选修八 Unit 2 Cloning.doc

Unit 2 Cloning单元要点预览（旨在让同学整体了解本单元要点）词汇部分词语辨析1. aloud / loud / loudly 2. obtain / acquire / gain / earn / achieve词形变化1. object vi. 不赞成；反对objection n. 不赞成；反对2. popular adj. 流行的，通俗的，广受欢迎的popularity n.普及；流行；名望popularize vt. 使普及，使流行3. resist v. 抵(反)抗，抵制resistance n. 抵抗力, 反抗resistant n. 抵抗者adj.反抗的，耐的4. decorate vt. 装饰，装璜decoration n. 装饰(品)装璜5. reason n. 原因；理性 v.分析，推论(理)；劝告reasonable adj. 通情达理的；合理的unreasonable adj. 不合理的；荒唐的重点单词 1. differ vi. 不同；相异 2. undertake vt. (undertook; undertaken) 着手；从事；承担；同意，答应3. forbid vt. (forbade or forbad; forbidden) 禁止；不准；阻止妨碍4. accumulate vt.&vi. 积累；聚积5. owe vt. 欠；应该把归功于；感激，感恩 6. retire vi.退休(役)；退出，撤退；就寝7. bother vt. 打扰 vi. 操心 n. 烦扰8. obtain vt. (正式；尤指通过努力或计划) 获得；得到重点词组1. pay off 得到好结果，取得成功(常用主动态)；偿清债款；付清工资解雇2. in favor of 赞成；支持；对有利3. be bound to do 一定；注定(做)4. be in good/poor/excellent condition 处於好的坏的极佳的状况重点句型1. The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging.重点语法同位语从句（见语法部分）语言要点（模块） .词语辨析 (旨在提供完形填空所需材料) 1. aloud / loud / loudly【解释】aloud adv. 重点在于“出声”(能被人听见，但声音不一定很大)，通常与read等词连用：read aloud朗读，读出声 shout/call/laugh aloud大声叫喊笑loud作形容词时意为“大声的”，作副词时特指(谈笑等)“大声地”，常用比较级形式；loudly“大声地，吵闹地”，强调声音喧闹、不悦耳，与quietly相对【练习】用aloud，loud，loudly的适当形式填空。1). The teacher asked me to read the poem _. 2). The radio isn t _ enough. Could you turn it up a little?3). I could hear people over there talking _ with each other about the news.4). Could you speak _ ? Keys: 1). aloud 2). loud 3). loudly 4). louder 2. obtain / acquire / gain / earn / achieve【解释】obtain意为“获得，买到”。指通过努力或请求而得到，含有满足要求或得达到目的的意味，用于正式语体中。acquire意为“经过努力逐步获得才能、知识、习惯等，也可用于对财物等的获得”，强调“一经获得就会长期持有”的含义。gain意为“通过较大努力获得某种利益或好处；亦可指军事上的武力夺取等”。earn意为“挣得，赢得”。指因工作等而得到报酬或待遇。achieve意为“得到；获得”，多指成就、目标、幸福的取得。【练习】用obtain，acquire，gain，earn，achieve的适当形式填空。1). How much do you _a week? 2). The movie star _ success and wealth.3). He _ experience through practice.4). It is through learning that the individul _ many habitual ways of reacting to situations.5). An investor _ by buying stocks that go up in value.Keys: 1). earn 2). achieved 3). obtained 4). acquires 5). gains.词性变化 （旨在提供语法填空所需材料）1. object vi. 不赞成；反对objection n. 不赞成；反对2. popular adj. 流行的，通俗的，广受欢迎的popularity n.普及；流行；名望popularize vt. 使普及，使流行3. resist v. 抵(反)抗，抵制resistance n. 抵抗力, 反抗resistant n. 抵抗者adj.反抗的，耐的4. decorate vt. 装饰，装璜decoration n. 装饰(品)装璜5. reason n. 原因；理性 v.分析，推论(理)；劝告reasonable adj. 通情达理的；合理的unreasonable adj. 不合理的；荒唐的【练习】用括号内所提供词的适当形式填空。1). I strongly object to _ (treat) like a child.2). If no one has any _ (object), I will declare the meeting closed us with hope.3). The no-smoking policy was introduced with little _ (resist) from staff. 4). When will they finish the _ (decorate) of the bathroom? 5). The building _ (decorate) with flags., the event was a great success.6). Dont let your boss make _ (reason) demands on you. 7). The president s _ (popular) has declined considerably. 8). The President is very _ (popularize) with Jewish voters.Keys: 1). being treated 2). objection3). resistance 4). decoration5). was decorated6). unreasonable 7). popularity 8). popular .重点词汇（旨在提供词汇综合运用所需材料）1. differ vi. 不同；相异 difference n. 