广外命题英语词汇学笔记.doc

广外命题英语词汇学笔记(本笔记仅适合广东自考生，熟记此笔记则可通过考试。外省自考生仅供参考。若考全国题则会超出广东省大纲,故本文参照全国大纲略有增加内容,并注有另增加字样。) CONTENTS OF ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY C1. A General Survey to English Vocabulary （占8%） 1.1 Lexicology 1.2 The Development of English Vocabulary 1.2.1 The Indo-European Family of Languages 1.2.2 The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages 1.2.3 The Seven Important Elements of English vocabulary development 1.2.4 The Three Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary:OE,ME, Modern English 1.2.5 The rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary and its cause: 1.2.5.1 Marked progress of science and technology 1.2.5.2 Socio-economic,political and cultural changes: 1.2.5.3 The influence of other cultures and languages: 1.3 The Composition of English Vocabulary 1.3.1 The Native Element and the Foreign Element of the English Vocabulary 1.3.2 The Basic Word-Stock(see1.5.1) and the Specialized Vocabularies(see 1.5.2) 1.3.3 The Three Characteristic Features of the English Vocabulary：Copious，Heterogeneous,Varied 1.4 Word 1.5 Classification of English Words According to Different Criteria 1.5.1 By Origin: Native Words and Loan Words 1.5.1.1 Native Words：1）The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock（All-National character，Stability，Productivity/Word-formaing ability，Collocability/Ability to form collocations，Polysymy）； 2）The importance the basic word stock 1.5.1.2 Loan words: are those words which borrowed from other languages. 1.5.1.2.1 Types of loan words: denizens, aliens, translation loans, semantic loans 1.5.1.2.2 Origins of loan words: major from Latin,Greek,and other main languages 1.5.2 By level of usage: common,literary,colloquial,slang,technical,jargon,argot,neologisms words 1.5.3 By notion（概念）: function words, content words 1.5.3.3 The differences between function words and content words: 1.5.4 On the morphemic level （P.45,moved from C2）: simple,derived（complex) ,compound words C2. Morphology(词法, 形态学) （占27%） 2.1 Open class and closed class（另增加） 2.2 The internal Structure of an English Word:Root,stem,base;Affix;Morpheme;Allomorph;Types of Morphemes(free morpheme,bound morpheme（bound root;affix;root,stem and base）)Relations among the internal structures 2.3 Word-Formation (2.3.1-2.3.3 at 45%,three major types of formation) 2.3.1 Composition or Compounding (27%) （复合法）:page54 2.3.1.1 Definition:Orthographic criterion,Phonological criterion,Semantic criterion 2.3.1.2 Types of compoundings : noun,adjective, verb compounds 2.3.2 Affixation or Derivation（派生法或词缀法）(17.5%) :Prefixation,Suffixation 2.3.3 Conversion or Functional shift （转成法或功能转换法） (10.5%) 2.3.4 Shortening（缩略法）(11%):Acronymy（首字母拼音法）(Initialism,Acronym),Clipping(截缩法) 2.3.5 Blending （混成法） (6%) 2.3.6 Neoclassical Formation (4%) （新古典词构成法） 2.3.7 Words From Proper Name (2%) （专有名词转成法） 2.3.8 Back-Formation (1%) （反成法或逆成法） 2.3.9 Reduplication or Phrase Compounding (0.5%)（重叠法或短语合成法） Miscellaneous (20.5%) （其它类综合） 2.3.10 Onomatopoeia （拟声法） 2.3.11 Gradation （元音替代法） 2.3.12 Morphological Stress （重音变换法 2.3.13 Two-Part Verbs(Phrase verbs) （双词合成法） 2.3.14 Borrowing Words (18.5%) （借词） C3. Word Meaning and the semantic Relations Between Words （占45%） 3.1 Word Meaning and semantic features 3.1.1 The meanings of Meaning:Reference(所指),Concept（概念）,Sense（意义） 3.1.2 Conventionality（常规）and Motivation(理据):Conventionality, Motivation (phonetic/onomatopoeic,morphological,Semantic,etymological motivation) 3.1.3 Main Types of Meaning: Gramatical Meaning ,Lexical Meaning (denotative/conceptual, connotative, social or stylistic, affetive, collocative, reflected, thematic meaning) 3.1.4 Componential Analysis(语义成分分析):advantages,disadvantages or drawbacks 3.2 Changes in Word Meaning 3.2.1 Causes of Semantic Change（p.258）：Historical cause,Social cause,Foreign influences, Linguistic cause (Towards ellipsis,Towards analogy), Psychological cause (Euphemism, Grandiloquence,Cynicism) 3.2.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change: Ristriction or narrowing or specialization,Extension or generalization,Degeneration,Elevation or amelioration of meaning,另增加Transfer 3.2.