2013年考试用书职称英语考试用书新增文章(理工B).pdf

第十一篇 When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach Our senses aren t just delivering 汪 strict view of what s going on in the world they re affected by what s going on in our heads A new study finds that hungry people see food related words more clearly than people who ve just eaten Psychologists have known for decades that what s going on inside our head affects our senses For example poorer children think coins are larger than they are and hungry people think pictures of food are brighter Remi Radel of University of Nice Sophia Antipolis France wanted to investigate how this happens Does it happen right away as the brain receives signals from the eyes or a little later as the brain s high level thinking processes get involved Radel recruited 42 students with a normal body mass index On the day of his or her test each student was told to arrive at the lab at noon after three or four hours of not eating Then theywere told there was a delay Some were told to come back in 10 minutes others were given an hour to get lunch first So half the students were hungry when they did the experiment and the other half had just eaten For the experiment the participant looked at a computer screen One by one 80 words flashed on the screen for about l 300th of a second each They flashed at so small a size that the students could only consciously perceive A quarter of the words were food related After each word each person was asked how bright the word was and asked to choose which of two words they d seen a food related word like cake or a neutral word like boat Each word appeared too briefly for the participant to really read it Hungry people saw the food related words as brighter and were better at identifying food related words Because the word appeared too quickly for them to be reliably seen this means that the difference is in perception not in thinking processes Radel says This is something great to me Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for From the experiment I know that our brain can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs Radel says 词汇 threshold n 起点 开端 门槛 disposal n 处理 处置 配置 neutral adj 中性的 中立的 motive n 动机 目的 strive v 努力 力求 斗争 注释 1 Our senses aren t just delivering a strict view of in our heads 这个 句子的大概意思是 我们的五官感觉不仅仅让我们感知世界 五官感觉还 受大脑活动的影响 2 University of Nice Sophia Antipolis 法国尼斯 索菲亚 安提波利斯大 学 简称尼斯大学 1965 年经法国政令正式宣布成立 尼斯大学在尼斯 市设有 7 处主校园 另外 还在索菲亚 安提波利斯市 Sophia Antipolis 戛纳市 Cannes 和芒东市 Menton 设有校区 索菲亚 安提波利斯是位 于尼斯市西南侧的科技园区 是许多髙等学府的所在地 3 body mass index 身体质量指数 4 at the threshold of 当 快要开始时 5 in perception 感知 6 at the disposal of 受到 的控制 练习 1 What does the new study mentioned in Paragraph 1 find A Hungry people see every word more clearly than ordinary people B Hungry people are always thinking of food related words C Hungry people are more sensitive to food related words than stomach full people D Hungry people do not have lower level of thinking process 2 Why was there a delay on the day of the experiment A Because hungry people needed time to fill their stomach B Because Radel wanted to create two groups of testees hungry and non hungry C Because noon was not the right time for any experiment D Because Radel needed time to select participants in terms of body mass index 3 What does the writer want to tell us A Human9s senses aren t just delivering a strict view of what s going on in the world B What s perceived by our senses affects our way of thinking C Human brains can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs