托福TPO20综合写作材料及范文.doc

托福TPO20综合写作材料及范文 在美国，对森林大火采取的是不扑灭的策略，但是1988年燃烧了两个月的黄石公园森林大火使很多人主张取消这种策略。下面的托福TPO20综合写作材料就这两种观点进行了陈述，欢迎阅读! Thereadingpassagearguesthattheletitburnpolicyshouldbereplacedbythepolicyofextinguishingforestfiresassoonastheyappeared.However,theprofessorraisesseriouscounterargumentsagainstthereadingparagraphbyprovidingthreeaspectsaslistedbelow: First,aordingtothespeaker,thenaturalforestfiresareacycleofcreativeeven theyhavealargescaleofthedamage,andafterthefires,newplantswhichbecamemorediversethanbeforeexistedintheYellowstone.Forexample,somebigplantswerereplacedbythesmallonesappearedintheYellowstoneduetotheopenandshadedlands.Anotherexampleisthatitwasabetterplaceforcertainseedsthankstothehighleveloftheheat.Thispointdirectlycontradictswhatthepassageindicates. Second,thereadingpassagestatesthatthefirewasadestructionofhabitatsandthedisruptionofthefoodchain.Theprofessor,however,statedthatthepopulationhadalreadyrecovered,andcreatedsomeidealhabitatsforthesmallanimalssuchasrabbitsandhares.Moreover,sincetherabbitsandharesbegantolivethere,thepredatorswholivedonthemcametoliveintheYellowstone,too.Therefore,certainfoodchainwasstrongerthanbefore.Thisisanotherpointwherethelisteningopposesthereadingpassage. Third,quitedifferentfromwhathadbeenstatedinthereadingpassage,thelecturersaidthatthefirein1988wasquiteunusualanditdidnothappeneveryyear.Moreover,themassivefirewascausedbythelowrainfallandthestrongwind,whichwouldnotouragain.Besides,thevictorsstillebacktotheYellowstonenextyearandeachyearafterthat.Thispointrefutestheviewstatedinthereadingpassage. IntheUnitedStates,ithadbeenmonpracticesincethelate1960snottosuppressnaturalforestfires.The“letitburn”policyassumedthatforestfireswouldburnthemselvesoutquickly,withoutcausingmuchdamage.However,inthesummerof1988,forestfiresinYellowstone,themostfamousnationalparkinthecountry,burnedformorethantwomonthsandspreadoverahugearea,enpassingmorethan800,000acres.Becauseofthelargescaleofthedamage,manypeoplecalledforreplacingthe“letitburn”policywithapolicyofextinguishingforestfires assoonastheyappeared.Threekindsofdamagecausedbythe“letitburn”policywereemphasizedbycriticsofthepolicy. 在美国，从1960年代末开始就非常普遍地对森林大火采取不扑灭的策略。这种“随它燃烧”的策略认为森林大火可以在不造成太多损失的情况下迅速燃烧完。然后，1988年发生在美国最出名的黄石国家公园的森林大火却整整燃烧了两个月，蔓延了80万英亩。鉴于这次造成的巨大损失，很多人主张取消“随它燃烧”的策略，转而开始全力扑灭森林大火的策略。评论家们提供了三个由“随它燃烧”策略造成的损害来支持自己的观点。 First,Yellowstonefirescausetremendousdamagetotheparkstreesandothervegetation.Whenthefiresfinallydiedout,nearlyonethirdofYellowstoneslandhadbeenscorched.Treeswerecharredandblackenedfromflamesandsmoke.Smallerplantswereentirelyincinerated.Whathadbeenanationaltreasurenowseemedlikeadevastatedwasteland. 