不同之处 different adj. 不同的 典例1). Their house differs from mine in having no garage. 他们的房子与我的不同，区别在于他们的没有起车库。2). The two sides still differ with each other over the question of pay. 双方在报酬的问题上仍各持己见。重点用法A differs from B in. A与B在方面不同 A differs with B about/on/over. A与B就意见相左练习 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的词或翻译。1). The two squares differ _ (介词) color but not _ (介词) size. 2). The husband differs _ (介词) the wife _ (介词) who is to take charge of the money.3). It doesn t make a _ (differ) to me whether you are going to stay.4). This is a different car _ (介词) the one I drove yesterday.Keys: 1). in; in 2). with; on/about/over 3). difference 4). from2. undertake vt. (undertook; undertaken) 着手；从事；承担；同意，答应，保证(后接to do)典例1). She undertook the responsibility for these changes. 她承担了做出这些改变的责任。2). He undertook to pay the money back in one month. 他答应在一个月之内还钱。 练习 翻译句子。1). 他答应在周五之前完成那份工作。_2). 她负责整个项目的组织工作。_Keys: 1). He undertook to finish the work before Friday. 2). She undertook the organization work of the whole project.3. forbid vt. (forbade or forbad; forbidden) 禁止；不准；阻止妨碍典例1). The law forbids the use of chemical fertilizers. 法律禁止使用化学肥料。2). I forbid you to tell anyone. 我不准你告诉任何人。重点用法forbid sth. / doing sth. 禁止，不许（做某事） forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事练习 翻译句子。1). 飞机上禁止吸烟。_2). 他爸爸不准他和她交谈。_3). 要禁止小孩子不玩电脑游戏很难。_Keys: 1). Smoking is forbidden on the plane. 2). His father forbade him to talk to her. 3). It is hard to forbid children (to play) computer games.4. accumulate vt.&vi. 积累；聚积 accumulation n u,c 积累典例1). By investing wisely she accumulated a fortune. 她由於投资精明而积蓄了一笔财产。2). Dust and dirt soon accumulate if a house is not cleaned regularly. 房屋不经常打扫, 尘土很快就越积越多。练习 根据句子的意思在括号里填入所给词的适当形式。1). A thick layer of dust _ (accumulate) in the room, so he had to give it a thorough cleaning. 2). Despite this _ (accumulate) of evidence, the Government persisted in doing nothing. Keys: 1). had accumulated 2). accumulation 5. owe vt. 欠；应该把归功于；感激，感恩典例1). He owes his father 50. = He owes 50 to his father. 他欠他父亲50英镑。2). We owe this discovery to Newton. 我们的这一发现归功於牛顿。重点用法owe sb sth = owe sth to sb 欠(某人)债owe sth to sb/sth将某事物归因或归功於某人/事练习 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的介词。1). How much do I owe you _ the groceries?2). He owes his success more _ luck than _ ability. 3). I owe a lot _ my wife and children. Keys: 1). for 2). to; to 3). to 6. retire vi.退休(役)；退出，撤退；就寝典例1). He will retire from the army next year. 他明年从部队退役。2). Our forces retired to prepared positions. 我们的部队撤退到既设阵地上。重点用法retire from. 从退休(役)/退出retire (from.) (to.) 退下，退出，离开（尤指到僻静处）练习 根据句子的要求在括号里填入所给词适当的形式或翻译。1). He _ (retire) next year after 30 years with the company. 2). She was forced to _ _ _ (提前退出)teaching because of ill health. 3). He is a _ (retire) airline pilot. Keys: 1). is retiring 2). retire early from 3). retired7. bother vt. 打扰 vi. 操心 n. 烦扰 典例1). I am busy; don t bother me now. 我很忙，现在别打扰我。2). I am sorry to bother you, but can you tell me the time. 对不起，打扰了，请问现在几点?重点用法bother with/about 一为而烦恼；因操心 bother to do / doing费神做练习 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的词或翻译。