英语讲义2.doc

第十一章 连词A.并列连词and, or, but连接两个相同的句子成分或句子.1.and2.but3.or/ otherwise/or else (用法or与相同但语气较重) Hurry up, or else youll miss the last bus. The book must be here, or else youve lost it.书一定在这儿,不然的话就是你弄丟了.考点（1）：祁使句,and(那么)/or(否则) sbll do. Eg. Study hard, and youll pass the exam.Study hard, or youll fail in the exam.4. both, and, neither nor 只连接两个相同的句子成分,不能连接句子.5.as well as 以及 as well=too也考点（2）：and 和as well as的区别 and 连接俩个并列句子成分-谓语用复数;as well as+名词作为状语eg. Mr Wang and his wife are doctors. Mr Wang as well as his wife is doctor.6.not onlybut also/ notbut not only but also 既可以连接相同的句子成分,又可以连接两个并列句,强调的重点在后一个并列成分上7.eitheror考点（3）：主谓一致必须按：紧位原则eg.Not only the students but also our teacher has seen the film. Not only our teacher but also the students have seen the film. 8.though/but ,because/so考点（4）：英语中，说了“因为”不说“所以”; 说了“虽然”不说“但是”.9.yet 然而 eg.Though he is a young boy, yet(不用but) he knows a lot. He was very tired, yet he kept on working.考点（5）：两个特殊的并列连词a.when +时间从句（当时）从属连词但是：was/were about to do+when+并列句 正要做sth,就在此时（突然）过去进行时+when+并列句 正在做sth,就在此时（突然）had just done+when+并列句 刚做了sth,就在此时（突然）.when相当于and then或at the time that也是常见考点，主句为特定时间，从句表达的多是偶然性的动作。如：eg. I was about to leave when it began to rain. I was going home when it began to rain. I had just left when it began to rain.He was about to tell me the secret_ someone patted him on the shoulder. (2002上海) A.as B.until C.while D.when b. while+时间从句（当时）从属连词+并列句, 意为而，虽然。 while连接两个在意义上相互对比或相反的句子.注意在while之前,一般有逗号与前一个句子分开.如：eg.She thought I was talking about her uncle,while in fact,I was talking about my uncle. My mother is cooking supper, while my father is reading a newspaper. While I like the color of the hat, I do not like its shape.虽然我喜欢帽子的颜色，但不喜它的形状.B. 主从连词 (从属连词) 主句+从属连词+各类从句(一)that,what 1.两者都可引导名词性从句。1)that本身无词义，常引导名词性从句，此时的从句意义已完整，常不省略(宾语从句除外)。如：_ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect.(2002上海春) A.What B.That C.This D.Which (注：有下划线的选项为正确答案，下同) It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray.(it为形式主语) 2)what引导名词性从句时，在从句中常作主语或宾语。如：_ we cant get seems better than we have.(NMET1996) A.What;what B.What;that C.That;that D.That;what A computer can only do_ you have instructed it to do.(NMET2001) A.how B.after C.what D.when 2.what一般不可引导定语从句，不能用作强调词；而that既可引导定语从句(由其前的先行词确定)，又可作强调词。如：All that is needed is a supply of rice. It was only when I reread the article last night that I realized the extended meaning. 3.what可作为感叹词引导感叹句，而that不可。如：What a long way it is from Beijing to Lon-don! (二)whether ,if 1.两者都能引导名词性从句之异同：1)当引导一个没有疑问词的问句时，两者均可。如：Im not sure whether(if)Ill have time. 2)当提出两种选择时要用whether。如：Let me know whether you can come or not. 3)whether可用在介词后，if则不可。如：I havent settled the question of whether Ill go back home. 4)whether可与不定式连用，if则不行。如：She doesnt know whether to get married now or wait. 5)引导主语从句时，if不能放句首，whether在句首、句中均可。如：_ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.(NMET1996) A.If B.Whether C.That D.Where It is doubtful if(whether)he is coming. 2.if还可以引起条件状语从句，whether不可以。如：If we try hard,well be able to complete the task in time. 3.whether.or(无论)，引起让步状语从句，if不可。如：Whether you come or not,Ill set off on time. a).只能用whether不能用if的场合: if不能用在句首引导名词性从句， 而whether 则可.如： _well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.