外文翻译物流管理论文.doc

1. The Definition of Logistics 物流的定义After completing a commercial transaction, logistics will execute the transfer of goods from the supplier( seller) to the customer( buyer) in the most cost-effective manner. This is the definition of logistics. During the transfer process, hardware such as logistics facilities and equipment( logistics carriers) are needed, as well as information control and standardization. In addition, supports from the government and logistics association should be in place.在完成商业交易之后,物流将以最低成本和最高效益的方式执行将商品从供应商(卖方)流转到顾客(买方)的过程。这就是物流的定义。在物流过程中,既需要诸如物流设施和设备(物流运输工具等)的硬件,也需要对物流实施信息化管理进行物流标准化。此外,政府和物流组织的支持也不可或缺。Three major functions of logistics物流的三大主要功能(1) Creating time value: same goods can be valued different at different times. Goods often stop during the transfer process, which is professionally called the storage of logistics. It creates the time value for goods.(1)创造时间价值:同种商品因所处时间的不同而有着不同的价值。在商品流转过程中,往往会处于某种停滞的状态,物流的专业术语就称之为储存。储存创造了商品的时间价值。(2) Creating location value: same goods can be valued differently at different locations. The value added during the transfer process is the location value of logistics.(2)创造场所价值: 同种商品因所处位置的不同而有着不同的价值。这种因商品流转过程中而产生的附加增值称之为物流的场所价值。(3) Distribution processing value: sometimes logistics create distribution processing value, which changes the length, thickness and packages of the goods. Like popular saying, “ cutting into smaller parts” is the most commonly seen distribution processing within logistics create added value for goods.(3) 同配送加工价值:有时,物流活动也能创造配送加工价值,这种物流加工主要改变商品的长度、厚度和包装形态。物流中经常提到的“分割成更小的部分”就是配送加工中最为常见的形式。大多数物流加工都能创造商品的附加价值。2. Logistics is a new commercial area, developing from the traditional stage to a modern one. The main differences between these two stage include:物流作为新兴的商务领域,经历了从传统物流向现代物流发展的两个阶段。这两个阶段的不同主要体现在以下两个方面:(1) Modern logistics adopts containerization techniques. The goods transfer process starts with packaging, followed by transportation, storage and distribution. The whole process is operated under logistics standards. Based on the logistics base module of 600400mm, from the logistics module of 1,2001,000mm, and enlarge to the size of 2,5912,438mm-the size of highwide of the container. It can be adjusted to the standard sizes of containers for trains, trucks and ships.(1)现代物流采用了集装技术。商品物流往往从包装开始,而后经历运输、储存和配送等过程。整个过程始终在物流标准化的前提下运行。以物流基础模数尺寸600400MM为基础,制定出物流模数尺寸12001000MM,并将其放大至25912438MM,即形成集装箱的高度与宽度标准尺寸。并能调整成适合铁运、汽运和船运的集装箱标准规格尺寸。(2) Information technologies are most important for modern logistics. Bar Code, POS, EDI and GPS systems dramatically improve the efficiency and accuracy of the logistics activities. Internet further assists the market development, operation and management of the logistics industry.(2)信息技术在现代物流中尤其重要。条形码、销售时点系统、电子数据传输系统、全球卫星定位系统的使用,极大地提高了物流活动的效率和精确程度。而互联网更加有助于物流管理的市场开发、运营和管理。3.International Logistics 国际物流An increasing number of companies are involving in international markets through exporting, licensing, joins ventures, and ownership. This trend should continue. With such expansion there is a need to develop worldwide logistics networks. Integrated logistics management and cost analysis will be more complex and difficult to manage.很多企业正通过出口、许可、合营或跨国经营涉足国际市场。这种趋势仍将持续。随着这种趋势的发展，开发国际物流网络成为必须。整合物流管理和成本分析将更加复杂和困难。There are some future trends in internationalization:国际化将呈现出以下未来趋势：(1) More logistics executives with international responsibilities(1)物流将更多地承担起国际义务(2) Expansion of the number and size of foreign trade zones.