天然气管线安全置换与漏气事故分析中英文翻译.doc

/ /天然气管线安全置换与漏气事故分析中英文翻译Natural gas pipeline safety exchange and gas leakage accident analysis in both Chinese and English translation 摘要：天然气置换是一个庞大的系统工程，但是置换的危险性较高，若置换方案不当或着操作失误，极可能发生导致难以预料的严重后果，不但会使置换工作搁置，还会给人民群众的生命财产造成不必要的损失。因此，在天然气置换过程中，要将安全问题作为重中之重加以对待，对整个过程进行管理，做到置换工作有序、可控的进行。基于此，本文对天然气管线安全置换与漏气事故问题进行了细致的分析，阐述了天然气的特性与置换方式，对置换过程中的安全环节进行了讨论，最后分析了燃气管网漏气原因和处理方式。Abstract: the replacement of natural gas is a huge system engineering, but the replacement of the risk is higher, if improper replacement plan or the operation error, very likely lead to unpredictable serious consequences, not only can make the replacement work, also can give people life and property cause unnecessary losses. In natural gas displacement process, therefore, to safety as a top priority to treat and to manage the whole process, do the replacement work orderly and controllable. Based on this, in this paper, the natural gas pipeline safety permutation problem with leakage accident has carried on the detailed analysis, this paper expounds the characteristics of natural gas and displacement, the displacement in the process of security segment are discussed, and finally analyzes the gas pipe network leakage reasons and processing methods. 关键词：天然气置换 管线安全 管线漏气 事故分析Key words: gas replacement pipeline safety pipeline leak accident analysis 中图分类号：TU996 文献标识码：AChinese library classification number: TU996 literature identifier: A 近年来，天然气置换煤气工作得到了政府的指导和用户的配合，使得置换工作能够在很大程度上顺利的进行。天然气的置换需要结合城市燃气管网的特点和天然气与焦炉煤气的气源分布特征，对置换区域内的用户进行统计，并对区域内原有管网设施和用户的灶具进行改造1。可见，天然气置换是一个庞大的系统工程，但是置换的危险性较高，若置换方案不当或着操作失误，极可能发生导致难以预料的严重后果，不但会使置换工作搁置，还会给人民群众的生命财产造成不必要的损失。因此，在天然气置换过程中，要将安全问题作为重中之重加以对待，对整个过程进行管理，做到置换工作有序、可控的进行。基于此，本文对天然气管线安全置换与漏气事故问题进行了细致的分析，阐述了天然气的特性与置换方式，对置换过程中的安全环节进行了讨论，最后分析了燃气管网漏气原因和处理方式。希望通过本文的工作，是时下部分地区进行的天然气置换工作提供一定的可供借鉴的信息，使置换工作在安全的状态下你顺利的进行。In recent years, natural gas displacement gas work obtained the government guidance and the users coordination, make replacement work smoothly to a great extent. Gas replacement need to be combined with the characteristics of city gas pipeline network and the distribution characteristics of natural gas and coke oven gas sources, the replacement of the user, and the original pipe network facilities and users kitchen remodel 1. Visible, gas replacement is a huge system engineering, but the replacement of the risk is higher, if improper replacement plan or the operation error, very likely lead to unpredictable serious consequences, not only can make the replacement work, also can give people life and property cause unnecessary losses. In natural gas displacement process, therefore, to safety as a top priority to treat and to manage the whole process, do the replacement work orderly and controllable. Based on this, in this paper, the natural gas pipeline safety permutation problem with leakage accident has carried on the detailed analysis, this paper expounds the characteristics of natural gas and displacement, the displacement in the process of security segment are discussed, and finally analyzes the gas pipe network leakage reasons and processing methods. Hope that through the work of this paper, is now in parts of the gas replacement work provide a certain amount of information that can be used for reference, make the replacement work smoothly for you in a safe condition. 1、天然气的特性与置换方式1, the characteristics of natural gas and replacement 1.1天然气的特性分析1.1 the feature analysis of the gas 天然气以甲烷为主要成分，属于无色、无味、无毒的原料，其热值较高，燃烧相对稳定，并且能够产生较少的污染，是洁净环保的优质能源。对人工煤气而言，一般只含有10%以下的有毒气体（一氧化碳），如果燃气泄漏会对人体造成一定的伤害；而与人工煤气相比，天然气中并不含有一氧化碳，即便泄漏也不容易引发中毒事故。此外，由于液化石油气的比重终于空气，如果泄漏容易积聚在居室的下部，扩散性不强，但是液化石油气的爆炸下限为1.5%，因此，如果天然气泄漏，则较易造成爆炸和火灾等危险事故。可是，与此相比，天然气的比重轻于空气，即使泄漏，也极易从窗户等通道溢出，爆炸下限超过5%，不易引发爆炸事故2。从这个角度讲，天然气的安全性比人工煤气和液化石油气的安全性都要高。而天然气只含有较少杂质的特性也是其在世界范围内得到了广泛的采用。