（ ） If Whether That Where 乍一看此题四个选项均无相似之处，但只要稍作比较就可发现、两项有意同之处，即作是否解时 ，if可以等于whether，则答案有可能就在、之中。然后运用已学知识，if不能用在句首引导名词性从句， 而whether 则可.b). 只能说whetheror not,whether to do 不能说ifor not/if to do(三)in case，if +条件从句两者都引导条件状语从句。1)in case作如果意义时，常放在句前，可与if替换。如：In case(If)he comes, let me know. 2)in case作免得，以防意义时常放在主句后，是目的状语从句,不能用if替换。试比较：You should insure your house in case theres a fire. John may call tonight.I dont want to go out in case he phones. I dont think Ill need any small change but Ill bring some in case. (四)unless(除非，如果不)，if.not 两者都引导条件状语从句。如：He is sure to come unless he has some urgent business. He is sure to come if he hasnt any urgent business. The men will have to wait all day unless the doctor works faster. 1.当从句是虚拟形式时，只用if.not,不用unless引导。如：The flowers would have died,if you had not watered diligently. 2.当主句为疑问句时，不用unless,而用if.not。如：What shall we do if he doesnt reply to our letter? 3.当unless引导的从句带有否定词时，不能用if.not代替。如：Ill go unless no one else goes. (五)当时+时间从句a).when= at or during the time that when+瞬间动词表示时间点; when+延续性动词表示时间段，可与while换用eg. When /While I was in the kitchen, someone knocked at the door. When(不可用while) I woke up, Mum was preparing breakfast.b).while+延续性动词表示时间段= during the time that eg. While I was reading, the telephone rang.c).as 常常可与while, when通用,强调主从句动作同时发生，通常译为“一边一边”,”随着“ eg. As you grow, you know more and more. 随着年龄的增长，你的知识越来越丰富. The girls are talking and laughing as they are walking.d).the moment+时间从句=as soon aswhen的用法是高考的考点之一，也是中学生学习中的难点。高考试题中when用法的命题方式:一、测试when引导的时间状语从句谓语动词的时态。1.-When will you come to see me, Dad? -I will go to see you when you _ the training course.(北京2003春) A. will have finished B. will finish C. are finishing D. finish 【分析】在when引导的时间状语从句中，常用一般现在时表示一般将来时。2.Tom _ into the house when no one _.(MET92) A.slipped;waslooking B.hadslipped;looked C.slipped;hadlooked D.wasslipping;looked 【分析】when引导的时间状语从句可兼指时间点与时间段。溜进门是一时的动作，而且发生在没人看见的过程中，所以第一个空用一般过去时，第二个空用过去进行时。【提示】when引导时间状语从句时，表示当的时候，从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的，也可以是非延续性的。它引导的时间状语从句通常用一般现在时表示一般将来时；用一般过去时表示过去将来时；用现在完成时表示将来完成时。二、测试when引导的时间状语从句的省略。When _, the museum will be open to the public next year.(上海2002春) A.completed B.completing C.being completed D.to be completed 【分析】when引导时间状语从句时，若从句的主语与主句的主语相同，且在从句谓语中含有be时，通常省略从句的主语和be。【提示】when引导时间状语从句，主谓具有被动关系时，省略之后，谓语部分只留过去分词；主谓具有主动关系时，省略之后，谓语部分可以是现在分词、形容词、副词或介词短语。三、测试when作并列连词的用法。He was about to tell me the secret _ someone patted him on the shoulder.(上海2002) A.as B.until C.while D.when 【分析】when作并列连词用时，表示在那时；突然这时，相当于and then或at that time。四、测试when作从属连词的用法。1.Dont be afraid of asking for help _ it is needed.(NMET2003) A.unless B.since C.although D.when 2.Why do you want a new job _ youve got such a good one already?(NMET98) A.that B.where C.which D.when 【分析】when表示当的时候，引导时间状语从句，表示主句谓语动词所表示的动作发生的时间。when还可表示既然，引导原因状语从句，相当于since。【提示】解答这类试题的关键是，正确理解主句与从句间的逻辑关系，熟记when作从属连词的各种用法。五、测试when作关系副词的用法。The film brought the hours back to me _I was taken good care of in that far-away village.(NMET2001) A.until B.that C.when D.where 【分析】when作关系副词用时，引导定语从句，修饰前面指时间的名词，且在从句中充当时间状语。【提示】when既可引导限制性定语从句，又可引导非限制性定语从句，还可引导分隔式定语从句。