虚拟语气与各种句型.doc

虚拟语气与各种句型一、I wish句型中的虚拟语气 I wish后面的宾语从句，表示不可能实现的愿望。其动词形式有三种：1. 动词用过去式，表示与现在事实相反的一种愿望。2. 动词用过去完成式，表示与过去事实相反的愿望。 3. 动词用would/should +动词原形，表示与将来事实很可能相反或不可能实现的愿望。如： I wish I were a doctor. 我希望我是一名医生。 I wish you hadnt given him my telephone number. 我真希望你没把我的电话号码给他。 I wish youd come back before Christmas. 我多么希望你在圣诞节之前回来。 典型考例How I wish every family_a large house with a beautiful garden!(NMET02上海春) A. has B. had C. will have D. had had 二、If only句型中的虚拟语气 If only引导的句子表示“但愿”，“要是就好了”。其用法和I wish的句型基本相同，只是更具感情色彩。在If only句型中，动词用过去式，表示一种意愿或假设；动词用过去完成式，表示希望出现和过去事实相反的情况；动词用would +动词原形，表示一时很难实现的愿望。如： If only I had more time to think about it! 但愿我有更多的时间去考虑它。 If only the explosion had not happened! 爆炸要是没有发生就好了。 If only he had not eaten so much sugar! 要是他不吃那么多糖就好了。 典型考例1If only he_quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now. (NMET2000上海) A. lies B. lay C. had lain D. should lie 典型考例2 Look at the trouble I am in! If only I_your advice. （NMET03 上海） A. followed B. would follow C. had followed D. should follow 三、“Its (high) time that”句型中的虚拟语气 “Its time that.”句型表示“该是的时候了”，谓语动词用一般过去式，有时为了强调，在time之前加high一词，表示“早该是的时候了”。如： Its time somebody taught you how to behave yourself. 该有人教你如何接人待物了。 Its midnight; its (high) time we went bed. 半夜了，我们该睡觉了。 Its (high) time that we did something to stop pollution. 到了我们采取行动制止污染的时候了。 四、would rather /sooner句型中的虚拟语气 would rather/sooner句型表示“宁愿”，谓语动词用一般过去式表示尚未发生的动作；用过去完成时表示对已经发生的动作的某种愿望。如： I would rather you came tomorrow. 我宁愿你明天来。 I would rather he hadnt been so rude in the past. 我但愿他不曾那么粗鲁。 五、so that / in order that.句型中的虚拟语气 在so that / in order that.引导的目的状态从句中常用should/ might/could +动词原形表示虚拟语气。如： She spoke loudly so that everyone could hear her. 她大声说话为了能让每个人听到。 They went to the seaside in order that they could enjoy their vacation together.他们去了海边为了能享受一起度假的乐趣。 六、as if / though 句型中的虚拟语气 在as if/though引导的方式状语从句中，谓语动词用过去式表示和现在事实相反或有所怀疑；用过去完成式表示对过去事实的假设。但是，如是表示的情况是真实的或实现的可能性很大时，句中的谓语动词用陈述语气。如： He is running about as if he were mad. 他跑来跑去像疯了似的。 He appeared as if he had known nothing about it. 他看上去似乎对此一无所知。 It looks as if it is going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。 He talks as if he is drunk. 他说起话来好像醉了。 典型考例When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it_.(NMET95) A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken 七、in case/for fear句型中的虚拟语气 in case表示“以防万一”，for fear表示“唯恐，免得”，由它们引出的句型中，通常用“should +动词原形”构成。如: Take some money with you in case you should need it. 随身带点钱，以防万一。 He put his overcoat over him for fear （that） he should catch cold. 他披上大衣，怕感冒。 He is working hard for fear （that） he should fall behind. 他努力工作生怕落在人后。 八、but that句型中的虚拟语气 but that表示“要不是”，由would/should+动词原形构成谓语。如： But that he saw it (If he hadnt seen it ), he wouldnt have believed it. 要不是亲眼所见，他真不敢相信。 But that he helps (If he didnt help), I should fail. 要不是他帮忙，我肯定不及格。九、错综时间条件句中的虚拟语气有时虚拟条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作发生的时间不一致，遇到这种情况，就要根据不同的时间概念，适当调整主句和从句的动词。如： If we had set out earlier, we wouldnt be walking in the rain.如果我们早点动身，现在就不会在雨中行走了。 If I were you, I wouldnt have watched TV last night.假如我是你的话，我昨晚就不会看电视了。 If the doctor hadnt come, the patient would be dead by now. 要是大夫不来的话，病人现在就会死了。 