Natural gas with methane as main component, belonging to colorless, tasteless, non-toxic raw materials, its high calorific value, burning is relatively stable, and can produce less pollution, are high-quality environmental clean energy. For the artificial coal gas, typically contain less than 10% of toxic gases (co), if the gas leakage will cause certain harm to human body; And compared with the artificial coal gas, natural gas does not contain carbon monoxide, even if the leakage is not easy to cause poisoning. In addition, due to the proportion of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) finally air, if leakage is easy to accumulate in the bottom of the bedroom, invasive is not strong, but the liquefied petroleum gas explosion lower limit is 1.5%, therefore, if the gas leak, is easier to cause explosion and fire dangerous accidents. But, by contrast, the proportion of natural gas lighter than air, even if the leak, also easily from the window and so on channel overflow, more than 5% lower explosive limit, not easy to cause explosion 2. From this perspective, the safety of the natural gas than the safety of the artificial coal gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). And natural gas contains less impurities feature is also the only has been widely used throughout the world. 1.2天然气的置换方法1.2 the replacement method of natural gas （1）直接置换法。该方法的工艺操作简单、便捷，比较适合一些管容量比较小，且压力级制比较低的天然气管道工程。只要新旧管道连通之后，就可以通过燃气压力使燃气新管道内的空气置换出去，在取样试验合格之后就能够投入使用了。但是，因为在直接置换空气的过程中，燃气的浓度如果较高，即便在常温和常压下，只有遇火花就会引起爆炸3。此时，该种置换方法就存在一定的危险性。为此需要采取相应的安全措施。(1) direct replacement method. Process of this method operation is simple, convenient, and more suitable for some relatively small capacity, and level system of low pressure natural gas pipeline project. As long as the old and new pipelines connected after, can through the air in the fuel gas pressure to make a new pipeline replacement, after the sample test can be put into use. But, because in the process of direct replacement of the air, if the concentration of the gas is high, even in normal temperature and pressure, only when an explosion caused by spark will 3. At this point, this kind of displacement method there is a certain risk. Therefore need to adopt corresponding safety measures. （2）间接置换法。该方法往往应用在一些管容量比较大、压力级制比较高的天然气新建管道工程之中，通过惰性气体要先将管道中的空气置换出去，然后再向其中输入燃气进行置换。该方法在置换过程中虽然安全性较高，但是费用也较直接置换法高出很多，且工序繁琐。(2) indirect displacement method. This method is often used in some capacity is larger, higher gas pressure level system of new pipeline engineering, through an inert gas to the pipeline of air displacement, and then to enter the gas replacement. The method in the process of replacement while the security is higher, but cost was much higher than direct displacement method, and the process complicated. （3）阻隔置换。该方法在费用方面较之于间接置换更加经济，但是与其相比对置换的技术要求更高，操作难度也更大。但是，如果置换的管道距离相对较长，该方法的安全性与经济性优势还是十分明显的。对大多数的天然气管道而言，清管器在管道中的运行速度都无法得到精确的控制，而清管器速度的变化会加快混气的形成，这样将会造成较大的混气段4。加之天然气管道内不存在润滑剂，只是依靠清管器和管道的摩擦进行，将导致清管器皮碗磨损严重，将会产生更大的混气量。(3) block replacement. This method is more economic than indirect replacement in terms of cost, but compared with the displacement of the technical requirements higher, more difficult. However, if the replacement of the pipeline distance is relatively long, security and economical advantages of this method is very obvious. For most of the natural gas pipeline, the pig in the pipeline running speed can get precise control, and changes in the velocity of the pig can accelerate the formation of the mixed gas, it will cause bigger aerating 4. Combined with the natural gas pipeline does not exist within the lubricant, just rely on the friction of the pipeline pig and, will lead to pig leather cup wear serious, will have a more mixed gas. 2、天然气管线置换过程的安全问题与管控2, security problem in the process of natural gas pipeline replacement and controls 管线置换工作是任何一家燃气公司都要进行的一项常规工作，但是将管线内的人工煤气置换成天然气，不但工作量大，而且也会因为操作的不当等原因而产生一定的安全隐患。因此，管线置换时，需要对操作人员进行安全性方面的教育和培训。因为，在人工燃气中含有一定浓度的CO，具有较高的毒性，不能大量随意排放，尤其要防止在排放处聚集CO，特别是在城区内行人或夜宵摊较多的地方，容易发生危险。因此，要尽可能的通过燃放的方式进行置换。具体做法是：对中压管网一律采取燃放方式置换，对低压管网的主要末端采取燃放方式，其它楼前管末端根据现场情况决定燃放或排放方式，而对高层屋顶立管采取排放方式置换，这样既保证了置换安全，又保证置换进度5。中压管道燃气燃放时必须使用预先制作带有阻火器的放燃器，避免发生回火和火灾事故。管道置换完成后还应该组织专门人员对地下管网进行检漏，及时发现漏点并迅速修复，防止发生火灾等事故。