(六) 在前(后) before/after自从以来 since 主句+现在完成时+since+一般过去时(七)“一就”的四个句型 as soon as(不倒装)= the moment hardly had +sb+done+when- No sooner had+sb+done+than- On doing(不倒装)She cried as soon as she heard the bad news.Hardly had I arrived home when the phone rang.The little girl smiled on seeing her mother.(八)四个“因为” 的句型because(因为) why?/ as(由于) /since(既然) 表示因果关系for(因为)引导一个并列句,对前面一个句子做补充说明或推断原因eg. The day broke, for the cocks began to cry.考点（1）：区别because +从句/ because of +宾语 eg. Li Ming is absent from class, because he is ill. Li Ming is absent from class because of his illness.考点（2）：It is because +从句.(用于口语), because +从句一般不用作为名词性从句， eg. The reason why Tom is absent is that ( 不用because) he is ill.(九) so+形，副、such+名.that+结果从句or目的从句eg. I got up so early this morning that I caught the early bus.( 结果从句) I got up so early this morning that I could catch the early bus.( 目的从句)(十)虽然+让步从句 though, although, as 这三个词都有转折之意，表示虽然、尽管。1.though和although引导让步状语从句时，常可互换，只是although的语气较强些，其主句前可用副词yet,still,nevertheless修饰，也可不用。如：ThoughAlthough it was late,the farmer kept on harvesting the crops by the lights of the tractors. Though he was old,(yet)he worked hard. 2.though作连词时，可以用于省略句，引起让步状语从句可以用部分倒装语序；作副词时表可是、然而，常放于句末，但上述用法不适用于although。如：Ive a bit of cold.Its nothing serious,though. 3.as引导让步状语从句时，从句用倒装语序，将表语、状语等置于句首，可与though互换。如：_,I have never seen anyone whos as capable as John.(上海2001) A.As long as I have traveled B.Now that I have traveled so much C.Much as I have traveled D.As I have traveled so much Poor though /as I am，I can afford it. (十一)无论+让步从句however /whatever.,no matter how/what. 1.no matter what /how等只能引导以形容词或副词为中心的让步状语从句，且用部分倒装形式。如：However /No matter how hard it may be，I must try. 2.however无论怎样，whatever无论什么，既可引导让步状语从句也可引导名词性从句，要视具体情况而定。如：These wild flowers are so special that I would do whatever I can to save them. However late he is,Mother will wait for him to have dinner together. We will have to finish the job,however long it takes. (十二)即使+让步从句 even if,even though 即使、纵使都可引导让步状语从句，但even if更强调假定性。如：Even if he is poor,she loves him.He may be poor,yet she loves him. Even though he is poor,she loves him.He is poor,yet she loves him. Even though /if I didnt know anybody,Ihad a good time. (十三)仿佛，好象+方式从句 as if / as though eg. She felt sad, as if the whole world had turned against her.(十四) till,until(直到，直到才) 1.都可引导时间状语从句，当从句在主句后面时，二者均可用；主句谓语动词为延续性动词，用肯定式；若是短暂性动词，用否定式。如：Sandy had left his keys in the office so he had to wait until /till his wife came back. They watched the train until /till it disappeared in the distance. I didnt leave until /till he came back. 2.但是在句首或强调句中时，一般用until而不用till；在句首时，主句谓语要部分倒装而从句不倒装。如：Not until all the fish died in the river did the farmers realize how serious the pollution was! (十五) in order that,so that,so.that 1.前两者都可以引导目的状语从句，从句中通常要有can /could,m ay /might,will /would等情态动词，而且，当从句的主语与主句的主语一致时从句可转化为in order to do sth.so as to do sth.to do sth.。如：John shut everybody out of the kitchen so that he could prepare his grand surprise for the party. They set off for the station very early in order that /so that they might not miss the first bus.They set off for the station very early in order not to miss the first bus. 2.后两者都可以引导结果状语从句，此时从句中一般不能用can /could,may /might,will /would等。