(2)对外贸易区的数量和规模的扩大(3) Reduction in the amount of international paperwork and documentation(3)国际有纸作业和单据制作的数量的减少(4) More foreign warehousing is owned and controlled by the exporting firm(4)更多的涉外仓储业务由出口企业经营和控制(5) Increasing number of smaller firm(5)小企业的数量增长(6) Foreign ownership of logistics service firms, e. g., public warehousing and transportation carriers.(6)物流服务企业的涉外经营，如公营仓储业务和国际运输商(7) Increasing multiple distribution channels(7)增加多配送渠道The international transport and the international logistics are same things in some way. So, when the international trading involved, the firm must establish international logistics systems to provide the products and service demanded. The most significant development in international logistics will be the increasing sophistication information system adopted and independent departments to operate.从某些方面讲，国际运输等同于国际物流。因此，当涉足国际贸易领域时，企业必须建立国际物流系统以提供需要的产品或服务。国际物流的更重要的发展在于大力采用先进的信息系统和实行独立的部门运作。4.Packaging. Packaging performs two basic functionsmarketing and logistics. In marketing the packaging acts promotion and advertising. Its size, weight, color, and printed information attract customers and convey knowledge of the product. When firms are involved in international marketing, packaging becomes even more important. Products sold to foreign countries travel greater distances and undergo more handling operations. The logistics package is to protect the products during the process of logistics.包装。包装执行两个基本的功能营销和物流。就市场营销而言，包装承担促销和广告的功能。其尺寸、重量、颜色和印制的信息会对顾客产生吸引力并将产品信息传达给顾客。当企业涉足国际市场营销时，包装就显得更为重要。出口到国外的产品需要运输更长的距离，经历更多的装卸搬运。而物流包装在物流过程中起到了保护产品的作用。Scrap disposal. The logistics process must effectively and quickly handle, transport, and store waste products. If they can be reused or recycled, logistics company should arrange and move them to the reproduction and reprocessing locations.废弃物处理。物流过程中的活动也应当包括高效快速地对废弃物进行装卸、运输和仓储。如若废弃物能够重新利用或回收，物流企业应当合理安排并将其运送到再生产或再加工地点。Return goods handling. The handling of return goods is often called reverse distribution. Buyers may return items to the seller for a number of reasons. Most logistics systems are not good enough to handle such cases. In many industries, consumers return products for warranty repair, replacement, or recycling, reverse distribution costs may be very high. Reverse distribution will become more important as customers demand more flexible and favorable return policies.退货处理。退货处理通常叫做反向配送。买方可能因各种原因将产品退回卖方。多数物流系统未能对此类事件作出足够妥善的处理。在很多行业，消费者因维修保证、更换或回收而退回产品，因而反向配送的成本可能会很高。由于顾客对退货政策的要求更加灵活、更加实惠，反向配送将更加重要。 5.Third Part Logistics ( TPL) 第三方物流Third Part Logistics provides all the logistics services. They act as a bridge or facilitator between the first part( supplier or producer) and the second part( buyer or customer). The primary objectives of third part logistics providers are to lower the total cost of logistics for the supplier and improve the service level to the customer.第三方物流提供了所有的物流活动。他们在第一方（供应商或生产商）和第二方（买方或顾客）之间扮演着桥梁或设施供应商的角色。第三方物流提供商的基本目标是降低供应商的整体物流成本，提高顾客服务水平。Third Part Logistics have been growing rapidly. Cost reduction and demands for batter and cheaper services are the main drives behind the growth. A third part logistics provider will be in a position to consolidate business from several companies and offer frequent pickups and deliveries, whereas inhouse transportation cannot. Other reasons are as follows:第三方物流增长十分迅速。成本降低和对更好更便宜的服务的需求是增长背后的动力。第三方物流提供商能够将来自几家企业的业务进行整合，并能提供频繁的提货和交货，而企业内部运输无法做到。