1). The problem has been _ (bother) me for weeks.2). 一Shall I help you with the cases? Don t _. I can manage. 3). Dont bother _ (介词) us; we will soon join you. Keys: 1). bothering 2). bother 3). about 8. obtain vt. (正式；尤指通过努力或计划) 获得；得到obtainable adj能得到的; 可获得的典例1). I haven t been able to obtain that record anywhere. 我到处都没买到那张唱片。2). He said that the police had obtained this information by illegal means. 他说警方是靠非法手段获得这一资料的。重点用法obtain sth from sb/sth 从获得某物练习 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的词。1). Are his records still _ (obtain)? 2). Further information can be obtained _ (介词) head office. Keys: 1). obtainable 2). from.重点词组（旨在提供综合运用所需材料）1. pay off 得到好结果，取得成功(常用主动态)；偿清债款；付清工资解雇典例 1). At last, his hard work paid off. 最后，他的努力得到了回报。2). Did your plan pay off? 你的计划成功了吗?短语归纳 pay短语：pay for付的钱；为而付出代价 pay back sth. (pay sb. back sth.) 偿还pay sb. (.) for sth. 因某事而付某人 pay sb. (.) to do sth. 付某人()去做某事练习 用与pay相关的词组或所给词适当的形式填空。 1). After ten years of hard working she finally _ _ her debt. 2). Our efforts are sure to _ _.3). Her parents _ _ America.4). Have you _ the milkman this week?5). Have you _ the money _ the bank yet?6). I will _ you _ next week.7). I paid the boy ten yuan _ (clean) the window.Keys: 1). paid off 2). pay off 3). paid for 4). paid 5). paid; to 6). pay; back 7). to clean 2. in favor of 赞成；支持；对有利典例1). I am in favor of your suggestion. 我赞成你的提议。2). I talked to Susan about it, and she s all in favor of going. 我与苏珊谈了这件事，她完全赞同走。重点用法ask a favor请求帮忙 do sb. a favor = do a favor for sb. 帮某人的忙练习 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的词或翻译。1). Senior ministers spoke _ _ _ the proposal. 2). Would you _ _ _ _ (请你帮忙) and turn off the radio? Keys: 1). in favour of 2). do me a favor 3. be bound to do 一定；注定(做)典例 1). The weather is bound to get better tomorrow. 明天天气一定会变好。 2). You ve done so much work that youre bound to pass the exam. 你下了这麽大工夫, 一定能考及格。 短语归纳 练习 根据句子的要求在括号里填入所给词适当的形式或短语。1). These problems were almost bound _ (arise). 2). When you are dealing with so many patients, mistakes _ _ _ happen. Keys: 1). to arise 2). are bound to4. be in good/poor/excellent condition 处於好的坏的极佳的状况典例 1). The ship is not in a condition/is in no condition to make a long voyage. 此船的现状不适宜远航。2). The car is still in excellent condition. 这小车状况极佳。 短语归纳 condition 短语：out of condition健康状况欠佳 working/living/syudying conditions工作、生活、学习环境on condition (that). 在条件下；倘若 on no condition 一点也不; 决不练习 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的介词。1). The car has been well maintained and is _ excellent condition. 2). He s _ excellent condition _ a man of his age. 3). I had no exercise for ages; I m really _ condition. 4). You can go out _ condition that you wear an overcoat.Keys: 1). in 2). in; for 3). out of 4). on .重点句子 （旨在提供句子结构等所需材料）1. The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging. 她（多莉羊）似乎生长正常的事实很鼓舞人心。解释 “that she seemed to develop normally”是一个同位语从句，作the fact的同位语。同位语从句一般由that引导，常放在fact，truth，news，information，idea，thought，hope，suggestion，advice，reply，remark，report等名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。