D Thinking processes guarantee the normal functions of our senses 4 What did the results of the experiment indicate A 80 words flashed on the screen too fast for the participant to intentionally perceive B Hungry people were better at identifying neutral words C People who had just eaten were better at identifying food related words D The participants could barely perceive what they needed or what they strived for 5 What can we infer from the passage A 42 participants are too small a number for a serious investigation B An experiment with hungry and non hungry participants is not reliable C Our thinking processes are independent of our senses D Humans can perceive what they need without involving high level thinking processes 答案与题解 1 C 第一段第二句是本题答案的依据 饥肠辘辘的人只是看 food related words 比较清楚 选项 C 的句意与上述句子的意思完全一致 是答案 选项 A 说的是 every word 所以不是答案 选项 B 和 D 文章中没 有提到 2 B 答案的根据可在第三段找到 Radel 为了保证 42 名学生到达实验 室时是空腹 所以要求他们中午到达 然后告诉一部分学生实验时间推迟 了 请他们 10 分钟后再来 他又请另外一部分学生用午餐 Radel 用推 迟实验的方法造就了两组实验者 即饥饿组与饱食组 选项 B 是答案 3 C 虽然 A B D 选项均可在文中找到对应部分 但只属于细节 而非主旨 因此不能选 本文最后一句给出了直接的答案 4 A 第四段第三行中 consciously 与 A 项中的 intentionally 是同义词 B 项 neutral 意思为 中性的 在本文中的意思是与 food related 相对的 即 与食物不相关的 因此是错误选择 C 项不符合课文原意 D 项 barely 意为 仅仅 勉强 几乎没有 因此也不符合句意 5 D 选项 A 所说的实验样本的大小与本题主旨无关 不是答案 而是 干扰项 B C 内容也不能直接从短文中推断出来 选项 D 是答案 最后一 段第二句的 Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for 为选择 D 项提供了依据 第十一篇 我们的视觉服务于我们的胃口 我们的五官不仅仅让我们感知世界 还受大脑活动的影响 一项新研 究发现 比起那些刚刚用过餐的人 饥饿的人能更清晰地看到与食品有关 的词 数十年以来 心理学家已经知道我们的心理活动直接影响到我们的视 觉 例如 贫穷的孩子看到的硬币比实际的要大 饥饿的人看到的食物图 片更明亮 法国的尼斯 索菲亚 安提波利斯大学试图调查这一现象 发生 这种情况的时间是在大脑从眼睛接收到视觉信号的即时还是稍后些 这时 高级思维活动已经介入了 雷戴尔招募了健康指数正常的 42 位学生作为被试者 在测试的当天 每个学生被告知在中午到达实验室 这时距上一次的用餐时间有 3 4 个 小时 等他们到达实验室时 他们被告知实验时间有延迟 一半学生被告 知十分钟后再回来 其余的给 1 个小时的时间先吃午饭 所以一半学生饿 着肚子 另一半学生饱腹参加了此次实验 实验的步骤如下 要求被试者看电脑屏幕 屏幕上的 80 个字以 1 300 秒的频率闪动 由于字体非常之小 被试者只能凭感觉捕捉到字形 1 4 的字是与食物有关的 每闪动一个字 被试者回答字体的亮度并选择看到 的是哪类词 一类是和食物有关的词 比如 蛋糕 一类是中性词 比 如 船 由于每个词的闪动在瞬间完成 被试者根本看不清楚那个词是 什么 饥饿的人看到与食物有关的词更明亮 且能更好地辨认出与食物有关 的词 由于每个词的闪动太快 其实那些被试者根本不会确切地看到什么 这就说明 他们只是感觉不同 根本没经过思考 雷戴尔给出了这样的解 释 雷戴尔说 这就是重点所在 人类可以真正感知到自身的需要或者 为之奋斗的目标 该实验使我了解这样的事实 即我们的大脑是受我们的 动机和需要所支配的 第十九篇 Musical Robot Companion Enhances Listener Experience Shimi a musical companion developed by Georgia Tech s Center for Music Technology recommends songs dances to the beat and keeps the music pumping based on listener feedback The smartphone enabled one foot tall robot is billed as an interactive musical friend Shimi is designed to change the way that people enjoy and think about their music said Professor Gil Weinberg the robot s creator He will unveil the robot at the June 27th Google I O conference in San Francisco A band of three Shimi robots will perform for guests dancing in sync with music created in the lab and composed according to its movements Shimi is essentially a docking station with a brain powered by an Android phone Once docked the robot gains the sensing and musical generation capabilities of the user s mobile device In other words if there s an app for that Shimi is ready For instance by using the phone s camera and face detecting software Shimi can follow a listener around the room and position its ears or speakers for optimal sound Another recognition feature is based on rhythm and tempo If the user taps a beat Shimi analyzes it scans the phone s musical library and immediately plays the song that best matches the suggestion Once the music starts Shimi dances to the rhythm Many people think that robots are limited by their programming instructions said Music Technology Ph D candidate Mason