句子的成分与种类.doc

句子的成分与种类（Mar.11）一、定义：表示完整而独立意思的语言单位。句首字母大写，且末尾有？. 和！。二、句子成分：1主语：动作或状态的主体，由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句充当。练习：1）Tomisagoodboy.2)WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3)One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4)Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5)Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6)Therichshouldhelpthepoor.2谓语：说明主语的动作或状态。由动词或动词短语充当。有人称、数、时态、语态和语气变化。练习：1）I like apples.2)He practise running every morning.3)You may keep the book for two weeks.4)He has caught a bad cold.5)We are having a quick breakfast.3宾语：及物动词或短语的对象或内容，代词必须用宾格。 v+to do:want,hope,decide,start,prefer,choose,learn,try,afford,offer, v+doing:feel like,enjoy,finish,mind,practise,keep; 区分：stop,forget,remember,go on,tryTheywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterdayTheheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavethree.TheyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterdayHepretendednottoseeme.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.Ithink(that)heisfitforthisjob.4定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的，常为形容词。GuilinisabeautifulcityChinaisadevelopingcountry.AmericaisadevelopedcountryTherearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.Hismathsisverygood.Iamthelastpersontoleavetheclassroom.5状语：修饰动词，形容词，副词或整个句子，表示时间、地点、状态和程度等。Lighttravelsmostquickly.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.6补语：补充说明主语或宾语。注意：make.let,have,see,hear,watch+do动词原形HisfathernamedhimDongMing.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.Letthefreshairin.Iaskhimtogohomenow.Wesawherenteringtheroom.7表语：系动词后，表示主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，多由名词，形容词充当。练习：Mymotherisadoctor.Isityours?Theweatherhasturnedcold.Thespeechisexciting.Thedoorisclosed.Threetimessevenistwentyone.HisjobistoteachEnglish.三、分类：(一)按构成分为：简单句（只有一个主谓）、并列句、复合句（二）按用途分为1陈述句：1）肯定2）否定。肯定变否定的四种方法：情态动词+not;be+not;do(does,did)+not;用no,never,hardly,nothing,nobody，none,neither等否定词。Some-any,alreadyyet,tooeither,alwaysnever,bothneither,somethinganything,allnone等。练习，变下列句子成否定句：IamTom.2.Heisnine.3.Theyarepupils.4.Icanflyakite.5.Hecanmakeatoy.6.Youmustgohomenow.7.IlikeJinan.8.Helikesswimming.9.Hehasmanybooks.10.Allofuscanswim11.Thereissomethingwrongwithmybike12.Readthetextafterme13.Thebikehasalreadybeenmended14.Heisalwayslateforschool.15.BothJimandtomlikereading.16.Manypeopleknowthenews.17.Iknowbothofthem.18.Tomfeelshappytoday.19.Hehasalreadyhadbreakfast.2疑问句 一般疑问句：以情态动词，助动词(have,has,will),be开始，用yes/no做答。练习：1.TheycansingEnglishsongs.2.HisbirthdayisonthetwentiethofNovember.3.LucyandAmyarelearningtoskate.4.Itisdifficultforgiantpandastosurviveinthewild.5.Ibelievewhathesaidistrue.6.Imuststayathomeforawholeday.7.Thereisgoingtobeameetingthisafternoon.特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句；wh-开头外加能与之结伴同行的名词；how及它的形容词兄弟姐妹们，即如：what，where，which，whatclass，whattime，whatnumber；who,whom,whose,how，howmany，howold，howmuch等。无论是做疑问代词还是限定词，which和what所指的范围不同。注意：what所指的范围是无限的，而which则指在一定的范围内，例如：Whichsingersdoyoulikebest?你喜欢哪几个姑娘？Whatsingersdoyoulikebest?你喜欢什么样的姑娘？Whichdoyouprefer,coffeeortea?咖啡和茶，你喜欢喝哪种？Whatdoyouusuallydrinkbeforedinner?你饭前通常喝什么？Whom是who的宾格，在书面语中，它作动词宾语或介词宾语，在口语中作宾语时，可用who代替，但在介词后只能用whom,例如：Who(m)didyoumeetonthestreet?