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words（p.284）： Metaphor（隐喻）,Metonymy（换喻）, Euphemism（委婉词）, 另增加:Simile（明喻）（另增加）,Zoosemy（动物喻人法）,Hyperbole（夸张法）,Litotes（曲言法）,Personification（拟人法） 3.3 Monosemy(单义关系),Polysemy and Homonymy (一词多义关系和同形/同音异义关系) 3.3.1 Polysemy(一词多义关系) 3.3.1.1 Two approaches to polysemy:diachronic approach,synchronic approach 3.3.1.2 Two proceses leading to polysemy （p.173）:radiation,concatenation 3.3.1.3 The primary meaning,central meaning,derived meaning(原义、中心义、派生义) 3.3.1.4 The literal meaning and figurative meaning（本义、比喻义） 3.3.1.5 A polysemous word and its contextual meaning（多义词和它的上下文意义） 3.3.2 Homonymy（同形/同音异义关系）（p.177） 3.3.2.1 Types of homonyms:Perfect homonyms,Homophones,Homographs 3.3.2.2Sources of homonyms:Phonetic convergence,Semantic divergence,Foreign influence,Shortening 3.3.3 The stylistic value of polysemy and homononymy:The differences between polysemy and homonymy (or the differences between polysemes and homonyms).；The values 3.4 Sense Relations Between words（词与词之间的语义关系）(p.190) 3.4.1 Synonymy (同义关系) 3.4.1.1 Major sources of English synonyms(同义词):Borrowing,Dialects and regional English Figurative and euphemistic use of words,Coincidence with idiomatic expressions 3.4.1.2 Types of synonyms:Complete or absolute synonyms,Relative synonyms 3.4.1.3 Synonymous patterns:The double scale pattern,The triple scale pattern（三词一组的同义词） 3.4.1.4 Synonymous dominants（同义词中组中的中心词）（另增加） 3.4.1.5 The choice and appropriate use of synonyms 3.4.2 Antonymy (反义关系) (p.209) 3.4.2.1 Antonyms classified on the basis of semantic contrast: Contraries（相对性反义词）, Complementaries （互补反义词）Conversives or Relative terms（换位反义词/关系反义词）： 3.4.2.2 Some relevant points about antonyms: Marked and unmarked members,Some words without antnonyms,Different antonyms under different circumstances,Lexical antonymy vs syntactic negation,Word order of antonymous pairs. 3.4.3 Hyponymy(上下义关系) (p.219) 3.4.4 Semantic Field(词义场) (p.223) 3.5 Meaning and Context (意义和语境) 3.5.1 Two types of context 3.5.1.1 Linguistic context：Lexical context,Grammatical context,Verbal context in its broad sense 3.5.1.2 Extra-linguistic context/context of situation： 3.5.2 The vital role of context in determination of word meaning or the functions ot context: elimination of ambiguity,indication of referents,provision of clues for inferring word-meaing. 3.5.3 Suggested ways for the correct comprehension of word meaning（p.248）： 3.5.3.1 The useof an up-to-date and adequate monoligual dictionary 3.5.3.2 A good knowledge of the culture of the English-speaking people 3.5.3.3 Development of the ability to determine the meaning of a word from its context. C4 . English Idioms （占15%） 4.1 Sources of English idioms 4.2 Characteristics of Idioms 4.3 Classifications of Idioms:Phrase idioms,Clause idioms,Sentence idioms 4.4 Syntactic,structural and stylistic analysis of Idioms: Syntactic function,Transformational restrictions,Collocative restrictions,Structural variability,Stylistic features C5. American English 5.1 Growth of Amercian English: Before independence,From independence to the early 19th century, From the early 19th century to the present time;The impact of American Englsih on British English 5.2 Charactristics of American English：Creativeness in enriching the language，Consevativesness or retention of archaic features，Heterogeneity，Relative uniformity in speech，Popularity of slang，Use of big words，Verbose and plain stlye in writing 5.3 American English and British English Compared：in pronunciation, spelling, grammar, vocabulary C6 English Dictionaries（p.363）：（占5%） 6.1 Introductions: Lexicology and dictionaries,Trends of English dictionaries-prescritive and descritive dictionaries 6.2 Types of English Dictionaries:Linguistic and encyclopedic;General and special or restricted; Monolingual and bilingual;Synchronic and diachronic;Unabridged,medium-sized,and pocket; Idealogical dictionaries;Monolingual dictionaries for non-native learners 6.3 Some Characteristics of Dictionaries of Contemporary English 6.4 The choice of an Englsih Dictionary： Suitability,Contents,Authority,Up-to-date-ness 6.5 The use of dictionary:Read the introduction and guide to the use of the dictionary,Make full use of the entry contents, Choose the right meaning,Know the inadequacies of the dictionary （以上的分数所占比例参照全国考题，且不考C5；至于广东考题是否考C5美国英语则不详。） NOTES OF ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY C1. A General Survey to English Vocabulary 1.1 Lexicology 1.1.1 Definition ：Lexicology is a branch of linguistics,inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. 