Bretan Shimi shows us that robots can be creative and interactive Future apps in the works will allow the user to shake their head in disagreement or wave a hand in the air to alert Shimi to skip to the next song or increase decrease the volume The robot will also have the capability to recommend new music based on the user s song choices and provide feedback on the music play list Weinberg hopes other developers will be inspired to create more apps to expand Shimi s creative and interactive capabilities I believe that our center is ahead of a revolution that will see more robots in homes Weinberg said Weinberg is in the process of commercializing Shimi through an exclusive licensing agreement with Georgia Tech Weinberg hopes to make the robot available to consumers by the 2013 holiday season If robots are going to arrive in homes we think that they will be this kind of machines 一 small entertaining and fun Weinberg said They will enhance your life and pave the way for more intelligent service robots in our lives 词汇 pump v 用抽水机抽 不断播放 音乐 scan v 扫描 浏览 skip v 轻跳 跳跃 sync n 同步 同时 v 使同步 tempo n 速度 节奏 注释 1 Georgia Tech 全称是 Georgia Institute of Technology 佐治亚理工学 院 建于 1885 年 位于亚特兰大市中心 佐治亚理工学齒是美国南部 最大的公立理工学院 也是全美最顶尖的理 工学院之一 排名仅次于麻省 理工学院 MIT 和加州理工学院 CalTech 2 pump 不断播放 音乐 例如 This radio station recently pumps out pop music 这家广播电台近来连续播放流行音乐 3 smartphone enabled 由智能手机系统支持的 4 is billed as 相当于 is advertised as 意为 被标榜为 5 docking station 插接站 扩充基座 扩展插口 6 Android 科幻小说里的 机器人 本文指用于智能手机和便携式计 算机移动设备的一种以 Linus 为基础的开放源代码操作系统 通过接口和 插槽连接多种外部设备 目前 Android 尚未有统一中文译名 国内较多人 翻译 成 安卓 或 安致 据 2012 年 2 月数据 Android 占据全球智能手机 操作系统市场 52 5 的份额 中国市场占有率为 68 4 7 dock 对接 8 the sensing and musical generation capabilities 传感和音乐生成能力 9 app 应用程序 application 10 if the user taps a beat 如果用户打出某个 音乐 拍子 11 in the works 正在准备阶段 在进行中或准备中 12 intelligent service robots 智能服务型机器人 练习 1 Which of the following is NOT true according to the first three paragraphs A Shimi is a one foot tall robot B Shimi is the creator of the musical companion C Shimi is a docking station with a brain powered by an Android phone D Shimi can gain the sensing and musical generation capabilities of the user s mobile device 2 What does Shimi do if the user taps a beat A It stores the beat in the musical library B It transmits the beat to the docking station C It positions its speakers for optimal sound D It selects a perfectly matched song and plays it in sync with that beat 3 Which of the following about Shimi is true A Robots are limited by their programming instructions and Shimi is no exception B Present apps allow the user to shake their head to alert Shimi to skip to the next song C Existing apps allow the user to wave a hand to alert Shimi to turn up down the volume D Shimi can be creative and interactive 4 What does the author want to tell us A The research center is developing a stronger and more versatile Shimi B Weinberg only expects staffs from Georgia Tech to develop more apps for Shimi C Shimi is not yet technologically ready for commercialization D Robots such as Shimi are created for large corporations rather than homes 5 Which of the following is Weinberg s assertion A Shimi as a robotic musical companion can be applied to all types of smart phones B human lives will be filled with more fun if Shimi is going to arrive in homes C Shimi s creative and interactive capabilities are appreciated by most of its users D Weinberg has reached an agreement with Georgia Tech to commercialize Shimi 答案与题解 1 B 在前三段中均可找到与选项 A C D 相应的句子 强调 Shimi 是一种电子设备 B 与原文不符 Shimi 