典型考例 It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I_in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my home-town (NMET02上海) A. wouldnt have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall 十、“If it were not for.”句型中的虚拟语气 “If it were not for.”句型意为“如果没有”，“要不是”，用“should/would +动词原形”表示同现在事实相反的虚拟语气；“If it had not been for.”句型意为“如果当时没有”，谓语动词用“would +完成式”，表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。如： If it were not for the rain, the crops should / would die. 如果没有雨，庄稼就会死了。 If it had not been for your timely help， I would have failed.如果当时没有你及时的帮助，我会失败的。 十一、含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气 在英语虚拟语气中，有时表示假设的虚拟条件不一定都有明显的虚拟条件从句，而是利用某些词、短语或通过上下文表现出来。常用的词或短语有：with, without, but for, otherwise, or, but等。如： Without air, there would be no living things. 没有空气便没有生物。 But for their help， we couldnt get over the difficulties.要是没有他们的帮助，我们是克服不了这些困难的。 He is not a careful driver, otherwise he wouldnt have had that accident.他不是个细心的司机，不然的话他不会出那个事故。 He would have given you more help, but he was so busy.他本会给你更多的帮助，但是他那时太忙了。 典型考例1 Yesterday Jane walked away from the discussion. Other-wise， she_something she would regret later. （NMET96上海） A. had said B. said C. might say D. might have said 典型考例2 Without the air to hold some of the suns heat, the earth at night_, too cold for us to live.（NMET97 上海） A. would be freezing cold B. will be freezing coldly C. would be frozen cold D. can freeze coldly 十二、独立主格结构中的虚拟语气在独立主格结构中也经常用虚拟语气，表示一种遗憾。如： Everything taken into consideration, they would have raised their output quickly.要是考虑周密的话，他们会很快提高产量的。 All things considered, the price would be reasonable. 如果全面考虑，价格可能是合理的。 十三、倒装句中的虚拟语气 如果条件从句中含有were, had, should或could,可以省略连词if,把这些词放在主句之前构成倒装句。如： Were I you, I would do more practice after class. 假如我是你的话，我课后就多做练习。 Had you invited us, we should have come to your party.要是你邀请我们的话，我们就会来参加你的聚会。 十四、公式化的句型中的虚拟语气在一些公式化的句型中的虚拟语气是由动词原形（不和主语保持人称、时态和数的一致）或may +主语+动词原形（经常倒装）构成，表示一种祝愿。如： Long live the friendship between us！ 愿我们的友谊常青！ May God be with you！ 愿上帝与你同在！ May you succeed！ 祝你成功！ （注：本文中下划线选项为答案。） 练一练：1. He is talking so much about America as if he_there.A. had been B. has been C. was D. has gone2. Our former maths teacher moved to Beijing last year, otherwise, he_us.A. would still have taught B. would still be teachingC. will still teach D. should still teach3. Had you listened to the doctor, you_all right now.A. are B. were C. would be D. would have been4. If it were not for the fact that you_ill, I would ask you to do this right now.A. were B. had been C. are D. should be5._your letter, I would have written back two days ago.A. If I received B. Should I receivedC. Had I received D. If I could have received 答案: 1. A2. B3. C4. C5. C情态动词句型(高中英语复习)情态动词和不带to的动词构成谓语，有多种句型，是中学阶段语法要点。现将主要的由情态动词构成的句型归纳如下。1. must be / can not be：“must be”句型表示对现在状态的肯定推测，而“can not be”句型则是它的反义句型，表示对现在状态的否定推测。例如：She cant be forty. She must be fifty.（她不可能四十岁，她肯定是五十岁。）He cant be ill. He must be tired.（他不可能病了，他肯定是累了。）He must be an engineer. He cant be a doctor.（他肯定是位工程师，他不可能是医生。）It must be Wednesday today. It cant be Tuesday.（今天肯定是星期三，不可能是星期二。）It must be your tie. It cant be mine.（这肯定是你的领带，不可能是我的领带。）2. must be doing / can not be doing：“must be doing”句型表示对现在正在发生的动作的肯定推测，而“can not be doing”句型则是它的反义句型，表示对现在正在发生的动作否定推测。例如：He must be sleeping. He cannot be reading.（他现在肯定在睡觉，他不可能在看书。）They cant be listening to the radio. They must be watching television.