你在街上遇到了谁？（作动词宾语）Who(m)areyoutakingthebookto?你要把这书带给谁？（作介词宾语，置句首）Towhomdidyouspeakonthecampus? (作介词宾语,置介词后,不能用who取代)询问天气的方式。“How+be+theweather.？与“What+be+theweatherlike.？”意思相同。Eg：Howistheweathertoday?=Whatstheweatherliketoday?今天天气如何？练习与规则：1)Thetwinsweremakingakitewhentheirmothercamein._thetwins_whentheirmothercamein?MrsTurneraskedhersontobuysomeeggsforsupper.（划线提问）_MrsTurneraskherson_forsupper?2)对名词前定语提出疑问，疑问词应用which，而且必须和名词连用。Imgoingtotaketheshirtontheright.（划线提问）_areyougoingtotake?3)对指人名词或代词提问用who，作宾语时提问用whom。4)对物主代词和名词所有格提问用whose。eg.LiPingscoatWhosecoat,myfatherWhosefather5)对具体时间提出疑问，如inthemorning,lastSunday等，疑问词用when；对具体几点钟提问，疑问词应用whattime。6)对具体地点提出疑问，疑问词应用where。Thepupilsarehavingapicnicatthefootofthehill.（划线提问）_thepupilshavingapicnic?7)对表原因的从句提问，常见的有because引导的从句，疑问词应用why。XiaoChengdidntgotothefarmwithusbecausehewasill.（划线提问）_XiaoChenggotothefarmwithus?8)对方式或程度等提出疑问，用疑问词How。eg.Iusuallygotoschoolbybike.Howisthatmovie?Ilikeitverymuch.9)对数量提出疑问，疑问词为Howmany，要注意howmany必须跟名词的复数形式。eg.twohundredsheepHowmanysheep10)对价格提出疑问，疑问词用Howmuch。eg.Ipaidfiftyyuanforthesweater._didyoupayforthesweater?11)对时间长度提出疑问，疑问词应用Howlong。eg.Iveworkedinthatfactoryfortwoyears.（划线提问）_youworkedinthatfactory?12)对时间频率，如onceayear,twiceaweek等提问，疑问词用Howoften。Howoftendouvisityourgrandma?13)对具体次数，如once,twice,threetimes等提问，疑问词用Howmanytimes。eg._didhecallyouthedaybeforeyesterday?-Twice.A.Whattime B.Howmanytimes C.Howmuch D.Howlong14)对in一段时间提问，疑问词一般用Howsoon。eg.Janeandherbrotherwillfinishtheworkintwohours.（划线提问）_Janeandherbrotherfinishthework?15)对距离提出疑问，疑问词用Howfar。eg.Itsabouttwokilometresfromheretothecountry.（划线提问）_fromheretothecountry?16)另外，对日期、星期、天气等提出疑问，则分别用Whatsthedate?Whatdayisit?如果是过去时间，就用was代替is。Whatstheweatherlike?17)对人口的提问,WhatsthepopulationofGermany?德国的人口有多少？population表示“人口”是一集体名词，havepopulationof表示“有多少人口”。例如：Ourvillagehaspopulationoftwohundredpeople.我们村有二百人口。选择疑问句：由or连接两个供选择项eg:How many apples do you want,one or two?Which do you want,this one or that one?反义疑问句：陈述句+附加疑问部分。原则：前肯后否；前否后肯.练习1.ItsthethirdtimethatJohnhasbeenlate,_?A.hasntheB.isntheC.isntitD.hasntit2.Letstakearest,_.A.willweB.shallweC.shantweD.wontwe3.Letuspass,_?A.shantweB.shallweC.wontweD.willyou4.Waitaminute,_?A.shallyouB.willyouC.doyouD.dontyou5.Thesuitsfinished,_?A.doesntitB.isntitC.haventyouD.hasntit6.Hespostedtheletter,_he?A.isntB.doesntC.hasntD.wasnt7.Theydgowithus,_?A.wouldnttheyB.didnttheyC.hadnttheyD.couldntthy8.Whatfreshair,_?A.isitB.doesitC.isntitD.doesntit9.TheEmperorsclothesbecamethetalkofthewholecity,_?A.diditB.didntitC.didtheyD.didntthey10.Mr.AndMrs.Turnerworkinthishospital,_?A.aretheyB.arenttheyC.dotheyD.dontthey11.Shehasbreakfastatsixeveryday,_?A.hassheB.hasntsheC.doessheD.doesnt she12.Nothingseemstopleaseher,_?A.doesitB.doesntitC.isitD.isntit13.Shenevertellsalie,_?A.doessheB.doesntsheC.isitD.isntit14.Youhardlyknoweachother,_?A.doyouB.dontyouC.haveyouD.didntyou15.Themaninbluemustbeyourbrother,_?A.mustntheB.needntheC.isntheD.ishe16.Idontthinkhewillcometoourparty,_?A.willheB.wontheC.doesheD.doI17.Isupposehesserious,_?A.doIB.dontIC.isheD.isnthe18.Wangsaidthathewasnottherethen,_?A.didheB.didntheC.washeD.wasnthe19.Youdarentsaythattohim,_?A.dareyouB.doyouC.darentyouD.dontyou20.YoumusthavereadaboutDickenslongago,_?A.mustntyouB.haventyouC.cantyouD.didntyou （Keys:CBDBBCACDDDAAACADBAD）3感叹句:1)How +adj/adv+（主+谓）！