1.1.2 The Nature and Scope：English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 1.1.3 The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with amd extent to： English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology, semantics, etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论） and lexicographay. 1.1.4 The reason for a student to study English lexicology： According to the textbook,English Lexicology will definitely be benefical for students of English.A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power.The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize,classify and store words more effectively.The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage,and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately.A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skils of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study 1.2 The Development of English Vocabulary 1.2.1 The Indo-European Family of Languages：It is one of the main family of languages in the world.It contains most European languages（e.g. English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, rusian etc.）and some Asian languages(e.g. Hindi, Bangali,Urdu,Persian etc.) 1.2.2 The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages 1.2.2.1 The Balto-slavic Group（波罗的-斯拉夫语族）：Latvian,Russian,Bugarian,Polish,Czech etc. 1.2.2.2 The Indo-Iranian Group（印度-伊朗语族）：Sanskrit,Hindi,Urdu,Bengali,Persian etc. 1.2.2.3 The Armenian Group（亚美尼亚语族）：Armenian. 1.2.2.4 The Albanian Group（阿尔巴尼亚语族）：Albanian. 1.2.2.5 The Hellenic Group（古希腊语族）：Greek. 1.2.2.6 The Italian Group（意大利语族）： Latin,Romance languages(French,Italian,Spanish, portuguess,Romanian) etc. 1.2.2.7 The Celtic Group（凯尔特语族）：Gaelic,Welsh,Breton etc. 1.2.2.8 The Germanic Group（日耳曼语族）： Englsih,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian, Swedish,Danish,Icelandic) etc. 1.2.3 The Seven Important Elements of English vocabulary development 1.2.3.1 The Roman Conquest of the British Isles. 1.2.3.2 The settlement of three Germanic tribes in the British Isles. 1.2.3.3 The introduction of Christianity into England. 1.2.3.4 The Scandinavian invasions. 1.2.3.5 The Norman Conquest of England（诺曼征服）. 1.2.3.6 The Renaissance(文艺复兴). 1.2.3.7 The migration of English-speaking people to north America,Australia and South Africa. 1.2.4 The Three Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary 1.2.4.1 Old English Period or The Anglo-Saxon Period (OE,450-1100): The dialects of three German tribes is the basic of the establishment of the all national English.At this old English period,the most words are from the Germanic Language Group,only little loan words,and seldom use loan words,often combine two native words into a new word to express complicated concepts or things. 1.2.4.2 Middle English Period (ME,1100-1500): The Norman Conquest caused the French as the ruling language in England,thus large sums of words were loan into English,and large sums of English native words vanished at the same time.From then on, English begins the history of borrowing words from other languages. 1.2.4.3 Modern English Period (1500-present) The introduction of the printing art（印刷术） into Britain caused the united and steady form of English words established. 1.2.5 The rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary and its cause. Neologisms swept in at a rate much faster than that before World War II,thus caused the rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary. There are three causes: 1.2.5.1 Marked progress of science and technology: Since World War II,treamendous new words in all fields of science of technology have been creating to the English vocabulary,such as radioactivity,chain reaction,ballistic missiles,etc. 1.2.5.2 Socio-economic,political and cultural changes: New social habits and living conditions necessitate the introduction of new words,such as credit card, teach-in, saleswoman,black studies,open classroom,call-in,roller-hockey etc. 1.2.5.3 The influence of other cultures and languages: The development of science and the rapid changes in society caused English borrowed large sums of word from other language,such as mao tai in Chinese,sputnik from Russian,autostrade from Italian, autopista from Spanish. 