不是该机器人的发明者 Gil Weinberg 教授才是 the robot s creator 2 D 选项 D 简要地表述了第三段的倒数第二句 If the user taps a beat Shimi analyzes it scans the phone s musical library and immediately plays the song that best matches the suggestion 的意思 所以是答案 选项 A B C 都不符合上述句子的含义 3 D 选项 A 的意思与原文相反 虽然人们认为机器人受到程序指令的 限制 但 Shimi 却表现出具有创造能力和互动能力 所以 A 不是答案 选 项 D 的意思与原文相同 因而是答案 第四段第三句指的是未来的应用 程序 future apps in the works 而选项 B C 是指目前的应用程序 两者的表述均与 原文有出入 4 A 第三段介绍 Shimi 的多种功能 第四段和第五段说 Weinberg 还在 开发更多的应用程序来丰富Shimi的功能 还希望其他研发者也参与开发 因此 A 是答案 选项 B 说 Weinberg 仅仅希望 Georgia Tech 员工参与开 发更多的应用软件 这与原文不符 文章最后一段告诉我们 Weinberg 正 在与 Georgia Tech 进行有关 Shimi 商业化的谈判 选项 C 的意思与此相反 不会是答案 选项 D 也与原文不符 5 B 选项 A C 和 D 的内容 Weinberg 都没有说过 第三段告诉我们 Shimi 是 Android smart phone 的扩充基座 并不适用于所有智能手机 所 以 A 选项不正确 Shimi 尚未进入市场 还谈不上公众对 Shimi 欣赏与否 的问题 因此选项 C 不符合原意 Shimi 正在进行商业化运作 但绝非已 经完成 所以 D 也不是正确选项 本题的答案是 B 依据是最后一段倒数 第二句 参考译文 第十九篇 音乐机器人伴侣提升音乐欣赏体验 Shimi 是由佐治亚理工大学音乐技术中心研发的一款音乐伴侣 它可 以根据听者的反馈推荐合乎节拍的歌曲 舞蹈 并且不断播放音乐 这款 髙 1 英尺的机器人是由智能手机系统支持的 因此被标榜为 一个可以 互动的音乐朋友 Gil Weinberg 教授是该机器人的发明者 他解释说 Shimi 设计的宗 旨是改变人们欣赏音乐 认识音乐的方式 他将在今年 6 月 27 日在旧 金山的谷歌 I O 大会上展示这款机器人 一个由三个机器人组成的乐队将 为来宾演奏 并伴随音乐起舞 而音乐是根据不同的运动形式编制的 Shimi 实际上是一个扩充基座 它的 大脑 由安卓手机控制 一旦 连接上 机器人便从用户的移动装置获得传感和音乐生成能力 换言之 只要有应用程序 机器人便能使用 例如 通过手机的照相机和辨认脸型 的软件 Shimi 就能在房间周围跟踪到听众 然后安置好它的 耳朵 或 扬声器 以确保输送最佳声音 另外一种识别特征是基于节奏和速度 如 果用户打出某个 音乐 拍子 Shimi 会对此进行分析 然后浏览手机的 音乐库 并立 即演奏最符合要求的音乐 一旦音乐响起来 Shimi 就随韵律起舞 许多人认为机器人受到程序指令的限制 而 Shiini 给我们展示了机 器人可以具有创造力和与人交互的能力 音乐技术博士研究生 Mason Bretan 如是说 正在研发中的程序将使用户能沟通过摇头或摆手表示不同 意 来提醒 Shimi 跳到下一首歌或增减音量 机器人还可根据用户对歌曲 的选择推荐新音乐 并对音乐播放列表提供反馈 Weinberg 希望其他研发者会因此获得灵感 开发更多的应用程序 来扩展 Shimi 的创新和交互功能 他说 我认为我们中心正在引领这场 将更多机器人应用到家庭中去的变革 Weinberg 正在通过获得佐治亚理工学院的独家授权来对 Shimi 进行 商业推广 Weinberg 希望到 2013 年的节日季消费者可购买到 Shimi Weinberg 说 如果机器人进入家庭 我们认为就应该是这种类型的机器 人 小巧 令人愉快和有趣 它们能提高我们的生活质量 为更多智能服 务型机器人进人我们的生活做好准备 第四十八篇 Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright Most of us walk and carry items in our hands every day These are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us don t question But an international team of researchers including Dr Richmond from GW s Columbian College of Arts and Sciences have discovered that human walking upright may have originated millions of years ago as an adaptation to carrying scarce high qualityresources The team of researchers from the U S England Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern day chimpanzees as they competed for food resources in an effort to understand what ecological settings would lead a large ape one that resembles the 6 million year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees to walk on two legs These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which our earliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs said Dr Richmond The research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of four in situations where they need to monopolize a resource Standing on two legs allows them to carry much more at one time because it frees up their hands Over time intense bursts of bipedal activity may have led to anatomical changes that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong Two studies were conducted by the team in Guinea The first study was conducted by the team in Kyoto University s outdoor laboratory in a natural clearing in Bossou Forest Researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nut the oil palm nut which is naturally widely available and the coula nut which is not The chimpanzees behavior was monitored in three situations a when only oil palm nuts were available b when a small number of coula