（第三方物流发展的）其它原因如下：* The company does not specialize in logistics;* 企业并不专长于物流* The company does not have sufficient resources;* 企业自身没有足够的物流资源* Eager to implement better logistics operation or does not have time to develop the required capabilities inhouse;* 对实施更好的物流运作的期盼，或没有时间开发内部物流所需要的能力* The company is venturing into a new business with totally different logistics requirements;* 企业正投资一项新领域，该领域有着不同的物流需求* Merger or acquisition may make outsourcing logistics operations more attractive than to integrate logistics operations.* 外包物流运营可能比整合物流运营更加有吸引力6.Global Logistics 全球物流Developed countries often deal with globalization in two ways: to be more cost competitive with third world countries, and to look for new partners in other countries to manufacture components, subassemblies and even the final products. The second approach forces most developed countries to get into a new area called “ global logistics”.发达国家常在两个方面实施全球化:在第三世界国家谋求更大的成本优势,以及在其他国家寻找新的合作伙伴生产零配件、半成品甚至制成品。这第二个方面迫使发达国家不得不进入一个叫做“全球物流”的新领域。Benefits of global operations include cheap raw materials and end products, lower labor cost, better quality, increased internal competition and better customer service. Some of the disadvantages are unreliable delivery, poor communication and longer time from design to finish production. Challenges are often cultural and linguistic differences, legal requirements, logistics suppliers or manufacturers, exchange rates.全球经营的利益包括(获得)廉价的原材料和终端产品,降低的劳动成本,更好的质量,提升国际竞争力以及更好的客户服务。其缺点主要是交货的不可靠性,艰难的沟通以及从产品的设计到产品的生产完成需要更长的时间。面临的挑战经常来自于文化和语言的差异,法律要求,物流支持,寻求合适的全球供应商或生产商,外汇汇率等。There are three major flows involved in global logistics: material flow, document flow and cash flow.全球物流涉及到三种流转:物料流转,单据流转和资金流转。7.Logistics into the Future 物流走向未来Logistics is changing at a rapid and acceleration rate. There are two reasons are its rapid growth: 物流正以高速改变着。其高速增长原因有二:Firstly, pressure to change by the development of the system itself第一,因自身系统的发展而被迫变革(1) Highspeed computing and data transmission can instantly transmit and react to user demand(1)高速计算机系统和数据交换系统能持续地对用户需求实行流转和操作(2) More flexible and accurate logistic planning and control through computers and data processing (2)通过计算机和数据加工能实现更加灵活的精确的物流计划和管理(3) Flexible computer facilities help problem solving and increase decisions accuracy(3)柔性计算机设施有助于问题的解决和提高决策的精确度(4) Awareness of total cost measurement and management accounting(4)对整体成本衡量和财务管理的清醒认识Secondly, pressures for changes from the wider economy.第二,来自范围经济变革的压力。(1) Be flexible in handling markets of different sizes for better competition(1)为了谋求更大竞争力,对于不同规模市场的处理需要有灵活性(2) There is increasing specialization in markets and growth in retailing.(2)市场规格和零售增长的大幅度提升(3) Life cycles for products are shortening. Logistics systems need to be more efficient, faster and more flexible(3) 产品的生产周期缩短。物流系统就要更高效、更快、更灵活(4) Move from mass production towards flexible manufacturing system( FMS). These systems enable a company to switch production quickly from one product to another(4) 从规模生产转向柔性生产系统(FMS) 。这些系统能使企业从一种产品的生产迅速转向另一种产品的生产(5) Competitive pressures lead to more efforts to improve customer service.(5)竞争的压力导致企业更加努力地提高客户服务水平。8.The process of logistical integration can be divided into four stages:物流整合的过程可分为四个阶段:Stage 1. Began in the early 1960s in the USA and involved the integration of all activities associated with distribution. Separate distribution departments were to coordinate the management of all processes within physical distribution management( PDM).第一阶段:开始于0世纪60年代的美国,涉及到所有相关的配送活动的整合。分离的经销部门得协调与货物配送管理(PDM)相关的所有过程的管理。Stage 2. PDM was applied to the inbound movement of materials, components, and subassemblies, generally known as “ materials management”. By the late 1970s, many firms had established “ logistics department” with overall responsibility for the movement, storage, and handling of products upstream and downstream of the production operation.