外文翻译--重型车主减速器

附 录 A Truck Main Reduction Gear The imported technology in steyr 1970s at international level of the early 80s. For the imported technology, steyr heavy CARDS industry of China was up the vacancy of Chinese heavy vehicles, steyr technology group began to absorb, fusion, localization, independent research and development and innovation, etc. In 1986, sinotruk technology development center, successively established after three drawings, organizational culture the digestion and absorption and understood. These drawings of cultural production plan and guarantee the requirements of vehicle, batch steyr technology to quickly radiation of 10 provinces in light of the relevant scientific research units, and will play in domestic advanced steyr heavy-duty vehicle product platform. Since the 1970s, however, since in almost all other automotive supplier technology,s GKN fundamentally changed its way, in order to adapt to the current conditions, they in the 1980s and 1990s production purpose is to provide complete installation, including the wheel brake, and all of the design and integration, specific design, as well as the car market. For off-road operation, the duty cycles may be entirely different in both torsional and beam loading-denpending on the application. For example, some types of vehicle spend a considerable proportion of their running time at high torque in low gear. In most circumstances, the terrain may be such that the tyres tend to slip more readily than on tarmac； in others, however, for example in fairly firm sandy screes, it may allow tyres to bite into it, and thus lead to torsional fatigue loading significantly greater than on smooth roads. Vertical and lateral loading, too, may be much more severe, though this dose depend to a major extent on speeds. Shock loading can also affect braking and acceleration torques though, again, such effects are speed-dependent. Heavy and general reducer industry products categories include all kinds of gear reducer, planetary gear reducer, the worm and alizarin also includes a special device, such as the growth of devices, including meat device, and flexible transmission device of various composite transmission device etc. Product service involved in metallurgy, non-ferrous, coal, building materials, ship, water conservancy, electric power, engineering machinery and petrochemical industries. Heavy and general reducer industry manufacturers also coexist in various forms, such as foreign enterprises, sino-foreign joint ventures, state-owned enterprises, share-holding enterprise and individual enterprise, has large scale to hundreds of millions of yuan, annual small to millions of dollars. Good living conditions, and the product quality control system, perfect the enterprise has more than 100, and the whole industry 2005 sales of approximately 200 million yuan, the sales of foreign-funded enterprises accounted for about one fourth. Domestic reducer of key enterprises industry products, specifications and parameters are covered in recent years, the product quality has reached international advanced level, industrial countries similar products can undertake for national economic sectors provides complete responsibility of transmission device, part of our products are exported to Europe and southeast Asia. The speed reducer is used to reduce the speed increases from transmission torque, and rotating torque changes direction, the differential transmission to half axle. The main reducer is mainly based on structure form, reducer gear types and different forms. The main gear reducer of spiral bevel gears and hypoid gear, cylindrical gears and worm and worm wheel etc . Pair of level host reduction gear is compared with single stage , the gap may be 7 12 transmission ratio , i0 each other at the same time in swear to be away from a field 12. But the dimension , mass are without exception bigger , cost is higher. It applies to middle, heavy type freight train , go-anywhere vehicle and motor bus mainly go ahead. Dyadic overall pair of level host reduction gear has the various structure scheme: First order is a cone gear wheel , the second stage is a column gear wheel； First order is a cone gear wheel , the second stage is epicyclic gear； First order is epicyclic gear , the second stage is a cone gear wheel； First order is a column gear wheel , the second stage is a cone gear wheel. Horizontal , askew, face and droop over to the three kinds to first order for the cone gear wheel , the second stage are that pair of column gear wheel level betokens reduction gear, but has direction arrangement scheme. Direction level arrangement can use the assembly drooping over to outline dimension diminution , reducing the automobile quality heart altitude thereby, makes the direction dimension increase by but , that the use on long distance between shafts automobile but appropriate diminution transmission shaft length, is harmful for short distance between shafts automobiles to put arrangement together but, may make a transmission shaft short , leads to a universal transmission shaft intersection angle enlarge. Droop over