初级英文文法 Ⅱ.doc

初级英文文法 Unit 1比较1. 比较变化2. 形容词的比较级3. 形容词的最高级4. 副词的比较级、最高级Unit 2不定词 (to V) 不定词Unit 3动名词动名词Unit 4分词分词Unit 5形容词形容词Unit 6副词副词Unit 7动词动词Unit 1比较比较变化为了表示性质、程度等差异，形容词在字形上所做的变化，称为比较。比较分为原级、比较级、最高级。(1)规则变化变化 级原级比较级最高级1. 原级+er, estshortshortershortest2. 原级字尾有e+r, stnicenicernicest3. 原级为短母音+子音重复字尾+er, esthothotterhottest4. 原级字尾为子音+y去y+ier, iesteasyeasiereasiest5. 两音节以上的形容词more, most+原级beautifulmore beautifulmost beautiful (2)不规则变化原级比较级最高级bad (坏的)ill (生病)worseworstgood (好的)well (健康)betterbestmany (指可数的)much (指不可数的)moremostlittle (少的)lessleastfar (远的)fartherfurtherfarthest (表距离)furthest (表程度，数量，距离)late (晚的；迟的)laterlatterlatest (表时间)last (表顺序)old (老的；旧的)olderelderoldest (表年纪；新旧)eldest (表长幼)例：l. He was happy in his later life. (他晚年很快乐。)2. As for French and German, the latter is more difficult for me than the former.(就法文和德文而言，我觉得后者比前者难。)形容词的比较级(1)比较级 than 例：1. Your article is longer than mine. (你的文章比我长。)2. Mary is more beautiful than she/her. (口语) (玛丽比她漂亮。)(2)the+比较级of the two例：1. Kevin is the older of the two boys. (Kevin是两位男孩中年纪较大的。)2. Jack is the more active of the twins. (Jack是这对双胞胎中较活跃的。)(3)修饰比较级much, a lot, far+比较级得多了even+比较级更加a little+比较一点例：1. He is much busier than I. (他比我忙碌得多了。)2. This is a little cheaper than that. (这个比那个便宜一点。)3. The price of the blue pants is far higher than that of the green pants. (蓝裤子的价格比绿裤子的价格高得多。)4. The weather in Kaohsiung is far hotter than that in Taipei. =The weather is far hotter in Kaohsiung than in Taipei. (高雄的天气比台北的天气更加炎热。)注意：比较时，若主题相同或语意上清楚明白时，than以下部分可省略。例：They live a more pleasant life than (they did) before. (他们现在比以前过着更愉快的生活。)(4)比较级tojunior (年幼的)、senior (年长的)、major (大的)、minor (小的)等形容词，在表示比较的对象时，不用than而用to。例：She is two years older than I / me. =She is senior to me by two years. (她比我大2岁。)(5)比较级的惯用表现a.比较级and比较级 越来越例：The story became more and more interesting. (这故事变得越来越有趣。)b.the比较，the比较级 越越例：l. The more, the better. (越多越好。)2. The more we get, the happier well be. (我们得到越多就越快乐。)c.more than超过less than少于例：The man is more than / over eighty years old. (这个人超过80岁。)形容词的最高级(l)the最高级+名词+ 地点 / of the three / of all例：1. Helen is the best student of all. (海伦是所有学生中最好的。)2. Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world. (圣母峰是世界上最高的山。)(2)原级、比较级、最高级互换例：1. Taipei is the biggest city in Taiwan. (台北是台湾最大的城市。)=Taipei is bigger than any other city in Taiwan.=Taipei is bigger than all the other cities in Taiwan.=No other city in Taiwan is bigger than Taipei.=No other cities in Taiwan are as big as Taipei. 注意：加other (其它的)，其功用为避免和本身做比较。2. New York is bigger than any other city in America. (纽约比美国任何其它城市大。)=New York is bigger than any city in Taiwan. (纽约比台湾任何城巿大。)(3)as原级as 像一样例：1. This jacket is as expensive as this sweater. (这件夹克和这件毛衣一样贵。)