第二阶段:PDM应用于物流、部件和半成品的往返流转活动,通常称之为“物料管理”。至20世纪70年代晚期,很多企业业已建立了“物流部门”以全权负责与生产运作相关的上游和下游产品的搬运、仓储和装卸等。Stage 3. Logistics plays an important coordinating role, as it interfaces with most other functions. With the emergence of business process reengineering( BPR) in the early 1990s, the relationship between logistics and related functions was redefined. “ System integration” occurred. Crossfunctional integration should achieve greater results.第三阶段:因其成为面对众多功能的接口,物流承担起重要的协调作用。随着20世纪90年代早期业务流程再造(BPR)的出现,物流及其相关功能的关系被重新定义。“系统整合”开始出现。功能交叉整合应该大幅度实现.付：外文翻译 电火花加工 电火花加工法对加工超韧性的导电材料（如新的太空合金）特别有价值。这些金属很难用常规方法加工，用常规的切削刀具不可能加工极其复杂的形状，电火花加工使之变得相对简单了。在金属切削工业中，这种加工方法正不断寻找新的应用领域。塑料工业已广泛使用这种方法，如在钢制模具上加工几乎是任何形状的模腔。 电火花加工法是一种受控制的金属切削技术，它使用电火花切除（侵蚀）工件上的多余金属，工件在切削后的形状与刀具（电极）相反。切削刀具用导电材料（通常是碳）制造。电极形状与所需型腔想匹配。工件与电极都浸在不导电的液体里，这种液体通常是轻润滑油。它应当是点的不良导体或绝缘体。 用伺服机构是电极和工件间的保持0.00050.001英寸（0.010.02mm）的间隙，以阻止他们相互接触。频率为20000Hz左右的低电压大电流的直流电加到电极上，这些电脉冲引起火花，跳过电极与工件的见的不导电的液体间隙。在火花冲击的局部区域，产生了大量的热量，金属融化了，从工件表面喷出融化金属的小粒子。不断循环着的不导电的液体，将侵蚀下来的金属粒子带走，同时也有助于驱散火花产生的热量。 在最近几年，电火花加工的主要进步是降低了它加工后的表面粗糙度。用低的金属切除率时，表面粗糙度可达24vin.(0.050.10vin)。用高的金属切除率如高达15in3/h(245.8cm3/h)时，表面粗糙度为1000vin.(25vm)。 需要的表面粗糙度的类型，决定了能使用的安培数,电容,频率和电压值。快速切除金属（粗切削）时，用大电流,低频率,高电容和最小的间隙电压。缓慢切除金属（精切削）和需获得高的表面光洁度时，用小电流,高频率,低电容和最高的间隙电压。 与常规机加工方法相比，电火花加工有许多优点。 1 . 不论硬度高低，只要是导电材料都能对其进行切削。对用常规方法极难切削的硬质合金和超韧性的太空合金，电火化加工特别有价值。 2 . 工件可在淬火状态下加工，因克服了由淬火引起的变形问题。 3 . 很容易将断在工件中的丝锥和钻头除。 4 . 由于刀具（电极）从未与工件接触过，故工件中不会产生应力。 5 . 加工出的零件无毛刺。 6 . 薄而脆的工件很容易加工，且无毛刺。 7 . 对许多类型的工件，一般不需第二次精加工。 8 .随着金属的切除，伺服机构使电极自动向工件进给。 9 .一个人可同时操作几台电火花加工机床。 Electrical discharge machiningElectrical discharge machining has proved especially valuable in the machining of super-tough, electrically conductive materials such as the new space-age alloys. These metals would have been difficult to machine by conventional methods, but EDM has made it relatively simple to machine intricate shapes that would be impossible to produce with conventional cutting tools. This machining process is continually finding further applications in the metal-cutting industry. It is being used extensively in the plastic industry to produce cavities of almost any shape in the steel molds. Electrical discharge machining is a controlled metal removal technique whereby an electric spark is used to cut (erode) the workpiece, which takes a shape opposite to that of the cutting tool or electrode. The cutting tool (electrode) is made from electrically conductive material, usually carbon. The electrode, made to the shape of the cavity required, and the workpiece are both submerged in a dielectric fluid, which is generally a light lubricating oil. This dielectric fluid should be a nonconductor (or poor conductor) of electricity. A servo mechanism maintains a gap of about 0.0005 to 0.001 in. (0.01 to 0.02 mm) between the electrode and the work, preventing them from coming into contact with each other. A direct current of low voltage and high amperage is delivered to the electrode at the rate of approximately 20 000 hertz (Hz). These electrical energy impulses become sparks which jump the dielectric fluid. Intense heat is created in the localized area of the park impact, the metal melts and a small particle of molten metal is expelled from the surface of the workpiece . The dielectric fluid, which is constantly being circulated, carries away the eroded particles of metal and also assists in dissipating the heat caused by the spark.In the last few years, major advances have been made with regard to th