省略及倒装.doc

省略及倒装省略是为了避免重复，将句子中的一个或几个成分省去，突出新信息并使上下文有机连接的一种语法现象。省略句在历年来的高考试题中，也是一个测试的热点，同学们应重点把握。省略一、简单句中的省略1. 不定式的省略 如果不定式所表示的内容在上文中已经出现，则把重复的动词及后续部 分省略，而只保留to。不定式的省略有以下几种情况：(1) 在hope, like, try, want, wish, expect, tell, ask, advise, refuse, afford, agree, forget, manage, would like等动词后作宾语时。如： Black people had no right to vote in the southern states. If they wished to (have the right to vote in the southern states), they had to pass a reading test.(2) 当不定式在某些形容词glad, afraid, anxious, happy, pleased, delighted, eager, ready, willing等之后作状语时，to后的内容常承前省略。如： “Would you give me a lift to the airport?” “Yes, Id glad to（give you a lift to the airport）.”(3)在want, allow, permit, persuade, tell, invite等动词后作宾语补足语时，或在其 被动结构后作主语补足语时。如： She didnt come, though we had invited her to (come). Why did you use your cell phone in school? You were told not to (use your cell phone).(4) 当不定式在be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to, be willing to, would like to等后作复合谓语时，不定式可省略。如： Tom, you didnt come to the party last night? I _, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do. （全国卷II 2007） A. had to B. didnt C. was going toD. wouldnt （斜体部分为答案，下同）解析：在was going to后省略了come to the party。(5) 不定式在chance, courage, time等名词后作定语时可省略，此时to常常也可省略。如： I havent read his novel, but I wish I would have time (to read his novel). 注意：如承前省略的不定式内容有be或助动词have, 那么to后要保留be或 have。 如： John didnt come, but he ought to have（come）. 2. 此外还有以下几种情况的省略：(1) 省略主语。如： I was wondering if we could go skiing on the weekend. _ good.（06湖北） A. Sound B. Sounded C. Sounding D. Sounds(2) 省略主语和谓语的一部分。如： (This is) Mary speaking. (Is there) Anything else to follow?(3) 省略宾语,常见对话的答语中。如： Do you know the key to the lock? Sorry, I dont know (the key to the lock). (4) 主（宾）语补足语结构中的to be常省略。如： He was considered (to be) the best student in the class. (5) 名词所有格后的名词如果是住宅、商店、工厂、教堂等可以省略。如： Im going to drop in at Smiths (house). He is ready to wait for me at the barbers (shop). 二、复合句中的省略1宾语从句中的省略(1) 宾语从句中作宾语的引导词可省略。如：I think (that) it will clear up this afternoon.注意:当有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时，引导第一个宾语从句的that可以省略，而引导后面几个从句的that不可省略。如：I knew (that) he was from Shandong and that his family was poor.当宾语是一个复合句时，that也不能省略。如：He said that if he had followed the teachers advice, he would have done the jobbetter.(2) 在Im afraid, I think, I believe, I hope, I guess等作答语时，把后面的宾语从句省略，而用so代替。2状语从句中的省略 状语从句如果表示时间、地点、让步、方式、条件等，从句主语与主句主语一致且从句谓语含有be动词，或从句为“it系表”结构时，则be 动词及其主语常可省略。如：(1) 连词+名词 Once (he was) a teacher, he now works in a government office.(2) 连词+形容词 Ill tell her what has happened when (it is) possible.(3) 连词+现在分词 While (she was) crossing the street, she was knocked down by a car.(4) 连词+过去分词 If (I am) invited, Ill go to his birthday party.(5) 连词+介词短语Father looked everywhere as if (he was) in search of something. 3定语从句中的省略(1) 在定语从句中，当关系代词在限定性定语从句中代替宾语时，关系代词 可省略。如： You can only be sure of what you have at present; you cannot be sure of something (that) you might get in the future.(2)修饰the way或reason的关系词可以省略。如：What surprised me was not what he said but _ he said it. （湖北2004） A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which 解析：the way后跟定语从句, 省略了关系副词that或in which。 This is one of the reasons (why) I asked you to come.（三）并列句中的省略1在并列句中把后一分句中与前一分句相同的部分常常省略。如：I arrived here today, and (I) must stay here one or two weeks.（省略主语） I asked John to go, but she (asked John) to stay.（省略谓语和宾语） Knowing is one thing, and believing (is) another. （省略系动词） In my class, boys like sports while girls do not (like sports). （省略谓语和宾语） My father looked angry; and I certainly was (angry). (省略表语)倒装倒装包括全部倒装和部分倒装, 部分倒装是历年高考中考查的重点。一、部分倒装部分倒装是将谓语的一部分，例如把助动词或情态动词提到主语之前。如果句子的谓语部分没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。常考的部分倒装结构有：1句首为否定或半否定的词语。如：no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, rarely, at no time, in no way, not until , not only but also , hardly / scarcely / when 等。2用于so, neither, nor 开头的句子，重复前句中的部分内容, 表示“也 (不)这样”。其结构为：so / neither / nor +be / have/助动词/情态动词 +主 语。so 用于肯定句中，neither或nor用于否定句中。3. only+状语位于句首时，后面的主句要用部分倒装。4. 用于as引导的让步状语从句中。as引导的让步状语从句的倒装有以下几种 形式： 1) 如果从句的谓语部分为“不及物动词+副词”，则常将从句中的副词提 前到从句的句首。如：Hard as you may try, you will not succeed. 2) 如果从句的谓语部分为“情态动词+不及物动词”，则常将这个不及物动词提前到从句的前面。如：Wait as you may, he will not see you. 3) 如果从句的谓语部分是“系动词+形容词”，则常将这个表语形容词提 前到从句的句首。如：Tired as he was, he still went on with his work. 4) 如果从句的谓语部分是“系动词+单数名词”，则常将这个表语提前， 但要省略名词前的不定冠词。如：Child as he is, he can tell right from wrong.5so that 句型中的so 位于句首时，句子需倒装。如： that Marie was able to set up new branches elsewhere.（陕西2007）A. So successful her business wasB. So successful was her businessC. So her business was successfulD. So was her successful business6在虚拟语气条件句中当从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词时，可将if 省 略，而把 were, had, should 移到主语之前。如： Were it to snow tomorrow, many crops will die. Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him. Should I be free tomorrow, I will come.7在以often, many a time, now and then等表示方式或频度的副词（短语）开头 的句子，要用部分倒装。如： Now and again do our teachers donate some money and clothes to the poor students. 二、完全倒装完全倒装是将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常用 于一般现在时和一般过去时。在历年高考试题中出现相对较多的是： 地点状语提前。在下列几种情况下多用完全倒装：1. 为了保持句子平衡且谓语是be , stand, sit , lie 等动词时。如： In front of the lecture hall sat the speaker.2. 在there, here 引导的句子中，谓语是be, exist, live, lie 等表示状态的不及物 动词时。如：There lived a cruel queen long ago. 3. 在there, here 引导的句子中, 谓语动词用come, go, follow, enter, rush, occur等 时。如：There comes Yao Ming, a famous basketball super star. 注意：当主语是人称代词时，句子不必倒装。如： There he comes, a famous basketball superstar.4. 当now, then, thus, in, out, down, up, over, away, off, back等副词置于句首，且 谓语是come, follow, begin, end, be等时。如： Out rushed a group of children. In came my mother with a cake. 注意：这时句子的主语必须是名词，如果是代词，则不用倒装句。如： Up went the rocket. / Up it went.5. such提前时，整个句子需要倒装。如： Such is the fact that China is a great people. 6. “分词+be +主语”结构。 Walking at the head of the line was our teacher. 7. 为了使句子结构保持平衡，或者强调句子的表语时，常将句子的表语部 分提前。这时，句子的系动词也要提前。句子的结构则为“表语+系动词 +主语”。如： Gone are the days when we had nothing to eat.【高考链接】 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。1. We finished the run in less than half the time _. (江西2008) A. allowing B. to allow C. allowed D. allows2. Have you known Dr. Jackson for a long time? (全国卷2008) Yes, since she _ the Chinese Society. A. has joined B. joins C. had joined D. joined3. What are you reading, Tom? Im not really reading, just _ the pages. (全国卷2008) A. turning off B. turning around C. turning over D. turning up4. Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday? Yes, _, Im going to visit some homes for the old in the city. (安徽2008) A. If ever B. If busy C. If anything D. If possible5. Who should be responsible for the accident? The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order _. (福建2008) A. as told B. as are told C. as telling D. as they told6. Bill wasnt happy about the delay of the report by Jason, and _. (辽宁2008)A. I was neither B. neither was I C. I was eitherD. either was I7. _ you eat the correct foods _ be able to keep fit and stay healthy. (江 苏2008) A. Only if; will you B. Only if; you will C. Unless; will you D. Unless; you will8. Not until the motorbike looked almost new repairing and cleaning it. (陕西2008) A. he stopped B. did he stop C. stopped he D. he did stop9. It was announced that only when the fire was under control _ to return to their homes. (江西2008) A. the residents would be permitted B. had the residents been permitted C. would the residents be permitted D. the residents had been permitted 山西 李怀宇 山东 王明歌 Key: 1-5 CDCDA 6-9 BABC 中学英语基础知识分类总复习 省略与倒装专练1. What made her so sad? _ she had lost her purse with a lot of money in it. A. Because B. Since C. What D. That 2. The boys are not doing a good job at all, are they? _. A. I guess not so B. I dont guess C. I dont guess so D. I guess not3. I wonder why you didnt do it as _ and its the third time you have done so.A. told you B. be told C. told to D. you told4. Could you come to help me with my work, Lily? _, I certainly will. A. If I am possible B. If it possible C. If possible D. Possible5. Are you a teacher? No, but I _. I used to work in a middle school for three years. A. am B. will C. do D. was6. How many students in your class will fail in the finals this time? There will be only a few, if _. A. much B. some C. any D. many7. I suggest that you should take your medicine _. Dont just take it at random now and then. A. as directed B. to be directed C. as directing D. so that directed8. Why didnt you come to attend the opening ceremony yesterday? Sorry, I _, but I had something else important to do. A. would do B. should C. would have D. was going to have9. I hear Mr. Li has passed the driving test. _, lets go and congratulate him. A. If such B. If so C. If not D. If any10. _, the experiment will be successful. A. If carefully preparing B. If prepare carefully C. If carefully prepared D. If preparing carefully11. _ to a room with high temperature, a piece of ice will soon turn into water. A. If taking B. If taken C. Taking D. If to take12. The old man was dying, and he opened his mouth _ something. A. as if saying B. as if to say C. as to say D. if to say13. So _ that they fell sound asleep the moment they lay down on the ground. A. the soldiers were worn out B. worn out the soldiers were C. worn out were the soldiers D. were the soldiers worn out14. _, I dont think you will get such good results as you expect. A. As you might try B. Try as you might C. You might as you try D. As might you try15. Thank you for your help. _ for your help, I wouldnt have succeeded in my