2. Your hair is as long as mine. (你的头发和我的一样长。)注意：否定句时，也可用not so / as as. 例：This question is not as / so, difficult as it seems. (这问题并不像表面上的那么困难。)副词的比较级、最高级比较变化a. 规则变化和形容词一样，由字形的变化而来。原级比较级最高级副词字尾无ly加er, estfastfasterfastest副词字尾有ly加more, most+副词quicklymore quicklymost quicklyb. 不规则变化原级比较级最高级badly (坏)ill (不好)worseworstwell (好)betterbestmuch (多)moremostlittle (少)lessleastfar (远)fartherfurtherfarthest (表距离)furthest (表程度)副词的比较级+than例：l. He can sing better than Lisa. (他可以唱的比莉萨好。)2. I study harder than my friends. (我比我的朋友们更努力。)the副词的最高级+地点/ of the three副词的最高级，the可以省略。例：l. My father gets up (the) earliest of us all. (我父亲是我们之中最早起的。)2. Cathy dances (the) most beautifully. (卡西是跳舞跳得最美的。)注意：形容词和副词的不同例：Tom is the fastest boy of all. 形容词的最高级，the不可省略。(汤姆是所有男孩中最快的。)Tom runs (the) fastest of all. 副词的最高级，the可以省略。(汤姆是所有男孩中跑得最快的。)疑问词+比较例：l. Which fruit do you like better, apples or oranges? (你比较喜欢哪一种水果，苹果或是柳橙？)2. Which do you like (the) best, apples, oranges or peaches? (苹果、柳橙和桃子，你最喜欢哪一种？)注意：两者之间用比较级；三者 (或以上)用最高级。Unit 2不定词不定词(to+原形动词)，其身份不再是动词。它在句中扮演名词、形容词及副词的功能。to V1. 名词用法当主词、受词、补语例：To buy things in a flea market must be fun. (在跳蚤市场买东西一定很好玩。)2. 形容词用法修饰名词例：I have a lot of things to buy. (我有很多东西要买。) 3. 副词用法表目的、原因等。例：I went there to buy notebooks. (我去那里买笔记本。)不定词的名词用法不定词当主词主词动词The workisfun.To travel around the worldisfun.例：l. To answer this question is difficult for me. (对我而言回答这个问题是困难的。)注意：不定词放句首当主词时，视为一件事，其后须接单数动词。2. To solve pollution problems is difficult for people in Taiwan. It is difficult for people in Taiwan to solve pollution problems.(对台湾民众而言，要解决污染问题是困难的。)注意：不定词为首的主词，可用it (假主词)代替，再将此事件放置在后说明。3. To be patient with others is best for you. (你对别人有耐心是最好的。)It is best for you to be patient with others. 句型：Its +形容词 (修饰事物)+for +人+ to +原形动词Its +形容词 (修饰人)+of+人+ to +原形动词修饰人的形容词：good, nice, kind, brave, clever, careless, honest, bad, stupid, silly, selfish, polite等例：1. Its kind of you to help me. (你真好帮我的忙。)2. Its stupid of him to speak ill of others. (他说别人坏话是愚蠢的。)不定词当受词主词动词受词Ilikebaseball.Iliketo play baseball.例：1. I decided to quit the job. (我决定辞掉工作。)2. He hoped to be there on time. (他希望准时到那里。)注意：有些动词，如decide，hope，want，expect，volunteer等，必用不定词当受词。3. I want / would like to see a movie with my friend. (我想要和我的朋友一起看电影。)4. You neednt go if you dont want to. (你不需要去，如果你不想去的话。)注意：to后面的动词和前面相同时，则动词可省略。不定词当补语a. 当主词补语可放在be动词或在连缀动词之后，补充说明主词。主词动词主词补语My workisthe thing.My workisto prepare dinner.例：l. My aim in life is to become a famous singer. (我人生的目标是成为名歌手。)2. To see is to believe. (眼见为凭。)b. 当受词补语即：主词+动词+受词+受词补语。主词动词受词受词补语HecallsmeJohnny.Hewantsmeto do it.例：l. He told me to give up smoking. (他告诉我要戒烟。) 2. She got her husband to clean up the house. (她叫她先生打扫房子。)注意：有些动词，如want, ask, teach, tell, get, show等，用不定词当受词补语。