首先，黄石大火给公园里的树木以及其他植物造成了巨大的损失。当火燃尽的时候，黄石公园接近三分之一的面积已成焦土。火焰烧焦树木，浓烟熏黑树木。小型植物则被彻底烧成灰烬。当看到宝贵的国家财富成为一片荒地的时候，会是何种感觉? Second,theparkwildlifewasaffectedaswell.Largeanimalslikedeerandelkwereseenfleeingthefire.Manysmallerspecieswereprobablyunabletoescape.Therewasalsoconcernthanthedestructionofhabitatsandthedisruptionoffoodchainswouldmakeitimpossiblefortheanimalsthatsurvivedthefiretoreturn. 第二，公园的野生动物也遭到了伤害。像鹿或者麋鹿这些大型动物在火灾中都逃脱了，但是很多小型动物却不能逃脱。同时，大火还破坏了动物的栖息地并打乱了食物链，这使得当或在结束之后，逃离的动物也无法回来栖息于此。 Third,thefirespromisedthevalueoftheparkasatouristattraction,whichinturnhadnegativeconsequencesforthelocaleconomy.Withseveralthousand acresoftheparkengulfedinflames,thetouristseasonwascutshort,andalargenumberofvisitorsdecidedtostayaway.Ofcourse,localbusinessesthatdependedonparkvisitorssufferedasaresult. 第三，火灾会降低公园对游客的吸引力，进而对当地的经济造成不良的影响。由于数千英亩的土地被火焰吞没，旅游旺季缩短了，而很多游客都会选择放弃游览黄石公园。当地的经济对于旅游业依赖很大，自然会受到负面影响。 Actually,firesarenaturalpartofecologicalcycleandtheirroleisnotjustdestructivebutalsocreative.Thatiswhythe“letitburn”policyisfundamentallyagoodone,evenifitsometimescausesfiresofthe1988Yellowstonefire.Letslookatwhathappenedafter1988fire. 事实上，森林大火是生态系统的组成部分，而且大火的角色不仅仅是破坏性的，同时也是建设性的。这就是为什么“随它燃烧”政策基本上是正确的，尽管它导致了1988年黄石大火。让我们看看1988大火之后发生了什么。 First,vegetation.Asyoumightimagine,scorchedareaswereintimecolonizedby newplants.Asamatteroffact,theplantsinYellowstonebecamemorediversebecausethefirecreatedanopportunityforcertainplantsthatcouldnotgrowotherwise.Forexample,areaswherethetreeshavebeendestroyedbythefirecouldnowbetakenoverbysmallerplantsthatneededopenandshadedspacetogrow.Andanotherexample,seedsofcertainplantsspecieswontgerminateunlesstheyreexposedtoveryhighlevelsofheat.So,thoseplantsstartedappearingafterthefireaswell. 首先，对于植物来说。你们可以想到，那些烧焦的地方随着时间的发展都会被新的植物覆盖。而且事实上，因为大火给一些本来难以生长的种类得以发芽，黄石的植物因此变得更具多样性。比如，原来长满树木的地方因为火灾遭到破坏，但现在那里长满了需要开阔而阴凉空间的小型植物。另一个例子是，一些植物的种子只有经受过非常高的温度之后才能够发芽。所以，这些植物会在大火之后开始生长。 Itsasimilarstorywiththeanimals.Notonlydidtheirpopulationsrecover,butthefirealsocreatednewopportunities.Forinstance,thesmallplantsthatreplacedtreesafterthefirecreatedanidealhabitatforcertainsmallanimalslikerabbitsandhares.Andwhenrabbitsandharesstartedthriving,sodidsomepredatorsthatdependedonthemforfood.So,certainfoodchainsactuallybecamestrongerafterthefirethantheywerebefore. 动物的情况也类似。不但动物的数量会逐步回复，而且大火会给动物的生长带来新的机会。比如，那些在火灾之后取代原有树木的小型植物给一些小型动物提供了极佳的栖息地，比如兔子。当兔子的数量开始变多，那么以它们为食的捕食者的数量也会增加。所以，大火过后，相应的食物链会变得比之前更加稳定。 Andlast,fireslike1988Yellowstonefirewouldbeaproblemfortourismiftheyhappenedeveryyear.Buttheydont.Itwasaveryunusualbinationoffactors thatyear,lowrainfall,unusuallystrongwinds,aumulationofdryundergrowththatcausedfiretobesomassive.Thisbinationhasnotourredsinceand