（他们不可能正在听收音机，他们肯定正在看电视。）She cant be typing. She must be playing the piano.（她不可能正在打字，她肯定正在弹钢琴。）We must be driving at 50 miles an hour. We cant be driving at 60 miles an hour.（我们的车速现在肯定是每小时50英里，不可能是每小时60英里。）He must be joking. He cant be serious.（他肯定在开玩笑，而不可能是认真的。）3. must have done：表示对过去的肯定的逻辑推测，推定某件事情、动作或状态可能在过去发生过（存在过）。He must have been a doctor, for he knows medicine so well.（他过去肯定是一位医生，他对医学如此了解。）Somebody must have stolen the ring.（肯定有人偷了这枚戒指。）该句所推断的偷窃动作发生在过去。The temperature must have dropped to below zero last night ,because the water is frozen all over.（昨夜的温度肯定降到零度以下，因为水都冻住了。）如果must + have + 过去分词句型与by now连用，还可以表示对现在完成的动作和状态的肯定推测，但实质上还是指所推测的过去的动作，例如：They started early this morning; they must have arrived by now.（他们今晨很早就出发了，现在肯定已经到了。）中国学生的常见病句是：They; they certainly have arrived.病句的句义是“他们当然已经到达了。”（这不是对过去的肯定推测，而是断定动作已经完成。）4. can (could) not have done：表示对过去的动作或状态的否定推测，这是句型的反义句型。They cant have lost the way. Theyve been to the zoo before.（他们不可能迷了路，因为他们以前去过动物园。）He cant have been ill yesterday. He must have been tired.（他昨天不可能病了，他肯定是累了。）You cant have left your purse in the glass cabinet. You must have mislaid it somewhere else.（你不可能把你的钱包放在玻璃柜里，你肯定把它错放在别的地方了。）It cant have been Wednesday the day before yesterday.（前天不可能是星期三。）句型和句型常常连用，例如：Two hours ago two visitors came to see you. They must have been American. They cant have been Russian.（二小时以前有两位来客要见你，他们肯定是美国人，而不可能是俄国人。）You must have mailed the letter. You cant have lost it.（你肯定已经把信寄了，而不可能把信丢了。）5. can / could have done：主要用于疑问句和感叹句中，could比can词义婉转，表示过去/现在完成的一种可能性推测。（注意：不一定肯定，有时还带有很大程度的否定推测。）Where can /could she have gone?（她会去了哪里？）How could he have forgotten me?（他怎么会忘记我？）句外之言：他不太可能会忘记我。How can /could he have done such a foolish thing?（他怎么会干出这种蠢事？）注意，如果把上句的标点改为感叹号，意思大变，即：他怎么会干出这种蠢事！（表示气愤、谴责）could have done用于肯定句中表示过去有此能力，然而事实上并没有干，例如：He could have won the big prize, but he gave up the chance.（他本来可以赢此大奖，但是他却放弃了机会。）You could have done your work better.（你本来可以把工作干得更好。）这句话带有指责语气6. must have been doing：表示对过去进行或者过去完成进行的肯定推测。但是确切的时间概念却很难分清，因为过去进行的时间概念也包涵在过去完成进行的时间概念里。At four oclock this afternoon you must have been watering the flowers in the garden.（今日下午四点钟，你肯定正在花园里给花浇水。）这是对过去进行的肯定推测You must have been driving at seventy miles an hour when that policeman waved to you.（那位警察向你挥手示意时，你肯定在以每小时70英里的速度开车。）I must have been dreaming when the teacher called me.（老师叫我时，我的思想肯定在走神。）She didnt hear the telephone. She must have been sleeping.（她没有听见电话响，她肯定在睡觉。）7. can not have been doing：这是句型的反义句型，表示对过去进行或者过去完成进行的否定推测。I can not have been watching TV at seven oclock yesterday evening. I was attending evening school.（昨晚七点钟我肯定没有在看电视，我在上夜校。）这是对过去进行的否定推测句型和句型常有连用情况，例如：They cant have been listening to the radio. They must have been watching television.（他们那时不可能正在听收音机，而是肯定在看电视。）She cant have been cleaning the table. She must have been sweeping the floor.（她那时不可能正在擦桌子，而是肯定在扫地。）8. may have done：表示对过去的某一可能性的不确定的推测。注意，如果是肯定推测则用must have done，否则推测则用can not have done。Marys late today.Well, she may have missed the bus.（她也许没赶上那班公交车。）He may have read about the traffic accident because its in todays newspaper.（他也许已看到那件交通事故消息，因为今日报纸有报导。）do you think my answer was right?Im not sure. It may have been right.（你那时的答案也许是对的。）We could not find John in the house.He may have been at a local caf.（他也许在附近的一家咖啡馆里。）