3. He asked me not to tell her the truth. (他要求我不要跟她说实话。) 比较：He didnt ask me to tell her the truth. (他没要求我跟她说实话。). 注意：否定不定词 not +to +原形动词不定词的形容词用法不定词当形容词修饰名词或something等代名词时，采用后位修饰。即：名词 / something + to +原形动词修饰名词例：l. I have letters to write. (我有信要写。)2. My mother has a lot of housework to do every day. (我妈妈每天有很多家事要做。). 修饰something等例：l. Ill give you something to eat. (我会给你东西吃。)2. Do you have anything to read ？ (你有什么东西可读吗？)注意：有些不定词之后会伴随着介系词。例：1. They have a lot of things to talk about. (他们有许多事要谈。)2. Please give me a ball-point pen to write with. (请给我一枝原子笔写字。)不定词的副词用法不定词可以用来修饰动词，形容词和副词，能够表示目的、原因等表目的此时可用in order to +原形动词代替例：She went to London to study English. (她去伦敦学英语。)=She went to London in order to study English. 注意：go和come通常其后不接不定词，而是用and连接。例：Come and see me. (来看我。)表原因跟在表感情的形容词之后例：1. I am glad to see you. (很高兴见到你。 ). 2. We are sorry to hear the news. (我们听到这消息很难过。)含不定词的句型疑问词+to原形动词此为名词词组，可当主词、受词、补语。例：1. Which way to go is a big problem. (要走哪一条路是个大问题。)(当主词) 2. I know how to operate the machine. (我知道如何操作这机器。)(受词)3. He told me where to take the bus. (他告诉我哪里可以搭公交车。) (当补语)tooto (太而不能)too+形容词 / 副词+ to原形动词例：l. You are too young to understand the whole thing. (你太年轻无法了解整件事。)2. The water is too hot for me to drink. (对我而言水太热无法喝。)3. He worked too slowly to finish it. (他工作得太慢无法完成这件事。)enough to (够可以)形容词 / 副词+ enough+ to原形动词例：1. My younger brother is old enough to go to school. (我弟弟年纪够大可以上学。)2. Bob worked hard enough to pass the exam. (Bob够用功可以通过考试。)Unit 3动名词动名词就是在原形动词后加上ing，使其具有名词的特性，句子中可扮演主词，受词或补语的功能。动名词当主词：须具有名词特性的字 (或字群)才能当主词，所以动名词可当主词。比较主词动词Doit right now. (祈使句)To do / Doing it right nowis动名词或不定词放句首当主词时，整个主词视为一件事，其后须用单数动词。important. (直述句)例：1. Sleeping eight hours a day is good for health. (一天睡8小时有益健康。)=To sleep eight hours a day is good for health. =It is good for health to sleep eight hours a day. 2. Swimming at the beach is a lot of fun. (在海边游泳很好玩。)=To swim at the beach is a lot of fun. = Its a lot of fun to swim at the beach. 注意：Its no use crying over spilt milk. (覆水难收。)动名词当受词：放动词或介系词后.(1)当动词的受词例：1. You have to give up smoking. (你必须戒烟。)2. I like watching basketball games on TV. (我喜欢看电视上的篮球比赛。)注意1：动词like, love, hate, start, begin, learn等之后可接V-ing或to-V当受词，在意义上没有差异。例：They began dancing / to dance faster and faster. (他们开始跳得越来越快。)注意2：动词stop, remember, forget, try等之后可接V-ing或to-V当受词，但意义通常不同。例：1. The man stopped talking. (那人停止说话。) The man stopped to talk to a newsboy. (那人停下来和报童说话。)* Im tried. I have to stop working. to take a rest. 我累了，我必须停止工作。下来休息。2. She remembered meeting him somewhere. (她记得在某处曾见过他。)-已见过She remembered to meet him at the station. (她记得要在车站和他碰面。)-尚未过见Remember to preview your lesson before class and review your lesson after class.(记得课前预习，课后复习。)3. Lucy forgot sending me a card. (Lucy忘记曾寄给我一张卡片。)