新概念一册语法整理.docx

句子的种类 1)肯定句：主语 + 动词 + 其它成份 Sophie is a new student. 2)否定句：主语 + 动词 + not + 其它成份 Sophie is not a new student. 3)一般疑问句：yes-no question（可以直接用yes或no来回答）功能：询问This is your name. - Is this your name?构成：be动词置于前 (be动词表达人或事物的性状，即身份、性质、特征状态等。)动词 + 主语 + 其它成份？ Sophie is a new student. is Sophie a new student. Yes, she is. / No, she isnt. 4)特殊疑问句：wh-question（不能直接用yes或no来回答）构成：特殊疑问词 + be + n. What color is your_? (固定结构)肯定句变特殊疑问句的步骤：1)找到肯定句中被提问的部分。2)根据句意选择最合适的特殊疑问词。3)将特殊疑问词置于句首。4)该特殊疑问句不针对肯定句的主语提问时，动词放在主语前。 该特殊疑问句针对主语提问时，动词不用提前，原位不动。5)主系表结构句 (静态句型) 构成：主语 + 系动词 + 表语(be am/is/are)This is your car.6)There be 句型 A.使用范围：某地存在某人或某物 (be：存在)B.构成：There + be(is/are) + 地点C.用法：有：拥有 have 存在 There beD.分类：There be There is + 单数名词 There are + 复数名词E.过去式：There be+ (was, were)+地点there be A. There was+单数名词 B. There were+复数名词7)祈使句：A.表示命令：动词原形 + (人乘坐交通工具用on，是一种习惯用法。) B.表示请求：please + 动词原形 + C.表示建议：Lets + 动词原形 + (Lets go, ok?)8)否定疑问句： 1.构成：一般疑问句的疑问词+not的缩略式 Are you ok?-Arent you ok? /Do you know that? -Dont you know that? /Can you wait?-Cant you wait? 2.何时用? A.表达强调：Arent you lucky!B.表达情绪：Dont you love me? 3.翻译：“难道，难道不.” 4.组织步骤： 一般疑问句（先看词性，再看人称）+not 难道她不漂亮吗？ Is she beautiful?-Isnt she beautiful? 难道她没有男朋友吗？ Does she have a boyfriend?-Doesnt she have a boy friend? Is she.-Isnt she. /Can you.-Cant you. /Did you.-Didnt you. /Does she.-Doesnt she.5.完全否定与部分否定 1)完全否定：He is not a doctor. /I dont like coffee. /I didnt meet him at all.2)部分否定：much和many在否定句中表示部分否定 (不可数用much可数用many) any在否定中表达完全否定We havent got much tea or coffee. 我们的茶和咖啡不多了。They dont have many apples. She hasnt got much chocolate. He hasnt got many eggs.9)双宾语： A. Give sb. sth. = Give sth. to sb. B. buy/make/get.for. C.直接宾语是代词，往往用to或for的结构。Give me a book. Give it to me. Give me it.Buy me a flower. Buy it for me.D.双宾语动词：give / write / send / offer / read / post / sellYou give me a book. 主 谓 宾 宾 简单句的句型结构： A.主 + 谓 B.主 + 谓 + 宾 C.主 + 谓 + 宾宾 D.主 + 谓 + 宾补 E.主 + 系 + 表 E.双宾语结构： 及物动词 (vt.)动词 宾语(动作的承受者) 不及物动词(vi.)三单：第三人称单数（能用she he it 代替的，名字、称谓、单个的东西、不可数名词）先看词性：动词or非动词 再看人称：三单or非三单Are you.? Do you.?Is she/he/it.? Dose you.?Isnt, arent + 非动词 dont, doesnt + 动词10.句子组强的5步骤：谁干了什么如何干的在哪干的何时干的A. 他每天开心地在家等他。Hewaits for herhappilyat homeevery day.B. 我昨天忙碌地在商场买了很多鞋。Ibought many shoesbusilyin the mallyesterday.C. 我突然在教室里发现一个不认识的人。Ifind a strangersuddenlyin the classroom.D.他上周匆忙地离开了。Helefthurriedlylast week.名词所有格 1)分类：s / of / 双重所有格等 名词s + 名词 Toms car / the birds song. 2)名词(s)：发音 名词(s)s + 名词 名词(s) + 名词 Joness book or Jones book 3)名词(s)：复数 名词(s) + 名词 The boys teacher. 4)名词s + 名词（可省略）This shirt is Tims shirt. -This shirt is Tims.