experiment. A. If it is not B. Were it not C. Had it not been D. If they were not16. Since we said goodbye to each other last year, I have never seen her again, nor _ from her. A. did I hear B. I heard C. have I heard D. I have heard17._ when she heard the bad news that she burst into tears at once. A. So sad she was B. So sad was she C. She sad was so D. Sad so was she18. Look, here _! He will give us a speech in the square this afternoon. A. our president comes B. come our president C. comes our president D. came our president19. There is a dog over there. Look, out _. Be careful! A. it is running B. runs it C. it runs D. ran it20. I feel very sad because I failed in my test this time. Well, _ harder at your lessons, you would have passed it. A. did you work B. had you worked C. you had worked D. you worked21. Why is he so unhappy? _ that he is often made fun of in public. A. So short he is B. So he is short C. So short is he D. So he is short22. On the top of the small hill _ which has a history of more than four hundred years. A. stands an old temple B. an old temple stands C. does an old temple stand D. an old temple does stand23. E-shopping, when properly _, can save us a lot of energy. Yes. Previous to this, we had to search shop after shop, only _ tired or disappointed. A. being done; to be B. doing; being C. doing; to be D. done; to be24. What Yang Liwei wanted to do when he got out of the spaceship was _ the joy with all the Chinese. A. share B. shared C. having shared D. about to share25. _ you have the chance to go to university in the future, you must take it. A. Will B. Should C. Would D. Could26. I hate talking with that guy. Look, he is coming. What should I do? Dont speak until _. A. speaking B. spoken to C. spoken D. speaking to27. What kind of food would you like to have?_ but Japanese. How about Korean, then? A. Anything B. Something C. Everything D. Nothing28. Did you return home on foot by yourself last night?Yes, I did. But I guess I _. A. shouldnt B. neednt C. may not have D. neednt have29. Last year the famous actor did all _ help the poor children in that mountain area. A. he could do B. he could to C. what he could to D. that he could30. It is rather difficult to make friends with her, but her friendship, _, is truer than any others. A. once gained B. when to gain C. after gaining D. while gaining31. _, the mountain climbers conquered the Everest in the end. A. As the difficulty was great B. Great difficulty as it was C. Great as the difficulty was D. The difficulty was great32. On one side of the road should be planted grass, and _. A. on the other are flowers B. on another flowers C. on the other flowers D. on another are flowers33. Will you go to attend your former wifes evening party? No, _. A. even if invited B. if invited to C. after invited to D. if invited34. The WHO estimates that 9,700 people will eventually die of the disasters aftereffects, but Green-peace last week predicted that the total will be _. A. as nine times high B. nine times higher C. higher than nine times D. as high nine times as35. Once _ at the shop, you will be dismissed immediately. A. caught stealing B. caught to steal C. catching stealing D. to catch to steal36. _ it _, the crops _ be saved. A. Had; rained; will B. Should; rain; would C. If; rains; should D. Would; rain; should37. Look, John. Feeding on the grassland _. A. so many sheep B. there are so many sheep C. are so many sheep D. are there so many sheep38. Its beyond description. Nowhere else in the world _ such a quiet, beautiful place. A. can there be B. you can find C. there can be D. can find you39. As your spoken English gets better, _ your written English. A. so is B. so will C. such is D. such will40. Not until _ over _ the theatre. A. was the film hero; the audience left B. the film hero was; left the audience C. was the film hero; did the audience leave D. the film hero was; did the audience leave41. _ is the kindness of the nurse that the patient can never be _ to her. A. So; too thankful B. Such; so thankful C. So; that thankful D. Such; thankful enough42. Life is harder for Senior Three students throughout China. Barely _ endless exercises or tests. A. does every day go by with B. does any day go by without C. every day goes by without D. any day goes by with43. He ought to have been warned of the danger. _, but he wouldnt listen to me. A. Yes, he ought B. So he was C. So was he D. So it was with him44. I dont know whether I should accept the invitation to join Microsoft or get my master degree first. Dont hesitate _ will you get such an opportunity. A. and never again B. or never again C. and where D. or where45. _ this afternoon, you would have to come again next week. A. The boss didnt return B. The boss were not to return C. Were the boss not to return