-寄过Lucy forgot to send me a card. (Lucy忘了要寄卡片给我。)-未寄Dont forget to send me a card on Christmas. (别忘了在圣诞节寄张卡片给我。)4. Try to solve the problem before ten oclock. (设法在十点前解决这个问题。)-要人尽力去做某事Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door.(如果前面没有人听到，试敲一下后门。)-即敲一敲门，试试是否有人应门下列动词之后只能接V-ing。mind、enjoy、finish、practice、miss、quit、understand、avoid 、give up、cant help、cant stand、Its no use、Its no good例：1. Would you mind waiting for me? (你介意等我一下吗？) I made up my mind to wait for her. (我决定要等她。)2. These students practice speaking English every day. (这些学生每天练习英语。)3. I cant help laughing at him. (我忍不住嘲笑他。)(2)当介系词的受词介系词之后必接V-ing。例：l. He is interested in playing hide-and-seek. (他喜欢玩躲猫猫。)2. We are thinking about buying a washing machine. (我们考虑要买台洗衣机。)动名词当补语动名词可位于be动词之后当补语。例：l. My work is washing cars. (我的工作是洗车。)2. One of my hobbies is collecting stamps. (我的嗜好之一是集邮。)注意：在其它句型中的V-ing形式1. go+ V-ing / go+ n. + V-ing例：go golfing打高尔夫球 go fishing去钓鱼 go hunting打猎go bowling打保龄球 go skating溜冰 go swimming去游泳go hiking去健行 go shopping逛街 go sailing去航行例：go mountain climbing去爬山 go bike riding骑车兜风go window shopping去逛街 (只逛不买) go bird watching去赏鸟2. do + a lot of / a little + V-ing例：1. I am busy, but I still do a little painting. (我很忙，但我仍然偶尔会画画。)2. Do you have to do a lot of traveling in your work? (你的工作必须经常旅行吗？)3. busy, trouble等+ V-ing 本型中的V-ing前面常省略掉介系词in例：l. My mom was busy cooking dinner. (我妈那时忙着做晚餐。)2. I had trouble finding out the answer to the question. (我无法找出这问题的答案。)4. There is no + V-ing(是没有办法做到的。)例：1. There is no telling what will happen next. (无法得知接下来会发生什么事。)2. There is no knowing who did it. (无法知道那件事是谁做的。)练习：1. I remember seeing Mr. Smith in my office before. 2. Ill remember to see Mr. Smith tomorrow. 3. Would you mind going to London on business?4. Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 5. I cant help feeling worried about his health.6. I apologize for not keeping my promise. Unit 4分词分词可分为现在分词及过去分词。现在分词形式原形动词+ing功用(1)表行动进行例：The girl is talking with Joe. (那女孩正和Joe讲话。)(2)表主动 例：The girl talking with Joe is Jane. (正和Joe讲话的那女孩是Jane。)过去分词形式一为规则变化 (原形动词+ ed)；一为不规则变化。功用(1)表动作完成例：David has just used the pen. (David刚用过那枝笔。)(2)表被动例：1. This is the pen used by David. (这是David用过的笔。) 2. The pen was used by David. (这枝笔被David用过。)现在分词的形容词用法(1)现在分词+名词单独的现在分词，没有受词或 (副词词组)相伴时，放在名词之前修饰名词。例：1. Dont wake the sleeping baby. (别吵醒睡眠中的宝宝。)2. The rising sun is very beautiful. (日出非常美丽。)(2)名词+现在分词现在分词后有受词或修饰语句相伴时，放在名词之后修饰名词。例：I saw a man working in the garden. (我看到一个人在花园工作。)I saw a girl playing the piano on the stage. (我看到一个女孩在舞台上弹钢琴。)I saw a child sleeping on the grass. (我看到一个小孩睡在草地上。)过去分词的形容词用法(1)过去分词+名词单独的过去分词，没有受词或副词片语相伴时，放在名词之前修饰名词。例：1. I found the lost pen. (我找到那支遗失的笔。)2. She bought a used car. (她买了一辆二手车。)注意：过去分词的形容词用法，代表两种含义。1. 