2）What +（a/an）+adj+n+（主+谓）！练习：( )1._acleverboyheis!A.WhatB.HowC.Whats( )2._shedances!A.HowgoodB.HowwellC.Whatwell( )3._quiettheparkis!A.WhataB.HowC.Howa( )4._hisfatherworks!A.HowcarefulB.HowcarefullyC.Whatcareful( )5._noisytheyaremaking!A.WhatB.HowC.Howa( )6._delicioussoup!A.HowB.WhatC.Whata( )7._heavysnow!A.WhataB.WhatC.How( )8._oldbikeLiLeiisriding!A.WhataB.WhatanC.How( )9._excitingmomentitis!A.HowB.HowanC.Whatan( )10._supperwerehavingtoday!A.WhatadeliciousB.HowdeliciousC.Whatdelicious( )11._fineweatheritistoday!A.HowB.WhataC.What( )12._fasttheboysarerunning!A.WhatB.WhataC.How( )13._themooncakesare!A.HowdeliciousB.WhatdeliciousCWhatadelicious( )14._surprisingnewsitis!A.HowB.WhatC.Whata( )15._timewerehavingtoday!A.WhatagoodB.HowgoodC.Whatgood4祈使句：表示请求命令叮嘱邀请劝告等。1）省you祈使句：(Dont/never)+do+其他。Dont worry. Never give up. 2)Let me(us,him)+do+其他。 3）祈使句+and/or+简单句式。Use your head,and youll find a way. Hurry up,or youll be late for school.4)No+doing.练习：1.TheTVistooloud.Please_.AturnitdownB.toturnitdownC.turndownitD.toturndownit2._lateagain,Bill!A.DonttobeB.DontbeC.NotbeD.Benot3._crosstheroaduntilthetrafficlightsturngreen.A.NotB.WontC.DoesntD.Dont4.Pleasehelpmecarryit,_?A.willIB.willyouC.shallID.shallwe5.Dontmakesomuchnoise,_?A.willyouB.wontyouC.shallweD.doyou6.Doyouknowthegirl_underthetree?A.standB.tostandC.standingD.stood7.Kate,_yourhomeworkheretomorrow.A.bringB.bringsC.tobringD.bringing8._methetruth,orIllbeangry.A.TellingB.TotellC.ToldD.Tell9.Ivekeptthedog_Maomaoforalongtime.A.NameB.namedC.namingD.toname10.Dontyouknowthat_isgoodforourhealth?A.swimB.swimmingC.swamD.swims11.Herdoctorsaid:“_worksohard”AStopBDontCCantDNo12.Sindy,_tobehereat8oclockAissureBissurethatCwillbesureDbesure13._whenyoucrosstheroad.ADocareBCareCDobecarefulDTobecareful14._himthesecret,willyou?ADonttellBNottotellCNottellingDNotelling15._inbed.Itsbadforyoureyes.ANottoreadBDontreadCDonttoreadDNotread16._Yourchild.Welllookafterhim.ANottoworryaboutBDontworryaboutCNotworryforDDontworrywith17.Theyareverytired.Why_havearest?AnottheyBdonottheyCdonttheyDnotto18-Youlookrathertired._stoppingtohavearest?-Allright.AWhynotBHowaboutCWhynottoDwhydont19_tellalie.AHardlyBNotCNoDNever20.Please_lookoutside.Lookattheblackboard.AnotBdontCarentDcant(Keys:ABDBACADBBBADADBDADB)三、四、简单句的五种基本句型基本句型一：S十V主谓结构 其动词大多是不及物动词，常见的有：appear come go get fall feel keep look make prove remain rest rise seem stand stay turn等。如：1). 学生们学习很努力。_2). 事故是昨天晚上发生的。 _基本句型二:S十V十P主系表结构常用系动词有be， keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand seem, appear, look, feel, smell, sound, taste, become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.等。如： 3) We should _ _ any time. 我们在任何时候都应该保持冷静。 4) 这种食物尝起来很糟糕。_.5)春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。Spring comes. 6)不要吃那种食物，它已经变质了。Dont have the food. _.基本句型三: S十V十O主谓宾结构其动词应为及物动词或者可以后接宾语的动词短语。同时，句子中有时含有与宾语有关的状语。作宾语的成分常是：名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句。如：7) 我昨天看了一部电影。_.8）They finally decided to get along with us. _。9）They have _ _ _ of the children这些孩子他们照看得很好。基本句型四: S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构，O1间接宾语；O2直接宾语常用的双宾语动词：send、pass、buy、make、pay、hand、sell、find、do、see 、give、show、bring、read、lend、tell、leave、teach、write、sing间接宾语的常常指“人”，直接宾语常常指“物”。