当先行词是problem，question或当主句是表示疑问或否定意思时，连接词要用whether或其他的疑问代词或副词。如：1). The news that he has been elected president of the United States is true. 他当选美国总统的消息是真的。2). The question whether we should continue to do the experiment has not been answered yet. 我们是否该继续实验的问题还没有被解决。3). I have no idea where the new library will be built. 我不知道新图书馆将要建在哪。练习 根据句子的要求在括号里填入适当的介词。1). The truth _ heavy objects and light objects fall at the same speed is known to us all. 2). The question _ we ndde to spend more time on the project has not been discussed. 3). The explanation _ he had met with an accident on his way was acceptable. Keys: 1). that 2). whether 3). that课文要点（模块）.课文词汇等填空（旨在复习本课文中的单词拼写和主要词语等）根据课文内容完成下面语法填空，注意单词拼写和词语用法：Cloning is a way of _1_(make) an exact copy of another animal or plant. Cloning has two _2_(主要的) uses. Firstly, gardeners use it to produce plants. Secondly, it is _3_(value) for medical research on animals. Cloning plants is straightforward but the cloning of animals is more_4_(复杂的). The procedure is difficult to _5_(开展). In 1996, scientists succeeded in _6_(clone)Dolly the sheep. Then came the disturbing news that Dolly was ill. _7_ Dolly lived for six years, Dollys appearance raised a storm of _8_(object). Government became nervous and many _9_(禁止) research into human cloning. Scientists still _10_ whether cloning will help or harm us and where it is leading us.(答案： 1.making， 2.major， 3.valuable; 4.complicated; 5.undertake; 6.cloning; 7.Altogether; 8.objections; 9.forbade; 10.wonder.).课文大意概括 （旨在训练用30个单词概括大意的能力）阅读课文，试着用30来个单词概括课文大意或翻译下面短文。文章具体介绍了植物与动物克隆的区别，多莉羊的诞生与死亡以及由此引发的争论。 The article specifically introduces _答案：The article specifically introduces the distinction between the plant and the animal cloning, the birth and death of Dolly the sheep, as well as the controversy which it caused.课文佳句背诵与仿写 （旨在培养对难句的理解和写作能力）1.【原句】The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging. 多莉看来是在正常地成长着，这很令人鼓舞。模仿要点 句子结构：同位语从句 【模仿1】学校取消体育运动的想法非常令人丧气，依我的观点，这并不能防止学生受伤。_答案：The idea that schools cancel sport activities is very discouraging, which, in my opinion, is not a good way to prevent students from getting hurt.【模仿2】谚语“诚为上策”是众所周知的，它说明了诚实的重要性。_答案：The old saying that honesty is the best policy is well known to everyone, which signifies the importance of honesty. 2【原句】The advantage is that if there is a new illness some of these animals my die, but others will survive and pass on the ability to resist that disease to the next generation. 其优点是，如果发生了某种新的疾病，这类动物可能会死去，而另外一些却能存活下来，并且把这种抗疫力传给下一代。模仿要点 句子结构：表语从句+条件句, 【模仿1】网上购物的弊端是，如果你在网上买了质量差的商品，你不可能会换的了；但你可以在真正的商店里精挑细选。_答案：The disadvantage of shopping on line is that if you bought a poorly made goods on the Internet, it is impossible for you to change it, but you can have a careful look at the goods in a real shop and choose the best one.【模仿2】早起的优势是，如果我们早起，我们将有机会享受清新的空气和早晨的宁静，但并不是每个人都认为这是令人遗憾的事情。_答案：The advantage of getting up early is that if we get up early, we will have the opportunity of enjoying the fresh air and calmness of the morning, but not everybody think it a regrettable thing.3. 【原句】Based on what we know now, you cannot clone animals that have been extinct longer than 10,000 years. 