第一章 英语句子成分和英语句子结构.doc

第一章 英语句子成分和英语句子结构【复合句】复合句对英语学习和考试有极大的决定性作用。其实复合句是简单句的扩展，只要借助简单句的句型结构分析推理出复合句的主干结构，弄清从句是何种从句，然后再根据从句相应知识点解决语法问题或理解句子。 简单句、并列句和复合句区别的标准：1：一个句子只能有一个谓语，谓语由动词构成。 2：如果一个句子有多个动词，只有一个是谓语动词，其它为非谓语动词。 3：如果一个句子有多个谓语，那么这个句子可能是并列句或者是复合句。如果有并列连词，就是并列句，如果没有就是复合句。【并列句】I. 判断下列句子是简单句、并列句、还是复合句。( ) 1. I dont like English while my sister is good at it.( ) 2. When you came in, she was washing her clothes.( ) 3. If you dont go there, they will not be happy.( ) 4.With the help of my good friend Wei Wei, I succeeded in passing the exam.( ) 5. Have you ever seen the man who is wearing a red cap?1) 表示意义转折和对比的并列连词常见的有：but , while, whereas, still, yet , nevertheless,等词语。2) 表示选择的并列连词，常见的有： or, either.or等。例如：Or 连接主语时，如主语都是单数，动词则取单数形式；如主语都是复数，动词则取复数形式，如果主语有的是复数，动词则取复数形式，如果主语有的是单数，有的是复数，动词的数则与它靠近的主语的数相一致。连接两个主语时，动词的数也应与靠近他的主语的数相一致。例如：Neither he nor I am a good student. 3) 表示因果意义的并列并列连词常见的有： for ,so ,therfore ,hence ,thus,等。例如：The fuel must have beeenfinished, for the engine stopped.It rained , therefore the game was called off.4) 表示联合关系的并列连词常见的有： and, both.and, neither.nor, not only. but also 等。当 neither.nor, not only .but also 连接主语时，动词的数则与靠近它的主语的数相一致。 Both .and 不能连接两个以上的并列成分，也不能连接分句。例如： 误：Both Mary swept the floor and Nancy mopped it.5) 其它并列连词常见的有： as well as, more than, rather than, no less than 等. (1) as well as 表示 同 和 也 的意义as well as 用作并列连词时它意义相当于 not only.but also, 但侧重点在后一并列成分上而 as well as 侧重点却在前一并列成分上 ,A as well as B=not only B but also A. 单项选择。( ) 1. Mr. Smith knows little Chinese, _he cant understand Chinese culture at all.A. so B. or C. but D. for( )2. Can you play basketball?Yes, I can, _I cant play it very well. A. or B. and C. so D. but( )3. The war was over about two weeks ago, _the soldiers in Iraq are still having a lot of problems to deal with. A. or B. and C. but D. so( )4. You must study hard, _ you will fall behind others. A. and B. but C. so D. or( )5. Take exercise every morning, _ you will become much stronger. A. or B. and C. but D. while( ) 6. Hold on your idea, _youre sure to be successful in this exam. A. and B. or C. but D. so( ) 7. Will you go on Tuesday or Wednesday? Im afraid _day is possible. Ill be very busy next week. A. either B. neither C. both D. also( ) 8. _ Jim _ Jack may go with you because one of them must stay in the school. A. Not only; but also B. Neither; nor C. Both; and D. Either; or ( ) 9. Be careful with dangerous animals, _youll be hurt. A. and B. but C. or D. so ( )10. Didnt you give flowers to your Mother on Mothers Day? Oh, not only my mother, _my grandma got red roses. A. or B. and C. but D. until ( )11.What do you think of the two pairs of trousers? They dont fit me well. They are _ too big _ too small. A.not only; but also B. both; and C. neither; nor D. either; or ( ) 12. Stop cutting trees down, _ the earth will become worse and worse. A. and B. then C but D. or( )13. My father bought me a toy car _ I liked it very much. A. and B. so C. butD. or( )14. Everybody went to the park,_I didnt. A. get B. or C. but D. so( )15. Hello, Miss White!Im sorry,_I dont think I know you. A. and B. or C. but D. because( )16. The little girl is very young _ she can look after herself well. A. so B. but C. if D. or( )17. Lily put her hands behind her back, _ nobody could see them.A. so B. and C. or D. but( )18. Neither you nor I _ from Australia. We are from the USA. A. is B. are C. am D. be( )19. We can learn knowledge _from books _from life.Yes, both are important. A. either；or B. not only；but also C neither；nor D. not；and第二章：名 词一、名词的分类 名词可分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。 1. 普通名词又可分为： (1) 个体名词。如：cup, desk, student等。一般可数，有单复数形式。 (2) 集体名词。如：class, team, family等。一般可数，有单复数形式 (3) 物质名词。如：rice, water, cotton等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。 (4) 抽象名词。如：love, work, life等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。 2. 专有名词：如：China, Newton, London等。 二、名词的数 (一) 可数名词的复数形式的构成规则 1. 一般情况下在名词的词尾加s，如：book books, pencil, pencils. 2. 以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的名词加-es，其读音为iz。如：bus buses, box boxes, watch watches, dish dishes等。 3. 