1.3 The Composition of English Vocabulary 1.3.1 The Native Element and the Foreign Element of the English Vocabulary 1.3.2 The Basic Word-Stock(see1.5.1) and the Specialized Vocabularies(see 1.5.2) 1.3.3 The Three Characteristic Features of the English Vocabulary 1.3.3.1 Copious(数量大):The vocabulary,in Websters New World English Dictionary（3 rd edition）is 450 thousands,is one of the most abundant language in the world. 1.3.3.2Heterogeneous（来源广）:English is a mixed languaged,its greatly borrowed words continuously to make itself be a perfect language in the development of 1500 years,especially in the occupied history. 1.3.3 Varied（用法多）:English owns a character that the synoyms is especially rich,and the large loan words enrich the English to express. 1.4 Word 1.4.1 Definition: A word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form,with a unity of sound and meaning capable of performing a given syntactic function. Words are also either spoken or written. 1.4.2 Sound and Meaning:？ 1.4.3 Sound and Form:？ 1.5 Classification of English Words According to Different Criteria 1.5.1 By Origin: Native Words and Loan Words 1.5.1.1 Native Words:Native words,as known as Anglo-Saxon words,are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. And the main part of words in the English basic word- stock are native words. 1.5.1.1.1 The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock: 1)All-National character（全民通用性）:words of the basic word stock belong to the people as a whole,not to a limited group.They are not limited to a certain region or to a certain profession. 2)Stability（相对稳定性）:The word in the basic word stock are likely to remain unchanged,bececause these words denote the commonest thing necessary to life.This stability,however,is relative,for changes take place in it very slowly,over centuries,in contrast to rapid development of techincal words. 3) Productivity（多产性）/Word-forming ability（构词能力）:Basic words are very active in forming new words.For example,the word hand can be used to form such phrases as first hand,hand in hand,to show ones hand,etc. 4) Collocability（可搭配性）/Ability to form collocations（搭配能力）:The great majority of the basic word stock are native words.They are the ones used most frequently in everyday speech and writing , although borrowed words are immensely(巨大的) useful in enriching the vocabulary and making the language flexible and resourceful. 增加5)Polysymy（多义性）:All the words in the basic word-stock are always polysyms,their semantic meaning were changed duaring the development history,thus they became polysyms. 1.5.1.1.2 The importance of the basic word stock: It is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language.It is the most important part of vocabulary. 1.5.1.2 Loan words: are those words which borrowed from other languages. 1.5.1.2.1.Types of loan words: 1) denizens(同化词):borrowed words which have changed their original pronunciation and spelling into English style pronunciation and spelling, and they always are wrongly considered as native words,such cup from Latin cuppa, port from Latin portus. 2) aliens（非同化词）: borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.e.g. decor（装饰）from French,kowtow（叩头） from Chinese. 3) translation loans(译借词):words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language. A：words translated according to the meaning（意译借词）,e.g. mother longue from Latin lingua materna,long time no see from Chinese haojiumeijian. B：words translated according to the sound （音译借词）,e.g. lama from Tibetian lama,kulak from Russian kyrak,ketchup from Chinese dialect ke-tsiap（番茄酱）. 4) semantic loans（借义词）:Words whose meanings are borrowed and whose forms are not borrowed.e.g. dream originally means “happy,music” now borrows the meaning of dream from Scandinavian. 1.5.1.2.2. Origins of loan words: from Latin,Greek,French,Scandinavian,German,Italian,Spanish, Portuguese,Arabic,Russian,Janpanese,Chinese. 1.5.2 By le