9. may have been doing：表示对过去进行或者过去完成进行的不确定推测：Do you think he was repairing the car?Im not sure. He may have been repairing the car.（我不敢肯定。他那时也许正在修理小车。）从上句可以推断，下句是对过去进行的不确定推测。Was she cleaning the plates?I dont know. She may have been cleaning the plates.（他那时也许正在洗盘子。）What had he been doing since eight oclock?Im not sure. He may have been painting the room.（他过去也许一直在油漆房间。）这是对过去完成进行的不确定推测。10. might have done：表示一种隐含的否定或者轻微的谴责。例如：Peter might have helped you if youd asked him.（如果你向彼得求助的话，他可能会帮助你的。）这是否定，意即：你并没有向彼得求助。You might have been more careful. Now all the plates are broken.（你应该小心一些，现在盘子都打碎了。）这是指责You might have given me at least a bouquet of flowers on Valentine Day.（你在情人节至少可以送我一束鲜花。）意即：那天你并没有送给我鲜花，故我在生你的气。“might have done”句型和“may have done”（句型）有区别，请比较：He may have got our letter.（他也许收到了我们的信。）可能收到，也可能没收到。He might have got our letter.（他或许收到了我们的信。）本句带有较强的怀疑口吻，即很可能没有收到。11. ought to / should have done：表示过去该做而事实上没有做的某件事，即未完成某项义务，有悔恨（第一人称）、指责（第二、第三人称）口吻。I ought to have bought that enclopaedia, but now its not available.（那时我应该买下那套百科全书的，可是现在却买不到了。）有悔恨之意。I should have taken your advice, but its too late.（我本该听从你的劝告，可是现在已追悔莫及了。）You failed in so many courses. You should have worked hard.（你有这么多课目考试不及格，你本应该努力学习。）意即：现在你可后悔了。这是批评You should have handed in your work report last week.（你应该上星期就交上你的工作报告的。）意即：上星期你并没有交上你的工作报告，有批评之意。He should have helped us. (but he didnt.)（他本来应该帮助我们。）即：他事实上没有帮助我们。12. ought not to / should not have done：表示过去不应该干的蠢事或者无意义的事，事实上却干了。这是句型的反义句型。Oh, youre soaking wet. You shouldnt have gone out in such heavy rain.（啊，你浑身湿透了。你不应该在下这么大雨的时候外出。）意即：下大雨时外出是件不明智的事，然而你却出去了，故淋湿了只能怪你自己。He oughtnt to have gone near that bull.（他本不应该走近那头公牛。）意即：他却走近那头公牛，结果他被撞伤了。这是他自己愚蠢莽撞所致。She shouldnt have spent so much of her time on her appearance.（她本不应该把这么多的时间化在打扮脸容上。）这是指责He oughtnt have ruined his constitution by drinking and smoking.（他本不应该酗酒、吸烟而毁了身体。）意即：由于他酗酒、吸烟，他身体垮了。13. need not have done：表示不必要的过去动作。这个句型与ought not to/ should not have done（句型）有区别，后者明显带有责备的意，而本句型仅仅表示过去干的事没有必要，但既然干了，也无伤大雅。有时也有轻微的委婉的批评之意。I neednt have written to him because he phoned me shortly afterwards.（我本不必要给他写信，因为他后来不久就给我打电话来了。）意即：信不一定要写，无此必要性。You neednt have bought the T-shirt. You already have at least five T-shirts.（你本不必要买这件T恤衫，你至少已经有了五件T恤衫。）带有轻微指责He neednt have left for the airport so early. The plane will take off at ten oclock.（他没必要这么早就去了机场，飞机要到十点才起飞呢。）由情态动词组成的句型较多又复杂，以上所列的是常见的、又较易混淆的句型。笔者祈望本文能对学生复习迎考有所帮助。英语句型之省略句用法讲解省略句为了使话说得简明扼要，英语句子中某个单词、短语甚至从句或主句都可以省去。这种省去句子某些成分而保持句子意思不变的现象，称为省略（ellipsis）种类例句说明主语的省略Beautiful day (= It is a beautiful day), isnt it?Pity we live so far from the sea. (It is a pity we live so far from the sea.)有时也可省略整个句子的主语和谓语，只保留次要成分。She was poor but (she was) honest.-Did you know anything about the accident?-Not until you told me. (= I didnt know anything about it until you told me.)谓语的省略-what do you think made Mary so upset?-Losing her new bicycle (made Mary so upset).状语从句的省略Seen from the plane (when it is seen from the plane), the house looks like tiny toys.If (it is) possible, Ill go there with you.注意状语从句中的主语同主句主语的一致性。不定式的省略The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him not to. (not to ride his bicycle in the street.)-Alice, why didnt you come yesterday?-I was going to (come yesterday), but I had an unexpected visitor.若不定式后面是完成时，省略时应保留have；不定式后含有动词be的结构时，也要保留be动词。