就我们现在所知，你不可能克隆那些绝种了一万年以上的动物。 模仿要点 句子结构：V-ed + what引导的宾语从句，+主句+定语从句【模仿1】根据调查所示，我们可以更好地理解我们对大自然所做的一切。_答案：Based on what was shown on the survey, we can make a better understanding about the thing that we have done to nature.【模仿2】根据我们所读到的，我们可以得出结论是人类该对环境污染负责。_答案： Based on what weve read , we can make a conclusion that it is human beings that are to blame for the pollution of the environment.单元自测 （模块）1完形填空 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从110各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。词数：194完成时间：14分钟难度：* All living organisms ( 生物体) must feed so that they can have energy. Plants, which are the biggest organisms on Earth, are no 1 to this. They need to feed, but they do not feed in the 2 way that animals do. They do not have a mouth or a digestive system and they do not move much to find and capture their 3 . Plants are made of 4 things. Water is the most 5 part. Often, more than 90% of a plant is made of water. Water, however, is a liquid, but plants are very 6 , especially when they are made of wood, like trees. If we dry a plant out by removing all of its 7 content, we can find out what is left over. Two things are found in the solid parts of plants: minerals and organic matter (物质). We can 8 these two parts if we bum the dried plant until only the ashes are 9 . If we analyze these ashes we find that they are made of the minerals that the plant needs to grow. The part that bums 10 is called the organic matter.1. A. explanation B. exception C. connection D. inclusion2. A. opposite B. accurate C. proper D. same3. A. food B. water C. enemy D. nutrient4. A. two B. three C. four D. five5. A. useful B. important C. precious D. advanced6. A. small B. living C. solid D. loose7. A. water B. mineral C. fiber D. protein8. A. predict B. discover C. expose D. separate9. A. combined B. left C. shared D. covered10. A. over B. out C. down D. away答案：1.B 从上文“All living organisms must feed so that they can have energy.”可知此处意为植物作为一种生物也不例外。2.D 从下文“They do not have a mouth or a digestive system”可知此处意为它们与动物的取食方式不同。而选项accurate强调的是“精确性”，也就是说，accurate暗含有它们两者之前的取食方式有可能比较类似，根据文章，它们的取食方式是截然不同的，所以D项更准确些。21. A。本段主要内容讲植物的取食方式，那么可知这里是指“捕食”，而不是获取营养、水或者敌人。 22. B。从本段可知，植物含有水分，从下一段的第一、二两句描述可知除了水分之外，植物还由矿物质和有机物构成，所以总共是three things。 23. B。从下文的“Often, more than 90% of a plant is made of water. ”可知水是最重要的。 24. C。从本句前部分强调水是一种液体，那么，逻辑推理，这里主要强调植物是“固体”的。后一部分的解释说明“especially when they are made of wood, like trees.”可进一步佐证。25. A。从本句的关键词dry a plant out以及下面的细节in the solid parts of plants可知是先把水全部去除。 26. D。从下文的实验细节尤其是最后两句可知是通过火烧的方法把两种物质分离开。29. B。根据下文内容可知，火烧到最后，就只剩下灰烬了，有机物被烧掉了，灰烬主要是由矿物质构成的。30. D。根据上文可知，灰烬主要是由矿物质构成的，那么被烧掉的部分就是有机物。burn away“烧掉”。2语法填空 阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡标号为31-40的相应位置上。词数：139完成时间：8分钟难度：* Many people believe that they 31 (suppose) to drink eight glasses of water 32 day, or about two liters. Why? Because that is 33 they have been told all their lives. 34 a new report offers some different advice. The experts say people should obey their bodies; they should drink as 35 water as they feel like drin