如：10）Yesterday her father _ _ _ _ as a birthdaypresent. 昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物。11) The old man is telling the children stories in the Long March._。这种句型还可转换为其他两种句型：A. 动词 直接宾语 for sb.；B. 动词 直接宾语 to sb.。12) Please show me your picture. =Please _ _ _ _ _. 请把你的画给我看一下。13) Ill offer you a good chance as long as you don t lose heart. =Ill offer _ _ _ _ _ as long as you dont lose heart.只要你不失去信心，我会给你提供机会的。基本句型五: S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构这种句型中的宾语 补语可统称为“复合宾语”, 作补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如：14）Keep _, please. 请让孩子们安静下来。15）他把墙漆成白色。_.16）我们发现他是一个诚实的人。_.注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, observe, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如：17）The boss made him do the work all day. _。五、并列句构成：并列句是由并列连词and，but，or，for，so等把两个或两个以上互不依从，但意思紧密联系的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。结构为：简单句+并列连词+简单句。 分类： 1. 表示同等关系的并列句：常用并列连词and连接前后简单句，and常译为和、并且，也可不译出来。He likes playing football and he plays well. 他喜欢踢足球，并且踢得很好。 Last year l met Kate and we became friends. 去年我和凯特相遇，我们成了朋友。 2. 表示转折关系的并列句：常用并列连词but(但是)，yet(可是)，while(而，另一方面)，however(可是)等连接前后简单句，but常译为但是，可是，切不可与从属连词though或although一起使用。例如： It has no mouth, but it can talk. 它没有嘴巴，但是它会说话。 School is over, yet all the teachers are still working. 学校放学了，可是老师们仍然在工作。 He wants to be a writer, while I want to be a scientist. 他想当作家，而我则想当科学家。 Its raining hard, however, we must go out. 雨下得很大，然而我们必须出去。 3. 表示选择关系的并列句：常用并列连词or(或者，否则)等连接前后简单句。 or有两重含义： (1)译为或者，表示选择。例如： Now you can have a rest or you can go to the cinema 现在你可以休息，或者去看电影。 (2)译为否则、要不然，表示条件。例如： You must tell the truth，or you will be punished 你必须说真话，否则你将会受到惩罚。 4. 表示因果关系的并列句：常用并列连词for，so等连接前后简单句。 (1)for在意义上与从属连词because，since和as相同，但它们引导的是原因状语从句，而for则连接两个简单句，前者表示结果，后者表示原因。其结构为：简单句(结果)+for+简单句(原因)。 例如：He has many good friends, for he is an honest man。他有许多好朋友，因为他是个诚实的男子汉。 (2)so意为因此、所以，但不能与because同时出现在同一个句子中。因为because是从属连词，而是并列连词，用来连接并列句。其结构为：简单句(原因) +so牛简单句(结果)。例如： Mr. Li went to his hometown, so Mr. Wang was taking his class instead李老师回家乡去了，所以王老师替二课。 5. 其他形式的并列句 (1)祈使句+and+简单句。其中祈使句表示一个条件，并列连词and引导的简单句则表示一个较好的结果，谓语常用一般将来时。例如： Use your head, and you will find away动脑筋，你就会想出办法来。 (2)祈使句+or+简单句。祈使句表示一个条件，并列连词or后的简单句则表示一个不愉快或不理想的结果。例如： Study hard, or you Will fall behind the others努力学习，否则你就会落于别人。 (3)either.or结构表示不是就是，或者或者， 例如： Either my uncle can do it, or my aunt can do it. 我叔叔可以做那件事，或者我婶婶也可以做。 习惯上将两个句子合并成Either my uncle or my aunt can do it. (4) not onlybut also意思为不仅而且，例如： not only the students have missed the school car, but also the teacher has missed the school car.不仅学生，而且他们的老师都误了校车。 (5) neithernor结构，意为既不也不，两者都不，用法与either or,not only but also相同。 注意的几种情况：1. 并列句有时可不用连词，而用分号隔开(前后句之间的关系须相当紧密)。例如： We fished all day; we didnt catch a fish. 我们钓了一天的鱼，一条鱼也没钓到。 2. 并列连词后的简单句如果与其前的简单句有相同的部分，则相同的部分常可省略。例如： My father works in a factory and my mother in a school. 我父亲在工厂工作，母亲在学校工作。 3. 由so, nor, neither连接的并列句，后一简单句为避免重复,其成份常倒装并省略一些。例如： He is not a student, nor am I. 他不是学生,我也不是。 Beibei can swim, so can I. 贝贝会游泳,我也会。 练习： 一、单项选择 1I like fish， _ my brother doesnt like it. Aso Bor Cfor Dbut 2Mr Zhang felt a little tired， _ he still went on