第8堂 主谓一致.doc

LECTURE 8 主谓一致本堂目标熟悉谓语用单数或用复数的常见情况，掌握一些特殊的主谓一致情况以及定语从句中的主谓一致，确保写作时不出现此类错误。基础预习所谓主谓一致就是指主语的形式变了，谓语的某些部分也要随之发生变化；主语和谓语动词之间要保持“数”的一致。一、主谓一致遵循的三条原则1）语法一致原则，即谓语的单复数形式要与主语一致；2）意义一致原则，即谓语的单复数形式要与主语意义上的单复数一致；3）就近原则，即谓语的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。二、谓语用单数形式主语例示时间、距离、重量、价值、数目等名词 Fifty years is only a short time in human history.Two hundred miles is a long distance.One dollars seems a fair price to that book.短语、不定式、句、动名词Swimming is a good way to keep healthy.To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。Where we will interview hasnt been made public.“-s”结尾的学科名词Politics is the art or science of government.注意:Her politics are/is weak.有物主代词修饰时单复数均可。书、报、地名、组织的复数形式The United Nations is a world organization.The Times speaks for the British government.news/works/corssroads/woods等复数形式表单数概念means视情况 Bad news has wings.好事不出门，坏事传千里。Every means has been tried to settle the problem.All means have been tried to settle the problem.并列主语指同一概念时A thief and murderer was sentenced to death.Care and patience is needed in our work.some/any/no/every + thing/ one/ body/whereSomebody is looking for you.Anyone is forbidden to smoke here.each/every/no/many a +单数名词+and+ each/every/no/many a +单数名词Each man and each woman was invited to the party.No engineer and no worker was in the workshop.Many a boy and many a girl has seen it.many a/the whole/each/every/neither/either+单数名词 Many a boy has tried, but few have succeeded.The whole nation was in deep sorrow.Neither story is true.each/neither/either+of+名词复数或them, us,youEach of them has a beautiful house.Neither of them is fit for the task.pair of+ 复数名词This pair of shoes needs mending.more than one+单数名词More than one soldier was killed in the battle.there be + 单数名词 and + 复数名词There is a book, two pencils and three pens.one, the other, another, no one, neither等Here is only one shoe. Where is the other?One has to do ones best.man(人类)/the world(世人)/clothing(衣着)Our clothing protects us from the cold.Only man knows how to cook.a series of/a species ofA series of lectures on psychology is given by Mr Smith.the number ofThe number of pages in this book is nine hundred.one and a half+复数名词One and a half bananas is left on the table.【例】(07-Text 3)Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families future healthcare. 【点睛】第一个分句的主语是由and连接的两个并列的名词短语（the cost and the share），在意义上为复数，所以该分句的谓语动词也用了复数形式have risen。后一分句的主语是health-savings plans，也是复数形式，故谓语动词用了are spreading。【译文】保健的实际费用和家庭所要承担的份额都增加了而新近流行的医疗储蓄计划正从立法大厅蔓延到沃尔玛职工，但是同时扣除条款更多了，家庭未来保健的投资风险也更高了。三、谓语用复数形式主语例示the + 姓的复数The Greens are going to make a trip to London.群岛/山脉/瀑布等As is known to all, the Rocky mountains stand in North America.the+folk(s)/people/police/cattle/Chinese/French等集体名词The police are sunning after the thief.The Chinese are a hard-working people.the +形容词表一类人The rich are for the decision but the poor against it.a great/good many+复数名词A good many people were killed in this traffic accident.a number of +复数名词A number of students were absent yesterday.【例】Back up and consider the people who have been occupying your time.冷静下来考虑一下那个一直占据着你的时间的人A great/good many students are playing basketball on the playground. 许多学生在操场上打篮球。A number of species have disappeared from the earth. 许多物种已经从地球上灭绝了。重点讲解一、与前面主语保持一致的情况当主语由下列短语并列，或当主语后有以下词或短语时，谓语的单复数形式需与前面的主语一致：主语例示as well as结构He as well as I wants to go boating.rather than结构The officer, rather than ministers answers for it.