名词变复数： 1)一般情况下直接加s (books / jobs) 2)以s/x/sh/ch/结尾加es/iz/ (buses / boxes / brushes / benches) 3)以辅音字母+y结尾的，变y为i加es/iz/ (babybabies) 4)以y结尾的专有名词或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时直接加s/z/ (boy-boys)5)以元音字母+o结尾的直接加s/z/：(radioradios) 以辅音字母+o结尾的加es/z/：(mosquitomosquitoes)6)以f/fe结尾的去f/fe变ves/vz/ (leafleaves, knifeknives) 7)变复数以全拼为准，缩写一般+s(photophotos) photograph-photographs 8)外来词往往直接加s：pianopianos tobaccotobaccos 9)特殊变化：childchildren/ Manmen/womanwomen/footfeet/toothteeth发音规则规律：清辅音+s /s/； 浊辅音&元音+s /z/； /t/+s /ts/； /d/+s /dz/可数名词的发音是以结尾 + es /iz/ 句子变复数：单数名词+is复数名词+are冠词 A.概念 (戴在名词头上的帽子，没有特殊情况不能摘帽子。) a nice car/ a big house/ a good nameB.包括：a/an/ theC.意思：a/an 一个、一间、一台、一 the 这，那，这些，那些 the student 这/那个学生 The students 这/那些个学生D.分类：定冠词 the-确定的、知道的 不定冠词 a/an-不确定的、不知道的There is a monk.那有一个和尚。The monk is Jack.那个和尚叫Jack.E. a/an 的区别 an+元音发音开头的单词，其余用a。 an egg/ an orange/ an hour(h不发音)F. 特殊情况： 国家（简写）、国籍、人名、城市名前不能加冠词。代词1) 人称代词: 主格 宾格 单数 复数 单数 复数 第一人称: I we me us第二人称: you you you you第三人称: he him she they her them it it人称代词的语序：单数(2-3-1-you-she-I)，复数(1-2-3,we-you-they)。2)形容词性物主代词（必须+名词） My your his her its our your their我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 他/她/它们的反身代词我（们）自已你（们）自已他自已她自已它自已单数myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves1) 何时用？A.强调主语&宾语He himself sent me a gift. 他亲自送我一件礼物I see WangXiaoya herself. 我见了王小丫本人。B. 不言而喻的宾语Take good care of yourself.Enjoy yourself.2) 用法？A. 介词 + 反身代词by oneself独自 (可以替代所有反身代词)Im going to swim by myself.Hes going to learn English by himself.3) between oneself 私下Its just between ourselves. (天知地知你知我知。)B. 动词 + 反身代词1) Enjoy oneself 玩的开心、过的愉快They enjoy themselves.2) help oneself随意Help yourselves, please.数词 1.基数词 one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty twenty-one . thirty thirty-one. forty forty-one. fifty fifty-one. sixty sixty-one. seventy seventy-one. eighty eighty-one. ninety ninety-one. hundred one hundred two hundred. hundred and 十/个 999 nine hundred and ninety-nine 674 six hundred and seventy-four 123 one hundred and twenty-three 508 five hundred and eight 888 eight hundred and eighty-eight 390 three hundred and ninety thousand one thousand two thousand. 2045 two thousand and forty-five 3008 three thousand and eight ten thousand 一万 twenty thousand 二万 thirty thousand 三万 forty thousand 四万 fifty thousand 五万sixty- thousand 六万seventy- thousand 七万eighty- thousand 八万ninety thousand 九万one hundred thousand 十万 two hundred thousand 二十万. one million two million.ten million 千万 twenty million.ninety million one hundred million 亿 2.序数词first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth twentiethtwenty-first twenty-second twenty-third twenty-fourth twenty-fifth twenty-sixth twenty-seventh twenty-eighth twenty-ninth.介词 in & on on the tree 长在树上 in the tree 在树上 on the plane / train / ship / bus (人乘坐交通工具用on，是一种习惯用法。) 