表被动例：a spoken language (说的语言) a decayed tooth (蛀牙)a wounded soldier (受伤的士兵) a boiled egg (煮熟的蛋)boiling water (沸腾的水) boiled water (开水)2. 表完成fallen leaves(已经飘落的叶子) falling leaves (正在飘落的叶子)the risen sun(已经升起的太阳) the rising sun (正在升起的太阳) a faded flower (退休的老师)a retired teacher(凋谢的画)(2)名词+过去分词过去分词后有受词或修饰语句相伴时，放在名词之后修饰名词。例：1. This is a picture painted about 200 years ago. (这是一幅两百年前画的图画。)2. We have some story books written in easy English. (我们有些用简单英文写成的故事书。)(3)名词+现在分词+修饰语句名词+现在分词+修饰语句在句中还可扮演主词、受词及补语的功用。a. 当主词例：l. The woman sitting in the middle is Bobs mother. (坐在中间的女人是Bob的母亲。)2. Some of the people waiting for the bus became angry. (等公交车中的有些人变得很生气。)b. 当受词例：1. I know the boy running in the park. (我认识在公园跑步的男孩。)2. Do have you any friends living in Japan? (你有任何住在日本的朋友吗？)c. 当补语例：l. The subway is the railway running under the ground. (地铁是在地下行驶的铁路。)2. A nurse is a person taking care of sick people. (护士是照顾病人的人。)(4)名词+过去分词+修饰语句名词+过去分词+修饰语句在句中还可扮演主词、受词及补语的功用。a. 当主词例：The language spoken in America is English. (美国说的语言是英语。)b. 当受词例：I look at a lot of pictures taken in Kenting. (我看了许多在垦丁拍的照片。)c. 补语例：This is a dress made for her. (这是为她做的洋装。)比较：形容词用法的现在分词及过去分词。1. 现在分词当形容词用，表a.动作进行 b.主动2. 过去分词当形容词用，表a.动作完成 b.主动例：l. The girl drawing the picture is my sister. (画这幅画的女孩是我姊。)2. The picture drawn by my sister is nice. (这幅我姊姊所画的画不错。)分词的其它用法(1) S + V +现在分词现在分词可直接放在动词后，当补语使用a. keep +现在分词：表动作的持续或重复。例：l. He keeps standing for three hours. (他一直站了三小时。)2. The dog kept barking all night. (那只狗整晚叫个不停。)b. come (stand, sit等)+现在分词现在分词可作为come, stand, sit, lie等表静止或运动的动词之补语，表示两个动作同时进行。例：1. The children came running to meet us. (小朋友跑来迎接我们。)2. Jack stood looking at the monkeys. (Jack站着看猴子。)(2) S+V+O+现在分词现在分词可作为感官动词hear, see, feel及keep, leave等动词的受词补语。例：1. I saw her crossing the road. (我看见她穿越马路。)2. Dont leave her waiting outside in the rain. (别让她在外面雨中等待。)(3) S+V+O+过去分词过去分词可作为make, have, see, hear, feel, want, wish, would like等动词的受词补语。例：1. I could not make myself understood in English. (我的英文别人听不懂。)2. She heard her name called. (她听到有人叫她的名字。)3. I had my hair cut. (我剪头发了。)比较：动名词及现在分词动名词及现在分词的形皆为原形动词+ing ，但其功用不同。动名词：动名词是一个动词，在使用时具有名词的特性，可当主词，受词及补语。现在分词：进行式为be动词+现在分词，表一个动作正在进行。另外，现在分词也有形容词的功用，可修饰名词或当有些动词的受词补语。例：1. Toms hobby is painting. (动名词) (Tom的嗜好是画画。)2. Tom is painting. (现在分词) (Tom正在画画。)Unit 5形容词1. 形容词的用法叙述用法放be动词或连缀动词之后，补充说明主词。例：1. He is old and sick. (他又老又病。)2. Mark became hungry after two hours work. (在工作两小时后，Mark变得很饿。)3. Sea water tastes salty. (海水尝起来咸咸的。)限定用法修饰名词形容词+名词例：1. a useful book (一本有用的书) 2. physical education (体育)注意：若有两个或以上的形容词修饰同一个名词，其次序是：限词thisthat数量品质表性质、状态的形容词大小、形状颜色、新旧材料、地点材料地点anexpensivegoldwatchthisredsilktiefivetallstrongKoreanboysa fewusefuloblongblackboxessomething等+形容词an important thing (一件重要的事) something important (某件重要的事)例：1. He eats nothing sweet. (甜的东西他一概不吃。) 