adj的结构。 We believed him to be stupid我们认为他很笨。 He didn”t consider himself (to be) important 他并不认为自己重要。 3).某些动词如make，have，let，see，hear，watch，notice，feel等后作宾语补足语的不定式不带to。 He made us stay for tea他使我们留下来吃茶点。 Let me introduce you to Miss Li让我介绍你和李小姐认识。 Did you notice me leave/leaving the house 你注意到我离开了（正在离开）那房子吗？ 4).变为被动语态时，不定式符号to必须保留。 People who won”t work should be made to work 必须要不愿工作的人工作。 The middle-aged man was seen to enter the building 人们看见那中年男子走进大楼。 2.由-ing形式或过去分词充当。 1).当宾语补足语的动作由作宾语的名词或代词发出时，宾语补足语用-ing形式。 He could hear his heart beating fast 他可以听见自己的心脏跳得很快。 Do you smell something buring? 你闻到烧焦的气味了吗？ 2).当宾语是宾语补足语发出的动作对象时，宾语补足语用过去分词形式。 Youd better have the desk painted你最好请人把课桌漆一下。 Ive never heard the song sung我从未听见那首歌被人唱过。 3.由名词充当。 某些动词call, name, make, elect, think, find, consider, appoint后接名词或代词作其语，再接名词作宾语补足语，补充说明宾语的身份。 He made her secretary他挑选她当秘书。 Her parents died, leaving her an orphan 她父母双亡，使她成了孤儿。 They considered Paris the brain and heart of the country 他们把巴黎看作国家的大脑和心脏。 4.由形容词充当。 某些动词如make，paint，keep，find，like，want等后接名词或代词作宾语，再接形容词作宾语补足语，补充说明宾语的状态、特征等。有的已构成固定词组。 Do you like your tea weak or strong? 你喜欢把茶泡浓一点还是淡一点？ You must keep the classroom clean你应保持教室清洁。 The boy was beaten black and blue男孩被打得青一块紫一块。 *常跟复合宾语的动词有：call, name, make, think, find, leave, keep, nominate(任命),choose, elect(选举),define(定义),regard, see, recognize, treat, take, consider, look up, refer to, accept, acknowledge, describe, depict(描述),represent(表现出),declare(宣称),denounce, employ(雇佣), use, show, organize, express 主+谓+宾+宾补结构:有一些句子有了前3个成分后,还需要有一个宾语补足语对宾语做出补充说明,表明宾语的身份,特征等,使句意完整。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语. 如果宾语和宾补是逻辑上的动宾关系，则宾补须用过去分词形式。如：Jenny hopes that Mr.Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English improved in a short period. 四、什么动词后可有宾语补足语： 1. 在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。 这类动词有：consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。这类动词后的不定式通常是to be+形容词或名词结构，think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。 We consider him (to be) a good teacher. 我们认为他是一个好老师。 He proved that theory (to be) very important. 他证明那个理论是很重要的。 I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her. 我第一次见到她的时候就认为她人很好，很诚实。 2. 在表示情感状态的动词后作宾语补足语。 这类动词有：love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等。 Id prefer you to leave him alone. 我希望你不要打扰他。 I dont want there to be any trouble. 我不想有任何麻烦。 （六）不定式作宾语补足语1. 常接带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask, tell, want, teach, wish等；2. 接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：see, watch, hear, make, let advise, allow, ask, beg, command, tell, invite, force, oblige, get, help, encourage, persuade, permit, remind, request, order, warn, cause等。I often see him play football. She often asks me to help her. We dont allow such things to happen again.Most of the parents agree to forbid their children to smoke.She asked me to answer the phone in her absence.Please remind me to leave her this note.She requested him to go with her.3. 用不定式作宾语补足语的几种说明：help后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式可以带to也可以不带to。如：I often help my mother(to) do some housework.在使役动词后作宾语补足语，不定式不带to。有些动词跟不定式作宾语补足语时省去了to，这些动词有：一感二听三让四观看。一感：feel二听：hear, listen to三让：let, have, make 四观看：observe, see, watch, look at 这类动词有：make, let, have等。转为被动语态时，其后通常都用带to的不定式 (have没有被动语态)。What would you have me do?你要我做什么？She made him give up smoking.她让他戒了烟。Let him do whatever he wishes to do.他想干什么就让他干吧。Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.虽然经常是他弄哭小妹妹，但今天他却被小妹妹弄哭了3. 掌握“使役动词 have + 宾语过去分词”的几种含义 在“ have 宾语过去分词”结构中，过去分词作宾语补足语， have 也可用 get 。这一结构具有以下几种含义： 意为“主语请别人做某事”。例如： He wants to have his eyes examined tomorrow. 他明天想去检查眼睛。（“检查”的动作由医生来进行） 意为“主语遭遇、遭受某一不愉快、不测的事情”。例如： Be careful, or youll have your hands hurt. 当心，否则会弄伤手的。 意为“使完成某事”，事情既可以是别人做完，也可以由主语参与完成。例如： He had the walls painted this morning. 他今早把墙漆了。 （主语自己可能参与）动词不定式也可作一些短语动词的宾语补足语。Im waiting for James to arrive.我正等着詹姆斯的到来。Hes arranged for a car to pick them up at the station.他已安排了一辆汽车去车站接他们。The UN has called on both sides to observe the cease fire. 联合国号召交战双方遵守停火协定。 （七）分词作宾语补足语用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的发出者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系；用过去分词作宾补，表示宾语是动作的承受者，构成逻辑上的动宾关系。1. 跟分词作宾补的动词有：catch, have get, keep, hear, find, feel, leave, make, want, start, notice, observe, watch, set等。例如：There was so much noise that the speaker couldnt make himself heard.由于十分吵闹，讲话人没法让人听到他的声音。When he awoke, he found himself being looked after by an old woman.他醒来的时候发现一位老大娘正在照顾他。2. 几种用过去分词作宾语补足语的情况说明：表示“意欲；命令”的动词如 like, want, wish, order 等，可用过去分词作宾语补足语。例如： The father w