Pipeline replacement any job is to gas company to carry out a routine job, but the artificial coal gas displacement within the pipeline into natural gas, not only the workload is big, but it is also because of improper operation of some reasons such as safety hidden trouble. Therefore, pipeline replacement, need to operating personnel safety education and training. Because, in artificial gas contains a certain concentration of CO, has high toxicity, not a large number of random emission, especially to prevent the PaiFangChu gathered CO, especially at night or in urban professional booth more places, easy to produce risk. Therefore, as far as possible by setting off for replacement. Particular way is: replacement for medium voltage network are setting off way, mainly adopt the mode of light at the end of low pressure pipe network, the other end of the tube before the building according to site condition decided to set off or discharge, discharge way on top roof riser substitution, both to ensure the safety of the replacement, and ensure the replacement schedule 5. Medium pressure gas pipeline lighting must be used when the production in advance to put the burner with a flame arrester, avoid temper and fire accident. After the completion of the pipeline replacement should also organize specialized personnel for underground pipeline leak detection, timely find funnelled and quickly repair, to prevent the fire accident, etc. 3、燃气管网漏气原因分析与处理3, gas pipe network leakage reason analysis and processing 3.1燃气管网漏气原因分析3.1 gas pipe network leakage cause analysis 燃气管网漏气的原因主要有以下方面：（1）天然气全日的中压平均运行压力要比煤气的高。天然气中压管道、附属设施较长期在高压下运行，造成部分法兰垫或丝接密封材料由于高压发生变形，失去封闭效果，造成漏气；（2）天然气是干气，煤气是湿气，原来管网法兰密封垫使用是石棉板，铸铁管机械接口处用的是橡胶密封圈，在置换天然气后，管道内气体介质变干燥，石棉板或橡胶密封圈等密封材料逐步脱出水分或芳香烃而造成萎缩变形，和法兰或压兰的密封间隙增大，从而密封性失效，造成漏气。室内煤气表、单气嘴、活节、表前阀等处，在使用天然气一年后发生漏气也是此原因，导致漏气；（3）不排除现在还在使用的部分密封材料根本就不适宜在天然气管网中运用的问题，尚需做进一步的观察和科学实验。此外，管道电化学腐蚀、化学管道严重，管道腐蚀速率快的特点6。Gas pipe network leakage reasons mainly include the following aspects: (1) natural gas all medium voltage average operating pressure is higher than the gas. Medium pressure gas pipeline, ancillary facilities is running under high pressure for a long time, caused part of the flange gasket or wire sealing material due to high voltage distortion, loss of sealing effect, cause gas leakage; (2) the natural gas is dry gas, the gas is moisture, the original pipeline flange gasket used is asbestos board, cast iron pipe with mechanical joints is the rubber seal, after the replacement of natural gas, pipeline gas medium becomes dry, asbestos board or sealing material such as rubber seal gradually from moisture or aromatic hydrocarbon contraction deformation, and the flange or pressure of sealing clearance increases, thereby sealing failure, cause air leakage. Indoor gas meter, single valve before gas mouth, articulated, table, etc, in the use of natural gas leak occurred in a year is also the reason, lead to air leakage; (3) does not rule out the use of part of the sealing material still doesnt suitable for use in natural gas pipe network problem, still need to do further observation and scientific experiments. In addition, the electrochemical corrosion pipe, chemical pipe is serious, the characteristics of the pipeline corrosion rate 6. 3.2燃气管网漏气处理措施3.2 gas pipe network leakage treatment measures 为了避免频繁的降压作业，保证广大用户连续稳定用气，一般先采取的是紧固螺栓或丝接部位。采取的常规方式是降压作业，将法兰垫片更换丁晴橡胶垫，防止漏气。为了彻底消除隐患，解决密封问题，对原有管道进行切断，释放应力后，采取制作短管，套袖连接的方式，杜绝漏气，并对腐蚀严重的进行管道更换。In order to avoid the frequent decompression operation, ensure the continuous stable gas users, generally take the fastening bolts or silk. Conventional way is to decompression operation, the flange gasket replacement nitrile butadiene rubber mat, prevent air leakage. Seal in order to eliminate hidden dangers, to solve the problem, to cut off the original pipeline, releasing stress, to make a short tube, cuff links, put an end to leak, and the serious corrosion for pipeline replacement. 4、结束语4, the conclusion 天然气置换工程的项目管理天然气置换是一个复杂的系统改造工程，主要包括管网置换和燃具置换两部分。天然气置换要对原有城市煤气输配及应用系统进行全面调查、分析的基础上，本着充分利用原有系统的原则，对不适于天然气输配及应用的部分进行适当完善与改造，以达到满足天然气安全输送，满足各类用气安全、可靠、使用天然气的转换。Gas displacement engineering project management of the natural gas displacement is a complicated system engineering, mainly includes the pipeline replacement and burner replacement two parts. Gas displacement to the existing city gas pipeline and the application system to conduct a full investigation, on the basis of analysis, based on the principle of make full use of the original s