介词+名词/代词(介词短语) .On the table /.in the room / .in it /.in our town /.in the U.S. /.to King Street 介词短语除做地点状语，还可以做定语（必须放在后面） The picture on the wall is very beautiful.The man in the office is my teacher.Do you have any shoes like these?量词的搭配： a piece of bread 一片面包 a loaf of bread 一个面包 a bar of soap 一块肥皂 a bottle of milk 一瓶牛奶 a pound of. 一磅的. a tin of cola 一罐可乐 a cup of coffee 一杯咖啡 a box of tea 一盒茶叶 a spoon of sugar 一勺糖two bars of chocolate / four cups of tea / two tins of cola (不可数名词的复数要在量词上变)副词： A.功能：在句子中专门修饰、忽悠形容词、动词以前其他副词。B.位置：情be后，实词前。sometimes句首句尾表强调。 C.演变adj.-adv.(的地)slow-slowly， sudden-suddenly， quick-quickly.D.形容词-副词规则1).一般直接+ly，如quickly;2).辅+y结尾，变y为i+ly 如lazy-lazily3).以ll-结尾直接+y 如fully4).辅音+le，e变y 如able-ably5).元音+e结尾，去e+ly 如true-truly.E.频度副词：主要修饰动词 always 总是 100% usually 通常 90% often 经常 60% sometimes 有时候 30% seldom 很少 5% never 从不 0%home：n.家；adv.在家，到家，回家 1.用法：介词 + 名词/代词 (副词前一般不能用介词) go home arrive home on the way home at home(固定搭配) go there come downstairs情态动词：can / must (情态动词在一句话中必须放在动词的前面，此时该动词必须采用原形的形式) 1. must 肯定句 - 一般疑问句 - 否定句 - 特殊疑问句He must go now. Must he go now? No, He neednt go now. What must he do? 2. can mustnt (语气很强硬，用时需注意) 肯定句 - 一般疑问句 - 否定句 - 特殊疑问句 I can help you. Can I help you? No, I cant help you. Who can help you?Can I. 使用第一人称比较礼貌。 3. can1)能力2)允许3)请求，要求4)没有人称和数的变化5)疑问句：提前6)否定句：cancant / cannot(不可用can not)be 情态动词 助动词同时或两两出现，谁在最左侧，把谁放在主语前。三无句型：无be动词 / 情态动词 / 助动词 do主语？Do you like coffee?Yes, I do. (不能用Yes, I like.) No, I dont.感观动词A. sound听起来 B. look 看起来 C. smell 闻起来 D. fell 感觉 E. taste 尝起来1)一半实义动词Do-doeslook-looks, sound-sounds, feel-feels, smell-smells, taste-tastesdo-didlook-looked. 2)一半系动词 You look young. It tastes good. 感官动词用形容词修饰定语： A.概念：定语是修饰名词或代词，说明人或物的状态、品质、特征等。 B.结构：定语s 被定语限定的词 被定语限定的词 of 定语C.使用范围：作定语的名词是有生命的时候，往往采用名词所有格 s 的形式。作定语的名词是无生命的时候，往往采用名词所有格 of 的形式。(I like the color of this car.)have1.实义动词： has三单 /had过去式 A.拥有： have an umbrella have a bike have some water B.吃、喝、玩、乐、做. 洗澡：have a bath 游泳：have a swim 理发：have a haircut 聚会：have a part 度假：have a holiday 玩的开心：have a good time 上课：have a lesson C.患生得长有 have flu，have measles，have mumps不加定冠词，其它疾病都加。 D. have a 名词(动作、行为) 从事、进行 have a bath / have a rest / have a talk / have a swim / have a walk / have a try E.经历 have a holiday / have a party / have a class 2.助动词： 主语 + have(has) + done动词变过去式：不规则动词go (原型) went(过去式)say (原型) said (过去式)read (原型) /ri:d/ read(过去式) /red/put (原型)/put/ put (过去式)/put/see-saw makemade规则动词 ed1).动词 + edwalk-walked stay-stayed rainrained swim-swam2).动词e + d (如果一个规则动词结尾是以不发音的字母e结尾，此时只需要加字母d。)arrive-arrived movemoved smokesmoked3).辅音+y去掉字母y+i+edstudystudied trytried crycried4).辅音+1元音+1辅音+辅音+edcleaned-cleaned stop-stopped slip-slipped发音：规则动词 ed1.清辅音+ed /t/2.浊辅音&元音+ed /d/3./t/ & /d/ /id/5.be动词是不规则动词 1)一般现在时：am /is /are 2)一般过去时：was /was /were时态：时态包括“时”和“体”。 