14.主谓一致.doc

语法专项（十四）主谓一致一主谓一致的概念：“一致”是指句子成分之间或词语之间在性、数、指代等方面应保持一致。“主谓一致”是指谓语动词与主语必须在人称和数上保持一致。在具体处理一致关系时可遵循以下三原则，即“语法一致”、“意义一致”、“就近一致”。（一）、语法一致原则：主语在语法形式上是复数，谓语也用复数形式；主语语法形式上是单数，谓语要用单数形式。（二）、意义一致原则：有时主语在语法形式上虽然是单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。如：The crowd were running for their lives.有时主语在语法形式上虽然是复数，但意义为单数，谓语动词用单数。如：Fifty-six dollars was stolen from the registers(现金出纳机).（三）、就近一致原则：有时谓语动词的取决于和它靠近的词语（主要是名词）的单、复数。如There is the headmaster, two teachers and some students in the classroom.二主谓一致的用法：（一）常接单数谓语的情况：1时间，距离，重量，价值，数目等度量名词作整体看待时，谓语用单数。-Three minutes is enough for me to answer the question.-Twenty pounds is much heavier than twenty jin.注：两数相乘或相加时谓语可单可复。-Six times seven is/are forty-two.2由单个名词性从句，不定式，短语，动名词充当主语时，谓语用单数。-When and where we will hold the meeting has not been decided.-Reading novels is what I enjoy most.-A good knowledge of English is a must in international trade.3由以s结尾的学科名词或书，报，国名，地名，组织等作主语时，谓语用单数。-Maths/Physics/Politics is my favorite.-The United Nations is a world organization.4由不定代词each, one, the other, no one, either, neither, some/any/no/every + body/one/thing在句中作主语或修饰主语时，谓语用单数。-Each boy gets a prize.-Nobody works harder than John does.-If either of you takes a vacation now, we will not be able to finish the work.注：each作主语或修饰主语时谓语用单数，但作同位语时谓语由主语决定：-We each _ an English-Chinese dictionary.-Each of us _ an English-Chinese dictionary.5由many a/more than one/one of/one in(out of)修饰名词时，谓语用单数。-Only one in ten students has passed the exam.-More than one student was absent.-Many a child was playing there.注：more+复数名词+than one作主语时谓语用复数。-More students than one were absent.6由and连接的两个或三个单数主语前如果有every, each, no, many a 修饰时，谓语用单数。-No boy and no girl likes it.-Every hour and (every) minute is important.-Many a teacher and many a student enjoys the book very much.7由and连接的两个词指同一个人，同一事物或同一概念且共用一个冠词时，谓语用单数。-The teacher and writer is her friend.8由and连接的两个名词表示组合在一起的一个整体或成套的东西作主语时，谓语用单数。常见的有：bread and butter 黄油面包 bread and milk 牛奶面包 law and order 法律秩序 war and peace战争与和平 trial an error 反复试验 a knife and fork 一副刀叉 a horse and cart 一辆马车 a needle and thread 一根带线的针-Bread and milk is what they usually have for breakfast.-A horse and cart was seen in the distance.9由只用作单数的不可数集合名词作主语时，谓语用单数。常见词有：clothing(衣服), poetry（诗歌）, baggage/luggage(行李), furniture(家具), equipment(设备), jewelry(珠宝), scenery(风景)等。-Our clothing protects us from cold.（二）常接复数谓语的情况：1由and或bothand连接的两个单数名词作主语时，谓语用复数。-Both coffee and beer are on sale in the shop.-English and Chinese are quite different.2cattle, people, police作主语时，谓语用复数。-The police have caught the murderer.-Cattle feed on grass.3表示成双成套的名词作主语时，谓语用复数。常见词有：trousers, shoes, glasses, gloves, scissors等。-His black trousers are too long.-Your glasses are on your nose.4表示群岛，瀑布，山脉等以s结尾的名词作主语时，谓语用复数。-The Philippines are in the Pacific Ocean.5clothes, works(著作), goods, the Olympic Games作主语时，谓语用复数。-The Olympic Games are held every four years.-His works have been translated into several foreign languages.6the与Chinese, English, British, French等连用作主语，表示名族或国家的人时，谓语用复数。-The Chinese are hard-working.7the 与某些形容词连用作主语，表示某类人时，谓语用复数。常见的词有：the poor/rich, the old/young, the living/dead, the wounded/injured等。-The rich make slaves of the poor.-The young are the hope of our country.注：the与某些形容词连用作主语，表示某类事物或抽象概念时，谓语用单数。-The beautiful lives forever. 美是永存的。-The old gives place to the new. 新陈代谢。 （三）谓语单复数视情况而定：1集合名词作主语时，如果表示整体概念，谓语用单数，如表示个体成员则用复数。常见词有：family, class, team, army, audience, group, staff, government等。-My family _ very large.-His family _ waiting for him.-This class _ made up of 60 students.-All the class _ going to the playground.2the majority单独作主语时，谓语可单可复；the majority of+复数名词作主语时，谓语复数。-The majority was/were in favor of the plan.-The majority of boys like football.3单复数同形词作主语时要根据上下文或修饰词确定谓语的单复数。常见的词有：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, works, means, species, series, aircraft, head等。-A sheep is dying.-Many sheep are eating grass on the hillside.-Every means _ been tried.-All possible means _ been tried.4当all, most, half, enough, some, the rest, 分数，百分数等与of连用作主语时，后接复数名词时谓语用复数，后接单数名词或不可数名词时谓语用单数。-Some of the students _ for the plan.-Half the building _ damaged in the explosion.-Three fourths of the earth _ covered by water.-The rest of the money _ stolen.注：all单独作主语时，若指人，谓语用复数，若指物或现象，谓语用单数。-All have gone home. 大家都回家了。-All that glitters is not gold. 发光的不一定都是金子。