如：He got up very early so that he caught the first train. The research is so designed that once begun nothing can be done to change it. So difficult did I feel it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English well. I devoted all my time to my studies so that I got good marks in all my subjects. I felt so nervous that I shook like a leaf.(十六)起连词作用的名词词组NMET99第78题是这样的：I_（认出）MikethemomentIsawhim该题中的themoment是一个名词词组，在现代英语中，它已被用作连词，引导时间状语从句，意思是“一就”，等于assoonas，因此该题的意思是“我一看见迈克就认出了他。”又如：IstartedthemomentIgotyourletter我一接到你的信就动身了。英语中类似于themoment起连词作用的名词词组还有其它一些。现举例如下：一、theminute，theinstant，thesecond，与themoment用法相同，意为“一就”。例如：Illtellhimthenewsthemunutehecomes他一来我就告诉他这消息。IsentyouthenewstheinstantIheardit我一听到这消息就立刻通知你了。Telephonemethesecondyougettheresult你一得到结果就给我打电话。二、由time构成的名词词组。如：thefirst/lasttime，each/everytime，nexttime，allthetime，anytime等。例如：HehadimpressedmethatwaythefirsttimeImethim我第一次碰到他时他就给我这个印象。HewasseriouslyillthelasttimeIsawhim我上次见到他时，他病得很厉害。EachtimeIcalledonhimhewasbusywithhiswork我每次去看他，他都忙于工作。Donotstopeverytimeyoucometoawordorphraseyoudontknow不要每碰到一个不认识的单词或短语就停下来。Hewasthinkingofsomethingelseallthetimeyouweretalkingtohim你和他谈话的时候，他一直在想别的事情。Besuretocallonusnexttimeyoucome你下次来时一定来看我们。Youarewelcometocomebackanytimeyouwantto你什么时候想回来，我们都欢迎。三、theday，theweek，theyear，thespring，thesummerto，theautumn，thewinter等。例如：ThedayIlefthere，theyallcametoseemeoff我离开这里的那一天，他们都来给我送行。HeleftEuropetheyearWorldWarIIbrokeout第二次世界大战爆发的那一年他离开了欧洲。ThesummerMarywas14herfamilytravelledtothatcountry玛丽十四岁的那年夏天，她家人到那个国家去旅行。(十七)nor 也不 (以nor开头的句子要倒装)He is not a teacher, nor am I.他不是老师,我也不是.She didnt come yesterday, nor did I.昨天她没来, 我也没来.All that is true, nor must we forget about it.那全是真实的,我们可不能忘记.Part Three句法英语句子的种类A. 按句子结构分为 简单句，并列句，主从复合句B. 按使用目的分为 陈述句，疑问句，感叹句，祈使句第十二章 简单句和并列句 p.150一 英语句子的基本句型及句子的基本成分(参见教材p150)1. 英语句子的基本句型:1. 主语+连系动词+表语 eg.The map is on the wall. We are Chinese.2. 主语+不及物动词 eg.He came yesterday. Her father died two years ago.3. 主语+及物动词+宾语 eg.Children often sing this song. She is writing a grammar book.4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语eg.Please show me your photo.=show your phote to me We wish you a merry Christmas!5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语eg.I heard her singing.The news drove him crazy.6. there be 结构 eg.There is a blackboard on the wall.There are not any students in the classroom.Is there any water in the glass?Will there be a lecture on English next Friday?How many red stars are there in the picture? there be 结构的时态:There was a basketball match at our schoolyesterday.There is going to be a report tomorrow morning.(不用have)There have been many kinds of news about the war. there be 结构的情态动词：There must be something wrong with my watch.There cant be any political rights for the poor in the past.There seems/happens to be no boubt about it. there used to be的一般疑问句和反意疑问句: Did there use to be a school near your home? There used to be some trees in the field in front of our house, usednt/didnt there?2. 句子的基本成分(参见教材p150)二 主谓一致 现代英语主谓一致大致要遵循以下三条原则:(一)语法一致 主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式.1).单数名词/不定式（短语）/动名词（短语）/主语从句-谓语用单数 复数名词-谓语用复数eg. Many natural materials are becoming scarce. Serving the people is our duty. To finish the work in advance is what he wants. What seems easy in theory is difficult in practice. What caused the accident is a complete mystery.2).用both.and, and 连接的并列主语，谓语用复数；但是，and所连接的两个单数名词作主语，指同一人、同一件事或同一概念时，其谓语动词用单数。