以-y结尾的名词： (1) 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，把y改为i再加es，读音为iz，如：factory factories, company companies等。2) 以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾，直接在词尾加-s，读音为z。如：key keys, Henry Henrys等。 4. 以-f和-fe结尾的名词： (1) 变-f或-fe为v再加-es，读音为vz。如：thief thieves, wife wives, half halves等。 (2) 直接在词尾加-s，如：roof roofs，gulf gulfs，chief chiefs，proof proofs等。 (3) 两者均可。如：handkerchief handkerchiefs或handkerchieves. 5. 以-o结尾的名词： (1) 以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词后直接加-es，读音为z。如：hero heroes, potato potatoes, tomato tomatoes等。 (二) 不规则名词的复数形式 1. 改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式。如：man men, woman women, tooth teeth, foot feet, mouse mice, child children等。 2. 单复数形式相同。如：sheep, deer, fish等，以及由汉语音译表示度量、币制等单位的名词。如：yuan.另外以-ese或-ss结尾的表示民族的名词也一样同形。如：Chinese, Japanese, Swiss等。以-an结尾或其他形式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加-s.如：Americans, Asians, Russians, Australians, Italians, Germans等。 注意：Englishman Englishmen, Frenchman Frenchmen. 3. 复合名词的复数形式： (1) 在词末加-(e)s，如：afternoons, housewives等。 (2) 把主体名词变成复数形式。如：lookers-on (旁观者)，passers-by (过路人)等。 (3) 由man或woman作为第一部分的复数名词，两个组成部分皆变为复数形式。如：man driver men drivers, woman doctor women doctors等。 (三) 几种特殊的复数形式的名词 1. 有些表示由两部分构成的东西和部分学科的名词总以复数的形式出现。如：glasses (眼镜)，shorts (短裤)，mathematics (数学)，physics (物理学)，politics (政治学)等。 2. 有些复数形式的名词表示特别的意义。如：papers (文件)，manners (礼貌)，goods (货物)，times (时代)，conditions (环境；情况)等。 3. 有些名词在习惯用语中一定要用复数形式。如：make friends with (与交朋友)，shake hands with (与握手)等。四) 不可数名词 1. 物质名词和抽象名词多为不可数名词。如：luggage, milk, rice, soup, water, money, meat等。 注意：不可数名词在表示量的时候需要用上适当的量词，当数词大于1时，量词须变为复数。如：a piece of advice(一条建议) five pieces of advice (五条建议)，a bag of rice (一袋大米) three bags of rice (三袋大米)。 可数名词的量也可以用适当的量词来表达。 2. 不可数名词的转化 (1) 物质名词表示种类或具体事物时则成为可数名词。如：glass (玻璃) a glass (一个玻璃杯)，tea (茶) two teas (两杯茶)，ice (冰) three ices (三个冰淇淋)。 (2) 抽象名词具体化时也可成为可数名词。如：beauty (美丽) a beauty (一个美人)，youth (青春) a youth (一个青年)。 (3) 表示具体事物的可数名词，用于表示抽象或物质意义是，便转化为不可数名词。如：a room (一个房间) room (空间)，a chicken (一只小鸡) chicken(鸡肉)。 三、名词的所有格 (一) s所有格的构成 1. 表示有生命的东西的名词，所有格一般在名词后加s，其构成形式如下： (1) 一般单数名词后加s.如：my brothers book，Jacks cat，the girls pen等。 (2) 以-s或-es结尾的复数名词的所有格，只需在名词右上方加“”。如：girls，teachers等。 注意：在不规则复数名词后，要加s.如：womens clothes. (3) 以-s结尾的专有名词所有格，以读音z结尾的，一般在名词右上方加“”，也可加s，其读音分别为z和iz。如：Dickens / Dickenss book. 注意：若不以读音z结尾则仍用s.如：Rosss book. (4) 复合名词或词群的所有格的词尾s加在后面的名词之后。如：the President of the United Statess car美国总统的汽车。 注意：当出现同位语时，s一般加在同位语后。如：This is my sister Marys bag. 这是我妹妹玛丽的包。(5) 如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在后一个名词词尾加s，如果不是共有的，两个名词都要加s.如：Tom and Peters room汤姆和彼得的房间 (共有) Toms and Peters rooms汤姆的房间和彼得的房间 (不共有) (6) 表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时，常在名词后加上s代表全称。如：at the doctors = at the doctors office在诊所 (7) 在one及one / body和some，any，no，every结合起来的复合词后。如：someones book.这些代词和else连用，s应加在else后。如：somebody elses pencil. 2. 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，也可以在词尾后加s或“”以构成所有格。如：todays news，ten minutes drive，Chinas industry等。 (二)“of +名词”所有格 无生命的名词的所有格，通常用“of+名词”的结构来表示。如：the windows of the room（房间的窗户），the cover of the dictionary（词典的封面）。 (三) 双重所有格 1. 双重所有格的概念及用法 (1) 表示部分概念，of短语修饰的名词前通常有表示数量的限定词，如：a，an，one，two，some，several，a few，many，any，no等。 This is a picture of mine. 这是我的一张照片。 (2) 双重所有格与of所有格的不同。如：He is a friend of your fathers. 他是你父亲的一个朋友。(强调你父亲的朋友不止一个) He is a friend of your father. 他是你父亲的朋友。(强调他对你父亲的友好) He is _father. A. Kate s and Marys B. Kate and Marys C. Kate and Mary D. of Kate and Mary-Where is Tom？- He s left a(n) _ that he has something important to do. A. excuse B. message C. exercise D. newsHe had something to write down and asked me for_. A. a paper B. some papers C. some pieces of papers D. a piece of paper1. There are forty _ in our school. A. women teachers B .teacher women C. woman teachers D. women teacher2. Mr. Li is one of _ in the hospital. A. most popular doctors B. the most popular doctors C. most popular doctor D. the most popular doctor4. Some of the boys in _ are afraid of maths exams. A. Class Three B .the Class Three C. Three Class D .the Three Class5. Have you got any _ for us this time? A. pieces of message B. piece of messages