2. Something terrible is about to happen. (某件可怕的事即将要发生。)注意：国名某国的(形容词)语言全国人民(复数)ChinaChineseChinesethe ChineseJapanJapaneseJapanesethe JapaneseKoreaKoreanKoreanthe KoreansFranceFrenchFrenchthe FrenchGermanyGermanGermanthe GermansSpainSpanishSpanishthe Spanish2. 表示数量的形容词例：l. Did he make many mistakes on the test? (他考试犯了许多错误吗？)2. Is there much wine in the bottle? (瓶子里有许多酒吗？)例：1. These were a few children in the yard at that time. (那时有些小朋友在院子里。)2. I gave her a little trouble. (我给她添了一些麻烦。) 例：l. He is a man of few words. (他是个不太爱说话的人。)2. There is little hope of his recovery. (他几乎没有复元的希望。)例：l. He collects some foreign stamps. (他收集了一些外国邮票。)2. There is not any tea in the cup. (杯子里没有茶了。)注意：劝人吃东西，请人帮忙，或期待对方回答Yes时，问句里也用some。例：1. Would you like some wine? (想要些葡萄酒吗？)2. May I have some more coffee? (我可以再要些咖啡吗？)3. 数词基数序数基数序数1. onefirst (1st)11. eleveneleventh (11th)2. twosecond (2nd)12. twelvetwelfth (12th)3. threethird (3rd)13. thirteenthirteenth (13th)4. fourfourth (4th)15. fifteenfifteenth (15th)5. fivefifth (5th)20. twentytwentieth (20th)6. sixsixth (6th)21. twenty-onetwenty-first (21st)7. sevenseventh (7th)30. thirtythirtieth (30th)8. eighteighth (8th)40. fortyfortieth (40th)9. nineninth (9th)90. ninetyninetieth (90th)10. tententh (l0th)100. one hundredhundredth ( 100th)数的读法整数例：1.12,345 twelve thousand three hundred and forty-five2.3,874,516 three million eight hundred and seventy-four thousand five hundred and sixteen小数：小数点为point例：1.3. 14 three point one four2. 27. 08 twenty-seven point zero eight分数：。若分子超过1，则分母加s。例：1. one third 2. two and three fourths年月日例：1. 2000年(the year) two thousand2. 1984年7月4日July four(th), nineteen eighty-four时刻例：1. 6:15six fifteen/a quarter past six2. 7:30seven thirty/half past seven3. 8:59eight fifty-nine/one to nine温度例：1. 摄氏25Ctwenty-five degrees centigrade/Celsius2. 华氏93Fninety-three degrees Fahrenheit电话号码例：2834-7509two eight three four, seven five zero nine数词的惯用表现hundreds/thousands/millions of数以百/千/百万计的例：l. He has one hundred kinds of stamps. (他有100种邮票。)2. Hundreds of children gathered in the playground. (数以百计的小朋友聚集在运动场。)in + ones/the +数词的复数形例：l. She is in her twenties/teens. (她20几岁/ 10几岁。)2. There was an antiwar movement in the nineteen-sixties. (在1960年代有一项反战运动。)数词-单数名词=形容词例：1. Its only a ten-minute walk from here to the station. (从这里走路到车站只要十分钟路程。)2. The young man married a 70-year-old woman. (那年轻人娶了一位70岁的女士。)Unit 6副词1. 副词的功用修饰一般动词例：He drives his car carefully. (他小心开车。)修饰形容词例：He is a very careful driver. (他是一位很小心的驾驶。)修饰另一个副词例：He drives his car very carefully. (他开车非常小心。)2. 副词的种类(1)情状副词形成形容词加ly例：quick-quickly (快) careful-carefully (小心)形容词字尾为le 去e加ly例：terrible-terribly (可怕) comfortable-comfortably (舒适)形容词字尾为子音+y 去