5由a kind of, this kind of, many kinds of 或名词+of this kind构成的短语作主语时谓语单复数由of前的名词决定。（type/sort/form/piece/part等用法相同）-This kind of apples _ expensive.-Apples of this kind _ expensive.-These kinds of apples _ expensive.6the number/variety of+名词作主语时，谓语用单数；a number/variety of +名词作主语时，谓语用复数。-The number of the houses sold in this area _ increasing.-A large number of houses in this area _ sold every year.7quantities/masses/amounts of +名词作主语时，谓语用复数；a quantity/mass of+名词作主语时，谓语由名词决定；an amount of+名词作主语时，谓语用单数。-Large quantities of water _ polluted every year.-A large quantity of water _ polluted every year.8what引导的从句, such, population, the following作主语时，谓语由表语决定单复数。-What we need _ some money.-What we need _ some suggestions.-The following _ a good example.-The following _ some good examples.-The population of Canada _ about 29 million.-About eighty percent of the population of this country _ farmers.-Such _ his friends and relatives.-Such _ Albert Einstein, a simple man with great achievements.9在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语的数应该和它后面的主语的数保持一致。-On the wall are some famous paintings.-There comes the bus.10a/an+单数名词+or two作主语时，谓语用单数；one or two+复数名词作主语时，谓语用复数。-A student or two has failed the exam.-One or two students have failed the exam.11就近原则：谓语的单复数与最近的主语一致。（there be, or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, notbut）-There _ a book and two ball-pens on the desk.-Either you or he _ to blame. -Not you but I _ to answer the question.12谓语的单复数与最前面的主语一致。（with, together with, along with, as well as, except, but, besides, in addition to, including, like, more than, rather than等）-Mr. Green, along with his wife and children, _ going to visit China next week.-He rather than you _ to blame.-All the students except Tom _ seen the film.巩固练习：1. -Is everyone here? -Not yetLook, here _ the rest of our guests! (2010江苏卷) A. come B. comes C. is coming D. are coming2. Listening to loud music at rock concerts _ caused hearing loss in some teenagers. (2010湖南卷) A. is B. are C. has D. have3. It is reported that many a new house _ at present in the disaster area. (2010陕西卷) A. are being built B. were being built C. was being built D. is being built4. Either you or one of your students _ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow. (2009湖南卷) A. are B. is C. have D. be5. The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities _ rising steadily since 1990. (2009山东卷) A. is B. are C. has been D. have been6. The teacher together with the students _ discussing Reading Skills that _ newly published in America. (2009四川卷) A. are; were B. is; were C. are; was D. is; was7. Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, _ visit Beijing this summer. (2009陕西卷) A. is going to B. are going to C. was going to D. were going to8. -Did you go to the show last night? -Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area _ invited. (2008陕西卷) A. were B. have been C. has been D. was9. A survey of the opinions of experts _ that three hours of outdoor exercise a week _ good for ones health. (2007江西卷) A. show; are B. shows; is C. show; is D. shows; are10. We live day by day, but in the great things, the time of days and weeks _ so small that a day is unimportant. (2007湖南卷) A. is B. are C. has been D. have been11. As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area _. (2007陕西卷) A. need repairing B. needs to repair C. needs repairing D. need to repair12. Each man and woman _ the same rights. A. has B. have C. had D. is having13. Every means _ tried but without much result. A. has been B. have been C. are D. is14. Not only I but also David and Iris _ fond of playing basketball. A. am B. is C. are D. was15. Neither Tom nor his parents _ at home. A. is B. are C. has D. was16. _ was wrong. A. Not the teacher but the students B. Both the students and the teacher C. Neither the teacher nor the students D. Not the students but the teacher17. Three hours _ enough for us to finish the task. A. are B. has C. is D. were18. All that can be done _. A. has done B. has been done C. have done D. have been done19. More than one worker _ dismissed. A. have been B. are C. has been D. has20. The gas works _ near the city. A. is B. are C. were D. be21. The family _ over the problem among themselves for two hours. A. has argued B. has been arguing C. have argued D. have been arguing22. The public _ generous in their co