(along/together)with结构The teacher together with students is visiting the factory.suchas/like结构The girl like many boys is fond of sports.such as/besides结构Books such as this are useful for the beginners.no less than= as much as和一样Sunshine, no less than water and air is necessary for plants.but/except连接All students except Tom speak English.Beyond连接The newly-built TV tower, as eighty-five feet tall as beyond imagination, is called“the First Tower in Asia”.短语作定语Everyone here, including old people likes reading.同位语The idea that we can buy toys is quite good.定语从句Foreigners who work in China are from Japan.【例】Her research, along with that of other psychologists, provides valuable information on how to change a bad mood.【点睛】along with引起的从属结构不影响主语的单复数，谓语动词取决于第一个名词的单复数。Her research作主语，谓语动词用单数形式provides。【译文】她的研究和其他心理学家的研究一起为如何摆脱坏情绪提供了有价值的信息。二、最近原则以下词或短语连接并列主语时，谓语的单复数形式随靠近它的主语变化。主语例示or/nor结构You, he, or I am right.eitheror结构Either he or you are right.neithernor结构Neither rain nor snow keeps the postman from delivering our letters which we so much look forward to receiving. 雨雪都阻挡不住邮递员投递我们急切期望收到的信件。Not onlybut also结构Not only the students but also the teacher objects to the change of the plan. 不仅同学们，连老师也反对计划的改变。There, here引起的结构中Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.这是给你的一枝钢笔，几个信封和一些纸张。【例】(06-Text 2)And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaways Cottage, Shakespeares birthplace and the other sights. 【点睛】因为townsfolk为复数名词，因此根据最近原则，在there be结构中谓语动词用了are。【译文】另一个是埃文镇民，他们的生活却更多地依赖于那些游客他们是来这里旅游观光，探访莎士比亚出生地安妮哈索尔村舍及其他景点的，而不是来看戏的。三、谓语形式视主语情况而定主语例示集体名词作主语时army, class, crew, family, team, group, party, government, couple, enemy, audience, committee等集体名词，如果代表一个整体，那么谓语用单数形式；如果强调整体中的所有成员，那么谓语则用复数形式。Her family is small, but the family are advenced workers.（前者指整体，后者指个体）Class is over and the class are all out for play.（前者指个体，后者指整体）主语中包含分数、百分数等时分数、百分数、half, all, part, any, some, a lot, lots, plenty, rest, most, a supply, supplies, more than + of结构时，如果后接可数名词单数，那么谓语动词用单数；如果后接可数名词复数，那么谓语动词用复数；如果后接不可数名词，那么谓语动词用单数。Forty percent of the apple has been eaten.Forty percent of the workers have gone home.Lots of students have gone to college.Lots of food has been carried out.名词单数+and+名词单数如果两个名词所指是同一个人或同一事物，那么谓语形式用单数；如果两个名词所指是不同的人或不同的事物，那么谓语形式用复数。Iron and steel industry plays an important role.（主语是钢铁业，指同一事物）The food and textile industry depend mainly on agriculture for raw material.（主语是食品工业和纺织工业，指不同事物）what, who, which, such等词引导的主语常与其后的名词作表语一致。What you said is of great importance.What you left are only several old books.population作主语的情况如果表语是复数名词，那么谓语也用复数形式，否则就用单数形式。The population of China is 1.4 billion.80% of the population of China are farmers.quantity类名词作主语large quantities of +不可数名词，其后的谓语用复数形式；a large quantity of +不可数名词，其后的谓语用单数形式；a large quantity of +复数名词，其后的谓语用复数形式。Large quantities of money were spent on the bridge.A large quantities of money was spent on the bridge A large quanity of materials were spent on the bridge.one or two结构作主语one or two +复数名词，其后的谓语用复数形式。a + 可数名词 + or two，其后的谓语用单数形式。One or two days are enough for them.A servant or two or three was to accompany them.Inside each bag is one or two sheets of information.kind, sort, type + 名词如果限定词是单数形式，则谓语用单数；如果限定词是复数形式，则谓语用复数。This kind of man is dangerous.This kind of men is dangerous.Many kind of man are dangerous.Many kind of man men are dangerous. 