to arranging a messenger to drive the bridge direction dimension diminution, may diminish a universal transmission shaft intersection angle, since but host reduction gear shell fixes superjacent in bridge shell , make not only droop over enhance to outline dimension, and have reduced bridge shell stiffness , have been harmful for gear wheel to work. This arrangement but easy to be versed in style driving a bridge arrangement. Arranging bridge shell stiffness and improving to the transmission shaft is slanting to arrangement advantageous. When assigning a transmission ratio in pair of level host reduction gear having the cone gear wheel and the column gear wheel, the column gear wheel is 1.4 like the ratio auxiliary and boring subsidiary gear wheel transmission ratio 2.0, and the cone gear wheel is 1.7 like subsidiary transmission ratio 3.3, such axial loading may diminish a cone when the gear wheel is engaged and effect loading on the driven cone gear wheel and the column gear wheel, may make the active cone gear wheel tooth number appropriate increasing by at the same time , make whose supporting axis neck dimension appropriate enlarge, To improve whose supporting stiffness, improve falling-in stationarity and the job reliability. For modern axles, choice of gear lubricant can be critical. In cars operating at high speeds on motorways, axle oil temperature can ultimately rise even higher than 130 ,so venting of the casing is important. In principle, the oil in the base of the casting is swept around over the crownwheel and then forwards through the two bearings that carry the pinion. Consequently, both the shapes and dimensions of the clearances between the crownwheel and casing can be critical, and adequate drainage has to be provided for the oil to flow, through channels cored in the pinion bearing housings, back to the base of the casing. Within the gear carrier unit, taper roller bearings are employed almost universally for carrying the input pinion. They have a large load capacity within a small envelope, and can be preloaded for accurate and stable positioning of the gears. For pinion flange seals where resistance to high temperatures at relatively high speeds is essential, polyarcylate may be specified, but the abrasive conditions Viton is generally preferred. That the cone gear wheel tooth goes over width face to face can not enhance gear wheel intensity and life-span , is able to lead to tooth ditch unexpected turn of events small end because of cone gear wheel gear teeth on the contrary narrow the cutting knife the top of the head face width arousing is too narrow and the point of a knife round angle is too small. Like this , not only, have diminished the tooth radical circle radius , have enlarged strain all together, life time having reduced a cutter. Besides , when assembling, have location deviation or wait for cause since fabrication , heat treatment are deformable, loading concentrates minor in gear teeth end when making a gear wheel work , is able to arouse gear teeth holding untimely damage and weary loss for a short time. That besides, the tooth goes over width face to face also is able to arouse assembling space diminution. The flank of a tooth is too narrow but , the gear teeth outside abrasion resistance meeting reduces. For the running-in improving the new gear wheel, prevent the person from dying in working to Model T wear appear on initial stage , bruising , gluing together or barking, cone gear wheel bonderizing being 0.005 0.020 mm in heat treatment a nd finish machining aftercrop, thickness handles or the copper facing , the tin plating handle. The ball carrying out strain on the flank of a tooth gushing is sold at reduced prices , may improve 25%s gear wheel life-span. To the high speed gear wheel sliding, may be in progress a sulfur oozing handling to improve abrasion resistance. Rub a factor but notable sulfur queen lessening oozes, even if lubricating condition is relatively poor , also, can prevent the flank of a tooth bruise from facing , barks to die and glue together. 附 录 B 重型车主减速器 我国引进的斯太尔技术在当时处于国际 20 世纪 70 年代末 80 年代初的水平。斯太尔技术的引进，为当时的中国重卡行业弥补了空缺，随后原中国重型汽车集团开始对斯太尔技术进行吸收、融合、国产化、自主研发和创新等各个阶段。 1986 年 中国重汽 技术发展中心成立后，先后组织了 3 次图纸、明细表的消化吸收和中文化工作。这些图纸的中文化保证了按计划组织生产和批量出车的要求，使斯太尔技术很快辐射到全国 10 多个省市的载重车生产厂和相关科研单位，并将斯太尔打造成国内先进的重型车产品平台。然而自二十世纪七十年代以来，在几乎所有其他汽车行业供应商的技术里， GKN 从根本上改变了它的办法，以适应当前的条件，他们在二十世纪八十年代和九十年代的生产目的是提供完整的轮轴安装，其中包括，刹车、所有的设计和整合、具体的汽车设计，以及为专业市场特别设计的。 斯太尔重型汽车主减速器，由于它的主传动比比较大，故选用双级主减速器，双级减速器具有降低转速 ,增大扭矩的特点 ,在保证离地间隙相同时可得到很大的传动比，并且还拥有结构紧凑，噪声小，使用寿命长等优点。双级主减速器与单级相比，在保证离地间隙相同时可得到大的传动比，但是尺寸、质量均较大，成本较高。 重型及通用减速器行业涉及的产品类别包括了各类齿轮减速器、行星齿轮茜素其及蜗杆减速器，也包括了各种专用传动装置，如增速装置、条素装置、以及包括柔性传动装置在内的各类复合传动装置等。产品服务领域涉及冶金、有色、煤炭、建材、 船舶、水利、电力、工程机械及石化等行业。重型及通用减速器行业的生产厂家也以多种形式并存，如外资企业、中外合资企业、国有企业、股份制企业和个体企业，规模有大到年产值数亿元以上，小到数百万元不等。具有良好生活条件、产品质量控制体系健全的企业有 100 余个， 2005 年全行业销售额约为 200 亿元，这其中外资企业的销售额约占四分之一左右。 国内减速器行业重点骨干企业的产品品种、规格及参数覆盖范围近几年都在不断扩展，产品质量已达到国外先进工业国家同类产品水平，完全可承担起为国民经济各行业提供传动装置配套的重 任，部分产品还出口至欧美及东南亚地区。主减速器的作用是用来降低传动轴传来的转速而增大旋转扭矩，并将扭矩改变传动方向，经差速器传给半轴。主减速器的结构形式主要是根据齿轮类型、减速器形式不同而不同。主减速器的齿轮主要有螺旋锥齿轮、双曲面齿轮、圆柱齿轮和蜗轮蜗杆等形式。 双级主减速器与单级相比，在保证离地间隙相同时可得到大的传动比