概念：动作发生的时间和状态。1)现在进行时： A.基本概念：目前正在发生的动作。B.结构：主语 + be(am/is/are) + 动词ingI am watching TV.C.动词的现在分词变化规律 1)一般直接加ing walkwalking 2)以不发音的e结尾，去e加ing。 makemaking 3)以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写该字母再加ing。sitsitting / runrunning / swimswimming / regretregretting 2)一般将来时： be going to句型 A.何时用？预先计划和打算要做的事 B.固定形式：主语 am/is/are going to + 动词原型He is going to study English. C.小小要求：后面接动词原形 be going to do / be going to be + adj. n. prep. 例句：我打算下周开始忙起来。 I am going to be busy next week. (busy-形容词)这个孩子打算以后成为医生。 This kid is going to be a doctor. (医生-名词) 他计划这周呆在家里。 He is going to be at home this weekend. (at home-介词短语) D. be going to 句型的其他形式：疑问句：be提前 （Is she going to go shopping this weekend.）否定句：be + not (She is not going to go shopping this weekend.)3)一般现在时： 1.何时用？/ 结构：A.经常的状态：主语 + am / is / are (They are very bad.)B.习惯的动作：主语 + v. (动词) (They often cheat in the exams. )C.真理、客观事实。主语 + am / is / are，主语 + v.(动词) (The earth is round.) 3.动词：主语+v.(动词) Jim and Lily walk to school every day.主语为非三单+动词原形 They drink beer every night.主语为三单+动词s/es He loves his girlfriend. My dog watches TV at night. 4.疑问： They drink beer every night. - Do they drink beer every night? He loves his girlfriend.- Does he love his girlfriend very much?先看词性，再看人称。动词用Do系列的提问，三单Do变Does。 5.否定？ They drink beer every night.- They dont drink beer every night. He loves his girlfriend.- He doesnt love his girlfriend very much?4)一般过去时：概念：表示过去的习惯或经常发生的动作常与频度副词连用。结构：肯定形式：主语+动词过去式+ (am /is-was are /were)I was short .否定形式：主语+did not +V. Tom didnt go to London last week?一般疑问式：Did+主语+V. ?肯定回答：Yes, 主语+did.-Yes, he did.否定回答：No, 主语didnt.-No, he didnt.特殊疑问式：特殊疑问词+did+主语+V. ? Where did Tom go Last year?一般过去式句型转换1)主系表结构句-一般过去式-一般疑问句-肯定回答-否定回答-否定句-特殊疑问句-He was in the office. /Was he in the office? /Yes, he was. /No, he wasnt. /He wasnt in the office. /Where was he?2)There be 句型-一般过去式-否定句-特殊疑问句-There was a car race in1998. /There wasnt a car race in 1998. /What was there in 1998? 3)三无句型 -一般过去式-一般疑问句-否定句-He went to school yesterday. -Did he go to school yesterday? - He didnt go to school yesterday.-特殊疑问句-When did he go to school? /Where did he go yesterday? /What did he yesterday. /Who went to school yesterday?(Do-did，go-went) 助动词do有吸铁石的功能，它可以把原有动词的时态吸到自己身上。5)现在完成时构成： 主语 + have / has + 动词过去分词 + 其它成份 助动词 1.动词的形态： 原型-三单-现在分词-过去式 Work works working worked 2.动词原型-过去分词规则动词：现在完成时 VS 一般过去时I have already had lunch.I have Just had a cup.I have already had my holiday this year.普通的过去发生的事用一般过去时。特殊的发生在过去的动作或状态用现在完成时（特种过去式）。用法1：过去发生，影响现在现在完成时（说话人主观上强调过去的动作或状态的延续性，且延续到现在。）A：我学过英语。 一般过去式 I studied English.我学英语十年了。 现在完成时 I have studied English for ten years.用法2：持续未完成（过去发生的动作或状态对现在产生的影响或结果。言之过去，意在当