【例1】(06-Text 1)By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians. 【点睛】该句是以and连接的并列句。表示分数的one third of Hispanic women和表示百分数的41 percent of Asian-American women分别作两个分句的主语，遵循概念一致的原则谓语动词用复数形式are。【译文】到了第三代，西班牙移民的后裔有1/3的女性嫁给了非西班牙人，而亚裔美国女性则有41%嫁给了非亚洲人。【例2】The weeds and tall grass in that yard make the house look as if it had been vacant for quite some time. （The weeds and tall grass指不同的事物，谓语用复数make）院子中的杂草和未修剪的草坪使房子看起来好像很久没人居住了。The secretary and account of the company was absent at the meeting. （The secretary and account of the company指同一人，谓语用单数was）公司的秘书兼会计没有出席会议。四、定语从句中的主谓一致当引导词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的单复数应由先行词决定；引导词不在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的单复数应由从句的主语决定。【例1】Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific world view.【点睛】本句中包who引导的定语从句与that引导的定语从句，who与that在从句中均担当主语，谓语形式由先行词those与phenomena决定，用复数。【译文】萨根更关注那些相信鬼怪、神造论及其他与科学世界观相左的现象的人。【例2】Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each days events. 【点睛】定语从句的先行词which在从句中作宾语，从句的谓语动词形式由从句主语they决定。很多新闻记者学会了用一套标准的模板(模式)去看待世界，并把每天发生的事件插入这种模板。课堂练习难句分析1. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. (03-翻译)2. If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and itll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman notorious bad taste in ties. (02-Text 1)3. One of the favorite arguments brought out by the opposition in technology wars is the notion that a technical short cut is simultaneously a kind of mental impoverishment, and that the man with the pen will think and write more effectively than the man with the Compaq.4. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers demands. （01-Passage 4）5. According to this theory，companies that advertise their products to mass audiences must strictly deliver on their promises, and the quality of their goods must live up to the hype put out by the sellers.6. Or， put another way， expert performers whether in memory or surgery， ballet or computer programming are nearly always made， not born. （07-Text 1）7. In a recent survey， it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life， compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. （00-Passage 4）8. “None of these programs do that，” says another expert. “Theres no career counseling implicit in all of this.”（04-Text 1）9. The conveniences that Americans desire reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted. 10. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. (08-Text 3)课堂讲评1. 【分析】本句包含两个定语从句：第一个是由which引导的，其谓语动词与其先行词that branch of intellectual enquiry一致，用seeks；in the same anner作从句的状语，其后的that引导的定语从句，修饰the samemanner。【译文】社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性、有序、系统和冷静的方式去研究人类及其行为。2. 【分析】该句是if引导的条件句，主句是由and连接的两个并列分句。第一个分句含有一个which引导的定语从句，修饰the experiences and problems，该先行词的复数形式决定了谓语动词用are。第二个分句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语to make a passing remark。【译文】如果你是你的听众中的一员，你就会有条件了解你们共有的经历和问题，就适合对食堂不堪入口的饭菜或主席对领带的低级品味发表一些看法。3. 【分析】复合句。主句主语One of the favorite arguments为单数形式，故谓语动词也用单数is；过去分词短语brought out作主句主语的定语；两个that引导的从句均作主句表语notion的同位语。【译文】反对科技革新派最喜欢的论据之一就是：人们在寻找科技作为捷径的同时，就表现了一种精神的贫乏。用笔的人思考和书写都要比用电脑的人有效得多。4. 【分析】复合句。句子的主干是I believe that。其中that引导宾语从句，forces是该从句的主语，所以从句的谓语也用了复数形式are；介词短语behind作forces的定语；从句表语the same后的that引导一个定语从句；冒号后的内容对forces进行补充说明。【译文】我认为，隐藏在大规模的合并与收购浪潮背后的极其重要的力量，与引起全球化进程的力量是一致的：交通、通讯费用的下降，贸易和投资壁垒减少，以及市场的扩大都要求扩大运作以满足消费者的需求。5. 【分析】并列复合句。and连接两个并列分句：在前一分句中，th