大英四级-快速阅读Skimming and Scanning.doc

附件：大学英语高分秘诀之 阅读理解第一部分：大学英语四级阅读I 快速阅读（Skimming and Scanning)做题技巧与练习快速阅读(Skimming and Scanning)题量为10题，1到7题为是非判断或选择题， 8到10题为完成句子(填空题)。 采用一至两篇较长篇幅的文章或多篇短文，总长度在1000左右。要求：考生运用略读和查读的技能从篇章中获取信息。题型：是非判断、选择题、句子填空完成句子等。 快速阅读 (Skimming and Scanning)什么是 “skimming”?略读即快读或简略地读。目的：以浏览全文的方法去了解作者的主题或主旨，以便对全文有个总体意思和结构的了解。速度：普通速度的2倍。方法：可略去一些文字不读，如读者感觉到已抓住内容的主要意思，可以省去半个段落甚至更多部分不读；把主要精力放在关键词和关键句上。需要仔细阅读的地方：文章的开始段及结束段；每段的段首句及段尾句。（“工”字型阅读法）什么是 “scanning” ?查询阅读（Scanning）查询阅读又称查读或寻读。也是一种快读。但不同于略读。目的：为寻找文章中某些特定的信息带着问题去寻找答案，如数字、人名、地名、某一细节等。方法：读者首先确定所要搜寻的信息的关键词进行快速寻读，忽略无关部分。1、快速阅读的应试策略1.1 文章分类 1) 带小标题的文章: 文章每一部分,都有一个总括性的小标题,小标题一般概括这一部分的主题;2) 不带小标题的文章: 没有明显的每一部分的分隔,需通过略读找出主题句或主题词(特别关注首段或段尾).2. 命题规律规律一: 问题设置顺序与行文顺序基本一致;规律二: 问题通常为文章的主要内容及与主要内容紧密联系的细节;规律三: 包含数字,年代,人名,地名,机构名称等显著信息及用于描述或修饰主要内容的从句,短语等往往是命题的重点.3、快速阅读选择题的做法做法与深度阅读题型相似，但是难度相对较低，正确的选项往往是原文内容的直接重现，或者是简单的同义替换。一般只要根据题干信息准确定位，就可以比较轻松地找出正确选项。快速阅读做题方法i) 用Skimming 方法快速掌握文章的主旨及文章结构。ii) 快速浏览每个题（无需看选项），将每个题的关键词划出来。iii)开始做题，遵循先易后难的原则，先做相对容易的题目，(如，题目中有1951或September 11或Silicon等，是一目了然的)，根据题目的关键词用Scanning快速找到该题所在的句子，然后仔细阅读该句如需要还要读该句的上下文做出判断。5. 填空题的命题思路思路一: 有时填入空白处的代词、名词的单复数或动词的时态需要根据题干信息进行调整。思路二: 有时与空格相邻的单词是判断应填入信息的关键。出题人会在中间加入修饰成分或插入语，给考生判断应填信息造成困难。快速阅读填空题练习原文：Today, people are no longer afraid to be forgotten during their waiting for chance.题干：In the past, people_during waiting for chance. 原文为一般现在时，但题干中有时间状语in the past, 所以应把原文的时态改为过去时，即应填入的应是were afraid to be forgotten。原文：The solution turned out to be advertising, and its not an exaggeration to say that Google is now essentially an advertising company, given thats the source of nearly all its revenue.题干：The revenue of the Google company is largely generated from_. “that”代指原文前半部分中的advertising,即为应填入空格的信息。 快速阅读（Skimming and Scanning)练习: Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.例文 1 Theres an energy crisis in America, and it has nothing to do with fossil fuels. Millions of us get up each morning already weary over the day holds. “I just cant get started,” people say. But its not physical energy that most of us lack. Sure, we could all use extra sleep and a better diet. But in truth, people are healthier today than at any time in history. I can almost guarantee that if you long for more energy, the problem is not with your body. What youre seeking is not physical energy. Its emotional energy. Yet, sad to say, life sometimes seems designed to exhaust our supply. We work too hard. We have family obligations. We encounter emergencies and personal crises. No wonder so many of us suffer from emotional fatigue, a kind of utter exhaustion of the spirit. And yet we all know people who are filled with joy, despite the unpleasant circumstances of their lives. Even as a child, I observed people who were poor, or disabled, or ill, but who nonetheless faced life with optimism and vigor. Consider Laura Hillenbrand, who, despite an extremely weak body, wrote the best-seller Seabiscuit. Hillenbrand barely had enough physical energy to drag herself out of bed to write. But she was fueled by having a story she wanted to share. It was emotional energy that helped her succeed. Unlike physical energy, which is finite and diminishes with age, emotional energy is unlimited and has nothing to do with genes or upbringing. So how do you get it? You cant simply tell yourself to be positive. You must take action. Here are six practical strategies that work. 1. Do something new. Very little thats new occurs in our lives. The impact of this sameness on our emotional energy is gradual, but huge: Its like a tire with a slow leak. You dont notice it at first, but eventually youll get a flat. Its up to you to plug the leakeven though there are always a dozen reasons to stay stuck in your dull routines of life. Thats where Maura, 36, a waitress, found herself a year ago. Fortunately, Maura had a lifelinea group of women friends who meet regularly to discuss their lives. Their lively discussions spurred Maura to make small but nevertheless life altering changes. She joined a gym in the next town. She changed her look with a short haircut and new black T-shirts. Eventually, Maura gathered the courage to quit her job and start her own business. Heres a challenge: If its something you wouldnt ordinarily do, do it. Try a dish youve never eaten. Listen to music youd ordinarily tune out. Youll discover these small things add to your emotional energy. 2. Reclaim lifes meaning. So many of my patients tell me that their lives used to have meaning, but that somewhere along the line things went stale. The first step in solving this meaning shortage is to figure out what you really care about, and then do something about it. A case in point is Ivy, 57, a pioneer in investment banking. “I mistakenly believed that all the money I made would mean something,” she says. “But I feel lost, like a 22-year-old wondering what to do with her life.” Ivys solution? She started a program that shows Wall Streeters how to donate time and money to poor children. In the process, Ivy filled her life with meaning. 