nuts were available and c when coula nuts were the majority available resource When the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers the chimpanzees transported more at one time Similarly when coula nuts were the majority resource the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly prized resource and competed for them more intensely In such high competition settings the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving on two legs increased by a factor of four Not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they could in one go by using everything available 一 even their mouths The second study by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University was a 14 month study of Bossou chimpanzees crop raiding a situation in which they have to compete for rare and unpredictable Resources Here 35 percent of the chimpanzees activity involved some sort of bipedal movement and once again this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time 词汇 scarce adj 缺乏的 不足的 稀有的 chimpanzee n 黑猩猩 ape n 无尾猿 类人猿 bipedal adj 二足的 anatomical adj 解剖的 coula nuts coula 也可写作 cola 或 kola 可乐果 注释 1 GW s Columbian College of Arts and Sciences 乔治 华盛顿大学哥伦 比亚艺术与科学学 院 乔治 华盛顿大学 George Washington University 的英文简称为 GW 是美国顶尖的私立大学之一 于 1821 年建校 位于 美国首都华盛顿 2 ecological settings 生态环境 3 bipedal activity 双足活动 4 anatomical chaiige 解剖学上的变化 5 Kyoto University 京都大学 是继东京大学之后成立的日本第二所国 立大学 于 I897 年建校 京都大学主要校区位于日本历史名城京都市 6 Bossou 博苏 几内亚的一个地名 博苏森林生活着黑猩猩群落 7 oil palm nut 油棕榈坚果 8 increased by a factor of four 增加了四倍 9 in one go 口气 10 Oxford Brookes University 牛津布鲁克斯大学 创立于 1865 年 是英国最具特色的综合性大学之一 牛津布鲁克斯大学位于世界学术名城 牛津 这里学风浓郁 精英荟萃 历来为求学圣地 练习 1 Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs A Many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items B Chimpanzee s behaviors may suggest why humans walk on two legs C Human walking upright is viewed as an adaptation to carrying precious resources D Our ancestors ecological conditions resembled those of modern day chimpanzees 2 Dr Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of finding A when humans began walking on two legs B what made our ancestors walk upright C what benefits walking upright brought to our ancestors D how walking upright helped chimpanzees monopolize resources 3 Kyoto University s study discovered that chimpanzees A regarded both types of nut as priced resources B preferred oil palm nuts to coula nuts C liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts D ignored both types of nut altogether 4 Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto University s experiment A Because they imitated the human way of walking just for fun B Because they wanted to please the researchers to get more coula nuts from them C Because they wanted to get to die nut rich forest faster by walking that way D Because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs 5 What can we infer from the reading passage A Chimpanzees are in the same process of evolution as our ancestors were B Chimpanzees are similar to humans in many behaviors C Walking on two limbs and walking on four limbs each have their advantages D Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival 答案与题解 1 A第一段第一句和第二句说明 大多数人对人类直立行走习以为常 并不质疑这种习惯 而 A 的内容正好与此相反 所以是答案 其他选项 所述内容均可从第一段和第二段推断出 2 B 文章报道 科学家通过实验证实黑猩猩直立行走是为了解放前 肢 让前肢搬运对其生命至关重要的资源 从而推断出人类祖先也经历了 从四足到二足的进化过程 科学家想通过对黑猩猩的实验解释人类直立行 走的成因 所以 B 是答案 A C D 选项不是科学家进行研究的目的 3 C 第五段明白无误地描述了黑猩猩全然不顾油棕榈坚果 ignored the oil palm nuts altogether 集中精力抢运可乐果 所以 C 是答案 B C D 的内容不符合文章原意 4 D 黑猩猩用后肢直立行走 搬运资源的效率提高了四倍 选项 D 符合原意