Eg. Water and air are necessary to human beings.水和空气对人类是必不可少的。Our teacher and leader is Mao Tsedong.A writer and poet is giving a talk on modern poetry. A writer and poet一个作家兼诗人，是同一个人，谓语用单数但是，A writer and a poet are talking about one of their friends. A writer and a poet一个作家一个诗人, 是两个人，谓语用复数 A knife and fork costs five dollars.一副刀叉需5美元。 A knife and a fork cost five dollars.一把刀子和一把叉子需5美元。3). 单数名词当主语,后面跟着由including, with, together with, along with, like, in addition to, as well as, rather than, but, except, more than, accompanied by等连接的短语时,谓语用单数eg. Mr Smith with his wife and children goes swimming./ Doctor Richards, together with his wife and three children, is to arrive on the afternoon flightJohn,together with his parents, has gone to the party.A woman with a baby is coming to the hospital.The fact,together with what I have heard,proves him right.The girl as well as the boys has learned to drive a car.Mary as well as her sister likes listening to music.4). 复数名词or 短语，表示事件、机构、国名、作品等专有名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数eg. The United Nations is an international organization.The United States is a developed country which has advanced science and technology.5). 表示时间、距离、重量、体积、金钱的复数名词，作主语时作为整体来看待，谓语动词通常用单数；如果看作一个个的个体时，是复数意义，谓语用复数eg. Twenty miles is a long distance.Two kilometers is 2000 metres.Five thousands dollars is quite a large sum of money to me.The past two years have been the driest in the history.6). one, one of, every, everyone, everybody, each, many a, either, neither, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody用作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用单数形式eg. Everyone is here.Each man, woman and child has the same right.Many a student doesnt like to do their homework.(many a studentmany students)Either of students is going to compete for the president of the students union.More than one person was involved in the case.Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university _.A)has been accepted B) have been accepted C) was accepted D) were acceptedneither用作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。此外，定语从句用过去完成时，主句应用一般过去时，故答案为C.7).在定语从句中，关联词作主语时，谓语的数决定于先行词eg. The students who want to go there should meet at the school gate.Each student who wants to go there should meet at the school gate.先行词是one of +复数名词, -在定语从句中,谓语用复数先行词是the only/the same one of +复数名词, -在定语从句中,谓语用单数eg. He is one of the top students who have made great progress.He is the only one of the top students who has got full marks.8). half,plenty of, a lot of, 1/3 of, 70% of +复数名词, -谓语用复数half,plenty of, a lot of,1/3 of, 70% of + 不可数名词, -谓语用单数Half his weekends are spent in the country.Half his time is spent on books.(二) 意义一致 主语和谓语的一致不是由主语的语法形式来决定，而是由主语所表达的意义决定.1).news/means/works(工厂)/physics/politics/mathematics, maths,等不可数名词作主语, -谓语用单数eg.The news lasts half an hour.新闻节目长达半小时。Physics has made great progress in this century.本世纪物理学的发展突飞猛进。2).glasses/scissors（剪刀）/trousers/goods等复数名词作主语, -谓语用复数, 但是，a pair of glasses(一副眼镜) 作主语, -谓语用单数 3).形单意复的名词作主语, -谓语用复数,eg.people,police,cattle and so oneg. Cattle were not allowed to go into the woods.4).集合名词：class,family ,army,crowd,group,team and so on , 集合名词作主语时，当名词表示整体时，谓语动词用单数；当名词强调集体中的个体时，谓语动词用复数eg.The ba