3. Put yourself in the fun zone. Most of us grown-ups are seriously fun-deprived. High-energy people have the same day-to-day work as the rest of us, but they manage to find something enjoyable in every situation. A real estate broker I know keeps herself amused on the job by mentally redecorating the houses she shows to clients. “I love imagining what even the most run-down house could look like with a little tender loving care,” she says. “Its a challengeand the least desirable properties are usually the most fun.” We all define fun differently, of course, but I can guarantee this: If you put just a bit of it into your day, you energy will increase quickly. 4. Bid farewell to guilt and regret. Everyones past is filled with regrets that still cause pain. But from an emotional energy point of view, they are dead weights that keep us from moving forward. While they cant merely be willed away, I do recommend you remind yourself that whatever happened is in the past, and nothing can change that. Holding on to the memory only allows the damage to continue into the present. 5. Make up your mind. Say youve been thinking about cutting your hair short. Will it look stylishor too extreme? You endlessly think it over. Having the decision hanging over your head is a huge energy drain. Every time you cant decide, you burden yourself with alternatives. Quit thinking that you have to make the right decision; instead, make a choice and dont look back. 6. Give to get. Emotional energy has a kind of magical quality; the more you give, the more you get back. This is the difference between emotional and physical energy. With the latter, you have to get it to be able to give it. With the former, however, you get it by giving it. Start by asking everyone you meet, “How are you?” as if you really want to know, then listen to the reply. Be the one who hears. Most of us also need to smile more often. If you dont smile at the person you love first thing in the morning, youre sucking energy out of your relationship. Finally, help another personand make the help real, concrete. Give a massage (按摩) to someone you love, or cook her dinner. Then, expand the circle to work. Try asking yourself what youd do if your goal were to be helpful rather than efficient. After all, if its true that what goes around comes around, why not make sure that whats circulating around you is the good stuff? 1. The energy crisis in America discussed here mainly refers to_.A. a shortage of fossil fuels B. physical energyC. emotional energy D. solar energy 2. Unlike physical energy, emotional energy is unlimited and has nothing to do with_.A. genes or upbringing B. workC. spirit or mood D. environment3. Laura Hillenbrand is an example cited to show_.a) how she is bored b) how her life is dispersed by his laziness c) how emotional energy can contribute to ones success in lifed) how her writing is successful4. Finally, Maura _ A. gained her own success B. found her own emotional inspiration to do what she wantedC. changed her look with a short haircut and new black T-shirts D. discuss her way of life with her friends5. According to the passage, how would you face the challenge: If its something you wouldnt ordinarily do, _. A. take action B. escape form it B. find something new D. try a new dish to eat6. Ivy filled her life with meaning by_.A. giving up his bad habitsB. giving help to the old peopleC. investing more money in bankD. launching a program to help poor children 7. The real-estate broker the author knows is talented in_. A. arts B. imagination of home decoration C. challenging D. music 8. People holding on to sad memories of the past will find it difficult to _. 9. When it comes to decision-making, one should make a quick choice without _. 10. Emotional energy is in a way different from physical energy in that the more you give, _. 例文2：Will We Run Out of Water?Picture a “ghost ship” sinking into the sand, left to rot on dry land by a receding sea. Then imagine dust storms sweeping up toxic pesticides and chemical fertilizers from the dry seabed and spewing them across towns and villages.Seem like a scene from a movie about the end of the world? For people living near the Aral Sea in Central Asia, its all too real. Thirty years ago, government planners diverted the rivers that flow into the sea in order to irrigate (provide water for)farmland. As a result, the sea has shrunk to half its original size, stranding ships on dry land. The seawater has tripled in salt content and become polluted, killing all 24 native species of fish.Similar large-scale efforts to redirect water in other parts of the world have also ended in ecological crisis, according to numerous environmental groups. But many countries continue to build massive dams and irrigation systems, even though such projects can create more problems than they fix. Why? People in many parts of the world are desperate for water, and more people will need more water in the next century.