C. pieces of messages D. messages6. _, those mountains will be covered with trees. A. In a few years time B. After a few years time C. In a few years time D. After a few years time8. Look! There are _ stars up there in the _. A. thousands of; sky B. thousands of; air C. thousand of; sky D. thousand of; air10. Just from the _ I know it s Liu Minjun. A. noise B. voice C. sound D .sing11. Where are the other two students? They re in _. A. teacher s office B. teachers office C. the teacher office D. the teachers office13. My uncle s full name is David Edward Hartpode. His family name is _. A. Edward B. Hartpode C. David D. David Hartpode14. He writes more carefully than _ in his class. A. any student B. any other student C. any other students D. all students15. This new kind _ can do half the work. A. of tractor B. tractor C. of a tractor D. a tractor16. John is very happy to have a _ training. A. two weeks B. two-month C. two-weeks D. two-months18. Mr. Green is nearly _. A. two metres high B. two metres tall C. high two metres D. tall two metres19. Mr. Smith is an _. A. English B. English man C. Englishman D. Englishmen20. A group of _ are talking with two _. A. Frenchmen; Germans B .Frenchmen; Germen C. German; Frenchmen D.Germans; Frenchmans. 2 He gave us_ on how to keep fit.A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice3 When we saw his face, we knew_ was bad.A. some news B. a news C. the news D. news4 What_ lovely weather it is!A. / B. the C. an D. a 1 -Would you like_tea?-No, thanks. I have drunk two_.A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange C. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges 2 He is hungry. Give him _ to eat.A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads 3 It really took him:_ to draw the nice horse.A. sometimes B. hour C. long time D. some time 2 Some _ came to our school for a visit that day.A. Germans B. Germen C. GermanyD. Germanies 3 In the picture there are many_ and two. A. sheep; foxes B. sheeps; foxC. sheeps; foxesD. sheep;foxs 4 A group of_ will visit the museum tomorrow. A. Hungarian B. Australian C. JapaneseD. American 1 This table is made of_.A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass 2 -What would you like to have for lunch, sir?-I d like_. !A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens D. the chicken 3 Children should make_ for old people in a bus.A. room B. a room C. rooms D. the room 1 Tables are made of_.A. wood B. some woods C. wooden D. woods 2 I wonder why _ are so interested in action (武打片) films.A. people B. peoples C. the people D. the peoples 3I have read_ of the young writer.A. works B. work C. this works D. the works 1 Let s meet at 7: 30 outside the gate of_?A. the People s Park B. the Peoples Park C. the People Park D. Peoples Park 2 _ Chinese people are _ hard working people.A. /; a B. We; the C. The; the D. The; a 3 How many were there in the street when the accident happened? A. policeman B. polices C. police D. peoples 1 They write most of their_ in English.A. business letter B. business letters C. businesses D. businesses letters 2 We came to a _ at last .and went in.A. watch shop B. watches shop C. watching shop D. watchs shop 3 This shop sells apples, bananas and things like these. It s a_.A. food shop B. book shop C. fruit shop D. vegetable shop 4 She broke a_while she was washing up.A. glass of wine B. glass for wine C. glass wine D. wine glass 5 Ive forgotten both of the_.A. room numbers . B. rooms number C. rooms numbers D. room number1. September 10th is_in China.A. Teacher s Day B. Teachers Day C. Teacher Day D. Teachers Day 2 -Is the broom under _ desk? -No, it s under_.A. the teachers; my B. teachers; mine C. teachers; me D. the teachers; mine 3 Excuse me, where is the_?A. men s room B. mens room C. men s rooms D. men rooms 2 This is my_dictionary.A. sister Mary B. sisters C. sister, Marys D. sister s Marys 3 He went to _ shop to buy a shirt.A. a tailor B. the tailor C. a tailors D. the tailors 4 Joan is_. A. Marys and Jack sister B. Mary and Jacks sister C. Mary and Jack sister D. Marys and Jack s sister 1 In a few_ time, those mountains will be covered with trees. A. year B. years C. years D. years 3 The post office is a bit far from here. Its about_.A. thirty minutess walk B. thirty minutes walk C. thirty minutes walk D. thirty minutes walk 4 Half_ telephone calls are made in English. A. the world B. world C. the worlds D. worlds 1 _ face to the south.A. Windows of the room B. The windows of the room C. The rooms windows D. The windows in room 2 Please take two_.A. picture of the park B. pictures of the park C. the pictures of a park D. picture of a park 3 The workers are repairing_.A. the roof of the house B. a roof of the house C. roof of the house D. this roof of house 1 Miss Smith is a friend of_.A. Mary s mother s B. Marys mother C. mothers of Mary D. Mary mothers 2 This is a book of _.A. Tom B. Tom s C. her D. him 3 The post card is sent by _.A. a friend of my father B. a friend of my father s C. my father friend D. my father friends 4 Which of the following is right?A. China has a large population. B. China has much population.C. China has many populations. D. China has a great deal of population. 5 Please do like this. Fold the paper_ and cut along the fold.A. into pieces B. in half C. on halves D. to half 第三章 代 词代词是代替名词的词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。一、人称代词是表示”我”、”你”、”他”、”她”、”它”、”我们”、”你们”、”他们”的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化，见下表： 数单数复数格主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheythemshehertheythemitittheythem例如：He is my friend.他是我的朋友。 Its me.是我。二、 物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种，其人物和数的变化见下表。数单数复数人称第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称形容词性物主代词myyourhis/her/itsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshis/hers/itsoursyourstheirs 例如： I like his car. 我喜欢他的小汽车。 Our school is here，and theirs is there. 我们的学校在这儿，他们的在那儿。三、 指示代词表示”那个”、”这个”、”这些”、”那些”等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this，that，these，those等。 例如：That is a good idea.那是个好主意。四、 表示”我自己”、”你自己”、”他自己”、”我们自己”、”你们自己”和”他们自己”等的代词，叫做自身代词，也称为“反身代词”。例如：She was talking to herself. 她自言自语。五、 表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有each other 和one another两组，但在运用中，这两组词没什么大的区别。例如：They love each other.他们彼此相爱。六、 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，no-等的合成代词，如anybody， something，no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，但none和由some，any，no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语；every和no只能作定语。例如：- Do you have a car? -你有一辆小汽车吗？- Yes，I have one. -是的，我有一辆。- I dont know any of them. 他们，我一个也不认识。七、 疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词，引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句） 例如：Tell me who he is. 告诉我他是谁。八、 关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which，as等，可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等；另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词（先行词）。例如：He is the man whom you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那个人。3.1 人称代词的用法 1）人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语。例如： John waited a while but eventually he went home. 约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。 John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. 约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽，还真是她。说明：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中。例如： When he arrived, John went straight to the bank. 约翰一到就直接去银行了。2）人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作主语补语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语。例如： I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her. 我看到她和他们在一起，至少我认为是她。（her做宾语，them做介词宾语，her做主语补语）a. - Who broke the vase?-谁打碎了花瓶？ b. - Me. -我。（me做主语补语= Its me.）说明：在上面两例句中，her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格，在正式文体中这里应为she和I。3.2 人称代词之主、宾格的替换 1） 宾格代替主格 a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾语。- I like English. -我喜欢英语。- Me too.-我也喜欢。- Have more wine?-再来点酒喝吗?- Not me.-我可不要了。 b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。 He is taller than I/me. He is taller than I am.2） 主格代替宾格 a. 在介词but，except 后，有时可用主格代替宾格。 b. 在电话用语中常用主格。 - I wish to speak to Mary. -我想和玛丽通话。 - This is s