-Did you tell him the news?-I ought to have (told him the news), but I didnt know how to speak.-Are you an engineer?-No, but I want to be.、状语从句中的省略用法一、 如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且从句的谓语含有be动词的某种形式（am/is/are/was/were），可同时省略从句的主语和be动词的某种形式。1、 when，while引导的时间状语从句e.g. Do be careful when (you are) crossing the street. When/While (I was) on my way to work, I met her.2、 if，unless，once引导的条件状语从句e.g. If (it is) properly treated, waste will do no harm to the environment. Ill not go to the party unless (I am) invited. Once (you are) caught stealing in a supermarket, you will be punished.3、 though，although，whether，no matter whether/what/how/who等引导的让步状语从句e.g. He was happy, though/although (he was) poor. Whether (she is) sick or well, she is always cheerful. No matter how/However hard the task (is), we must fulfill it in time.（注：从句的主语和主句的主语不一致时，只省略从句中的be动词形式）4、 as if，as though引导的方式状语从句e.g. He rubbed his eyes and yawned as if/though (he was) waking up after a long sleep. He stood up as if/though (he wanted) to leave.（as if/though + to do表示一个将来的动作）二、 than，as引导的比较状语从句中的省略用法：当不同的主语进行比较时，一般省略从句中的谓语；当从句中的主语与谓语（be动词除外）和主句中的主语与谓语相同时，通常省略从句中的主语和谓语，只保留比较部分。e.g. He is taller than his brother (is). I have as much as confidence in you as (I have confidence) in him.三、 以if从句为代表的状语从句中的特殊省略用法：通常省略了it is，that is，there is/are。e.g. If (it is) possible/necessary, this old temple will be rebuilt. If (that is) so, I will call you back at 5:00 pm. There are only a few books in our school library, if (there are) any.、定语从句中的省略用法关系词的省略 关系代词that，which，whom等在限制性定语从句中充当宾语且不位于介词之后时，可以省略；in which或that在先行词way后作方式状语从句时可省略。e.g. The man (that/who/whom) you visited last night is my grandpa. I dont like the way (in which/that) you treat the girl.、虚拟语气中if及should的省略1、 当条件状语从句中有were，had，should等时省略if，把它们提至句首，形成倒装句。e.g. If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students. = Were I a teacher, I would be strict with my students.2、 Suggest，insist，order，require等表示建议、要求、命令的动词后接的从句中，谓语动词常用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。e.g. The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose weight.、不定式符号to的省略1、 感官动词see，hear，feel，watch等和使役动词have，make，let等后接不定式作宾语时，不定式省略to。(一感feel,二听hear, listen to, 三让have, let, make,四看see, look at, observe, watch)2、 do nothing but，cant help but等结构常接省略to的不定式。E.g. We didnt do anything but stay at home watching TV yesterday. Hearing the news, she couldnt help but cry.3、 在特定语境中为了避免重复，当不定式再次出现时，在want，wish，hope，try，plan，like，love，hate后往往只保留to，而省略后面的动词。但不定式后有be，have时，也保留be和have。E.g. My parents encouraged me to go to college, but I didnt want to.、So和not的替代性省略用于避免重复前面所说过的内容，替代词so/not替代肯定或否定的名词性从句。可与believe，do，expect，fear，guess，hope，say，speak，suppose，think，Im afraid等连用e.g. Do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting? I suppose not.、日常交际中的省略在情景会话中，答语常常省略不会引起歧义的主语、谓语或宾语部分，而只保留对方希望了解的内容。在复合句或并列句中，也有省略主、谓、宾的情况。e.g. How many copies do you want? - (I want) Three copies, please. - Have you ever been to the Great Wall? - No, (I have) never (been to the Great Wall).随讲随练1、Lucy，could you please spare me a few minutes? _，but I hope a few minutes wont turn into a few hours.A. It doesnt matter B. Thats kind of you C. Im afraid not D. I guess so2、Hey，taxi! _ I want to go to the dentists.A. Good morning, sir. B. Nice to