“Growing populations will worsen problems with water,” says Peter H. Gleick, an environmental scientist at the Pacific Institute for studies in Development, Environment, and Security, a research organization in California. He fears that by the year 2025, as many as one-third of the worlds projected 8.3 billion people will suffer from water shortages.Where Water GoesOnly 2.5 percent of all water on Earth is freshwater, water suitable for drinking and growing food, says Sandra Postel, director of the Global Water Policy Project in Amherst, Mass. Twothirds of this freshwater is locked in glaciers and ice caps. In fact, only a tiny percentage of freshwater is part of the water cycle, in which water evaporates and rises into the atmosphere, then condenses and falls back to Earth as precipitation(rain or snow).Some precipitation runs off land to lakes and oceans, and some becomes groundwater, water that seeps into the earth. Much of this renewable freshwater ends up in remote places like the Amazon river basin in Brazil, where few people live. In fact, the worlds population has access to only 12,500 cubic kilometers of freshwaterabout the amount of water in Lake Superior. And people use half of this amount already. “If water demand continues to climb rapidly,” says Postel, “there will be severe shortages and damage to the aquatic environment.”Close to HomeWater woes may seem remote to people living in rich countries like the United States. But Americans could face serious water shortages, too especially in areas that rely on groundwater. Groundwater accumulates in aquifers, layers of sand and gravel that lie between soil and bedrock. (For every liter of surface water, more than 90 liters are hidden underground.)Although the United States has large aquifers, farmers, ranchers, and cities are tapping many of them for water faster than nature can replenish it. In northwest Texas, for example, over pumping has shrunk groundwater supplies by 25 percent, according to Postel.Americans may face even more urgent problems from pollution. Drinking water in the United States is generally safe and meets high standards. Nevertheless, one in five Americans every day unknowingly drinks tap water contaminated with bacteria and chemical wastes, according to the Environmental Protection Agency. In Milwaukee, 400,000 people fell ill in 1993 after drinking tap water tainted with cryptosporidium, a microbe that causes fever, diarrhea and vomiting.The SourceWhere do contaminants come from? In developing countries, people dump raw sewage into the same streams and rivers from which they draw water for drinking and cooking; about 250 million people a year get sick from water borne diseases.In developed countries, manufacturers use 100,000 chemical compounds to make a wide range of products. Toxic chemicals pollute water when released untreated into rivers and lakes. (Certain compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs, have been banned in the United States.)But almost everyone contributes to water pollution. People often pour household cleaners, car antifreeze, and paint thinners down the drain; all of these contain hazardous chemicals. Scientists studying water in the San Francisco Bay reported in 1996 that 70 percent of the pollutants could be traced to household waste.Farmers have been criticized for overusing herbicides and pesticides, chemicals that kill weeds and insects but that pollute water as well. Farmers also use nitrates, nitrogenrich fertilizer that help plants grow but that can wreak havoc on the environment. Nitrates are swept away by surface runoff to lakes and seas. Too many nitrates “over enrich” these bodies of water, encouraging the buildup of algae, or microscopic plants that live on the surface of the water. Algae deprive the water of oxygen that fish need to survive, at times choking off life in an entire body of water.Whats the Solution?Water expert Gleick advocates conservation and local solutions to water-related problems; governments, for instance, would be better off building small-scale dams rather than huge and disruptive projects like the one that ruined the Aral Sea.“More than 1 billion people worldwide dont have access to basic clean drinking water,” says Gleick. “There has to be a strong push on the part of everyonegovernments and ordinary peopleto make sure we have a resource so fundamental to life.”1.What caused the Aral Sea to shrink?AThe rivers flowing into it have been diverted.BFarmers used its water to irrigate their farmland.CGovernment planners overpumped its