初中英语知识点-【过去完成时】.doc

过去完成时目录过去完成时的构成1过去完成时的用法2过去完成时的基本用法3过去完成时根据上下文来判定3过去完成时与一般过去时的区别3过去完成时与现在完成时的区别4过去完成时由过去的过去来判定4过去完成时由时间状语来判定5过去完成时的构成过去完成时The Past Perfect Tense过去完成时的构成过去完成时由助动词had (通用于各种人称和数)过去分词构成。主要表示过去某时前已发生的动作或情况（也可说是过去的过去）：By the time I got there, it had already finished.When I got to the check-out, I realized I had left my purse at home.He said he had never seen such an exciting match before.注：如果时间状语从句的动作发生在前，则从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时。When he had finished his work , he left his office .After I had done my homework , I went to bed. 陈述句They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.在他们到达旅馆之前，他们已经吃早饭了。从句中arrived at到达在过去的时间，而had already had吃早饭的动作发生在到达之前，因此主句的时态为过去的过去。I had finished writing my composition by 10:00 this morning. 今天上午10：00点以前，我已经写完了我的作文。She had searched the internet for two hours when she found an ad for the Canon digital camera. 当她找到了佳能数码照相机的广告时，她已经在因特网上查询了两个小时。I went over what I had written again and again so that I wouldnt make any mistakes. 我一遍又一遍地检查了我所写的内容，以至我没有出现任何错误。 否定句He remembered he hadnt paid for it yet. 他记得他还没有付账。He said that he had never seen such a beautiful bird before.他说他以前从来没有看过这样美丽的鸟。疑问句How many English films had you seen by the end of last term?到上学期期末为止，你们看了多少部英文片？Had you reached the station before ten oclock?十点以前，你们已经到达火车站了吗？过去完成时的用法1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在过去的过去。如：When I woke up, it had stopped raining.我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在过去的过去）2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是过去的过去，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如：He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 )3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及 by ， before ， until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如：Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. （ had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）过去完成时的基本用法过去完成时与现在完成时相似，也有“已完成”和“未完成”两种用法，所不同的是，过去完成时将时间推移到过去某一时间之前，即所谓的“过去的过去”。具体地说，它既可表示在过去某一时间之前已完成的动作，也可表示从一个较早的过去持续一个较迟的过去的动作：He had left when I arrived. 当我到达时他已经离开。By six oclock he had worked twelve hours. 到6点钟时他就已工作了12小时。过去完成时根据上下文来判定根据上、下文来判定。I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.过去完成时与一般过去时的区别过去完成时与一般过去时的区别虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调过去的过去；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如：She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如：He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.I (had) called her before I left the office.过去完成时与现在完成时的区别过去完成时与现在完成时的区别现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为助动词 have (has) + 过去分词；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调过去的过去，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。- Im sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。- Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么，我只等了几分钟。（等的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）- John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。- Where had he been?他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即过去的过去）过去完成时由过去的过去来判定由过去的过去来判定。过去完成时表示过去的过去，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：（ 1 ）宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：She said that she had seen the film before.（ 2 ）状语从句中在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：When I got to the station, the train had already left.After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：Where did you study before you came here?After he closed the door, he left the classroom.（ 3 ）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.过去完成时由时间状语来判定由时间状语来判定一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：（ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如： I had finished re