笔记符号和缩写汇总.doc

笔记符号和缩写汇总Symbols1. 字母、图像Z 表示人people/person，因为Z看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。例如：日本人：JZ.C 表示政府，统治：government，govern 希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以就用C来表示govern, government. governmental official 可以表示为 CZP 表示政治：politics, political希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political.那么politician就可以表示为 PZ 表示总数：total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, etc. 数学符号表示总值。G 表示效率：efficient, effective. G为效率符号。Q 表示通货膨胀：inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到，所以用首字母代替。B 表示商业：business.C 表示冲突，矛盾：conflict， confrontation C中的表示反对，字母C将反对的概念缩小为conflict 和 confrontation. W 表示工作，职业: work, employ 等。它是work的第一个字母。所以WZ就可以用来表示worker, 而W（Z在字母上方表示employer, 在字母下方表示employee）。i 表示工业: industry, industrial 字母i 像只烟囱，所以用来可以用来表示工业。U U 看酷似一个酒杯，在笔记中表示合同、协议（treaty, agreement）一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示举杯祝贺.如果在U内填入2，就可以表示为bilateral（双边的）, 填入3表示为trilateral（三边的）。填入在U中填入1表示: Unilateralism（单边主义），填入m （multiple） 表示多边主义。如果在U上加一个/表示谈判破裂。V 表示胜利，成功 表示国家、民族、领土等：country, state, nation, etc. g表示进口，g表示出口; / 表示国与国 这个符号酷似一把椅子，可以表示主持、主办：chair, host, preside over.那么在此符号上加Z表示主席，主持人：chairman, host, etc.T 表示领导人：leader, head那么head of government, head of company 便可以表示为 CT 圆圈表示一个圆桌，中间一点表示一盆花，这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等：meeting，conference， negotiation，seminar，discussion，symposium 圆圈代表地球，横线表示赤道，所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的等: international, worldwide, global, universal, etc.J 表示开心：pleasant, joyful，happy，excited, etc.L 表示不满、生气unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, sad, etc.EO 表示听到、众所周之：as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of, etc.O 表示漠不关心、无动于衷：indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, dont care much, etc.2. 箭头g 表示到达、传达：go into，arrive at，give to，send to，present to etc.g 表示导致、引导：lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc.f 表示来自于：be/come from，return，receive from, etc.f 表示追溯到：come/go back to，originateh 表示上升：up/upward/rise，increase，arise，ascend, etc.k 表示发射、投放市场、发行：launch，open, start, etc. 表示发展、加强、推进：develop，strengthen， promote, etc表示波折：ups and downs, twists and turns, etc.3. 数学符号 therefore, thus, so because % per cent divide, divided by + 表示多: many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.+（+2） 表示多的比较级：more+3 表示多的最高级：most 表示少: little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc. 表示错误、失误和坏的概念：wrong/incorrect，something bad，notorious，negative, etc. 或者multiply, multiplied by 表示多于概念：bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc.表示高 概念：superior to，surpass, etc. 表示对手概念：a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.（ ） 表示在之间：among, within, etc. 表示不同概念：be different from, is not equal to, not the same as, etc. 表示大约概念：about/around，or so， approximately, etc./ 表示否定，消除等概念：cross out, eliminate, etc. 表示“调换、对调、交流”等意思 表示“属于”4. 标点等: 表示各种各样说的动词：say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc.? 表示问题：question，issue，例如：台湾问题：tw?! 表示“注意，警惕”等提醒的意思. （dot） 这个.点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样.d表示yesterday; .y表示last year; .2m表示two month ago; y表示this year; y2. two year later; next week, 可以表示为wk. 表示转折 表示好的状态，right/good，famous/well-known，etc.表示同意状态，stand up for，support， agree with sb, certain/ affirmative, etc. 表示重要的状态：important，exemplary（模范的） best，outstanding，brilliant，etc.n 表示交流状态：exchange，mutual, etc.& 表示和，与：and，together with，along with， accompany，along with，further more，etc. 表示结束：end，stop，halt，bring sth to a standstill/stop, etc.* 表示数字 number_ (下画线) 表示“强调、严重”等加重的意思# 表示“删除、不要、放弃”等r 表示“恢复、复原”, 表示“压力”II 表示“但是”等转折意5. 其它H2O = water/= parallel = atff = followingvs = against = thereforeppl=peoplethx=thanks ur=your asap=as soon as possible u = you plz = please y = why 2=to4=forB=beU=youR=areC=see星期缩写Mon.Tues.Wed.Thur.Fri.Sat.Sun.月份缩写Jan.Feb.Mar.Apr.MayJun.Jul.Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.Abbreviations Use only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.1. Standard abbreviationsdept = department cf. = compare (with) e.g. = for example etc. = et cetera, and so on et al. = and others ibid. = in the same place (in a book or article) i.e. = that is N.B. = note well (something important) viz. = namely (naming someone or something you have just referred to)2. Use only the first syllable of a word.pol = politicsdem = democracylib = liberalcap = capitalism3. Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.pres = presentationsubj = subjectind = individualcons = conservative4. Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation.assoc = associatebiol = biologyinfo = informationach = achievementchem = chemistrymax = maximumintro = introductionconc = concentrationmin = minimumrep = repetition5. Omit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.ppd = preparedprblm = problemestmt = estimatebkgd = backgroundgvt = government6. Use an apostrophe in place of letters.amt = amountcontd = continuedgovt = governmenteducatl = educational7. Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.chpts = chaptersegs = examplesfs = frequenciesintros = introductions8. Use g to represent ing endings.ckg = checkingestg = establishingdecrg = decreasingexptg = experimenting9. Spell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.Leave out unimportant words.Leave out the words a and the.10. If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.口译听力常用英语缩略词表7缩略词 原词APT ApartmentACC AccountantACDG AccordingACPT AcceptAD AdvertisementADS AddressADV AdviceAMAP As much/many as possibleAMT AmountAPV ApproveASAP As soon as possibleBAL BalanceBLDG BuildingCERT Certificate缩略词 原词CFM ConformCNCL CancelCNF ConferenceCMI CommissionCMP CompleteCMPE Compete/competitiveCMU CommunicationCONC Concern/concerning/concernedCOND ConditionCO. CompanyDEPT DepartmentDISC DiscountDPT DepartureEXCH ExchangeEXPLN ExplainEXT ExtentFLT FlightFNT FinalFRT FreightFYR For your referenceGD GoodGUAR GuaranteeH.O. Home officeINFO InformationIMPS I