【英语】北师大版 语法·剖析·活用(Unit 16 Stories).doc

北师大版选修六语法总结过去完成时概念过去完成时表示在过去某个时间以前发生的动作或存在的状态。He was the violinist that I had met once before. 用于间接引语在间接引语的谓语动词said , told , asked ,后面的从句中，常常用过去完成时态，表示在谈话或产生想法之前已经发生的动作。He said that he had witnessed the earthquake in 1976.用于宾语从句中过去完成时态常常用于thought, wondered, guessed, found, realized等词的宾语从句中，表示在过去的某个心里活动之前的动作。When he came back, he found that great change had taken place in Pompeii.用于复合句中中过去完成时态常常用于含有 when , before , after , until , hardly when,no sooner than等连词的复合句中，主句谓语和从句谓语表示过去的动作，但是，发生的时间不同，先发生的动作通常用过去完成时表示。When I woke up, the volcano had already stopped giving out ashes.用于含有by时间点的句子中过去完成时常与by the end of last week（month，year），by the last week（month）等词连用。表示截止到某个时间为止，已经发生的动作。By the end of , thirty volcanoes had erupted in the Pacific Ocean.一般过去时与过去完成时的区别一般过去时表示在过去某个时间点或时间段发生的动作或存在的状态。常常与at, when, before, after连用。 Helen Keller came across the flowing water.过去完成时表示的动作或存在的状态是在过去某一时间以前发生的，即“过去的过去”。 其构成是had +过去分词构成。-|-|- 过去完成时 一般过去时 现在 Anne realized Helen had felt the water flowing.注意事项表示过去的连续动作时，常用and和but等连词表示动作发生的先后顺序，通常用一般过去时，而不用过去完成时。He bought a videophone but soon it didnt work.【活学巧用】.把下列直接引语变为间接引语1. Mr. Smith said to me, “ I have finished cleaning the abandoned house.” 2. “ I have known the volcano very well,” said the scientist. 3.“Ive bought a new harp,” she said to me. 4. “Have you watered your violet, Tim?” the mother asked. 5.“Her words puzzled me very much because I didnt then understand anything ,”said Helen. .完成句子1. Marx wrote back telling Engels that .(极大地鼓励了他)2. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we . (在这之前，见面好几次)3. By the end of last year, another new gymnasium . (已经完工了)4. The news came as no surprise to me. I (已经知道一些时间了) that the factory was going to shut down.5. I arrived late; I (没有预料到) the road to be so icy. .1.He told me that he had finished cleaning the abandoned house.2.The scientist said that he had known the volcano very well. 3.She told me that she had bought a new harp.4.The mother asked Tim whether he had watered his violet.5.Helen said her words had puzzled her very much because she hadnt then understand anything.1.his praise had greatly encouraged him.2.had seeneach other a couple of times before that.3.had been completedin Beijing.4.had knownfor some time5.hadnt expected单项填空1.(全国卷I,27)Mike didnt play football yesterday because he had _ his leg. A.damaged B.hurt C.hit D.struck 2. (全国III,12) John, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, spent $3,000 more than he _ for the wedding. A. will plan B. has planned C. would planD. had planned3. (天津,3)-Did Linda see the traffic accident?-No, no sooner than it happened.A. had she gone B. she had gone C. has she gone D. she has gone4.(湖南24) I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I _to half a dozen other groups.A. was giving B. am giving C. had given D. have given5. (北京，24) He _ more than 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15. A. has learned B. would have learned C. learned D. had learned 6. (福建, 28) Father _ for London on business upon my arrival, so I didnt see him. A. has left B. left C. was leaving D. had lefthave sth. done意为使（让、请）别人做某事。其中have是使役动词，意为“使、让”, 而不是“有”的意思，后接宾语sth., 过去分词done作宾语补足语,表示动作是别人做的，不是由句子的主语完成的,有意识地让别人替自己做事, sth. 与过去分词表示的动作之间是被动关系。He has had his hair cut. 他请人给他理发了。 The princess is going to have her new clothes made by a young tailor. 公主打算要一个轻的裁缝给她做一套新衣服。表示遭遇到不幸的事情。此时，主语是无意中的受害者，而不是动作的执行者。He had his leg injured while playing football.他在踢足球时腿受了伤。The girl had her precious musical instrument in the storm last Sunday.那个女孩在暴风雨中，伤了她的宝贵的乐器。此种结构的否定式，即not have sth done 偶尔用来表示不允许发生某事。 We wont have anything said against our violinist.我们不允许人这样攻击我们的小提琴家。have sb do sth. have + sb. （宾语） + do sth （宾语补足语）意为“让 / 叫 / 使某人做某事”。have 是使役动词， sb. 作宾语，其后的 do sth. 是省去 to 的动词不定式,作宾语补足语。My father often has me study for 10 hours a day. 父亲经常要我一天学习 10 个小时。The novelist had the victim talk about the volcanic eruption. 那位小说家让那位受害者谈及火山的爆发。have sth./sb. doing使某物或某人正在做某事”。其中have也是使役动词（让、使、叫），后接复合宾语，其宾补是现在分词，表示宾语和宾补之间不但存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，而且是主动关系，即宾语是宾补现在分词动作的执行者。强调正在进行或同时进行的动作。You would have everybody teasing you if you did such a tiresome thing.如果你做这样令人厌烦的事情， 你将使得每个人嘲笑你。The scientists have the workers working day and night in the Pompeiis ruins now.科学家现在使得工人们正在在旁贝废墟里工作。此结构常用于否定式，表示“不能让”，“不允许”。 I will not have you talking to Mother like that. 我不能让你和妈这样说话。 have sth to do有某事要做, have是谓语动词，意为 “有”，不定式to do是宾语sth.的定语，句子的主语是不定式动作的执行者。 不定式若用被动式，则句子的主语就不是不定式动作的执行者了。He will have his biology to write. 他要写他的传记。I have my biology to be written.我要找人写我的传记。汉译英1.我们刚才请人把机器修好了。 2.我要叫孩子去寄这封信。3.你最好把车子开慢点。 4.你有什么东西需要带到城里去吗？5.他应该用这块绚丽多彩的布料做一身新衣服。构 成作 用例 句过去完成进行时的构成had been + 现在分词构成。过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。和过去完成时一样，过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提。Had they been expecting the anecdote for some time before I came?在我来之前，他们期待这个趣事有一段时间了吧？The politician had been waiting for his visa for days before he got it.这个政治家在拿到他的签证之前，等了好多天。They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.他们只等了一会儿车就来了。过去完成进行时表示在过去某个时间以前反复的动作。He had been mentioning the comedians name to me before I met her.在我见过那位喜剧演员之前，他过去多次向我提到过她的名字。My parents had been giving me everything before the entrance exam.在之前，我的父母对我真是有求必应。过去完成进行时还常用于间接引语中。The doctor asked what he had been eating.医生问他吃了什么。I asked where the agent had been staying all those days.我问那经销商那些天是呆在哪儿的。过去完成进行时之后也可接具有“突然”之意的when分句。I had only been reading the thriller a few minutes when my teacher found it.我刚看了那本惊险小说几分钟，老师就发现了。Shed only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her.她温习功课才一会儿，她妹妹就打断她了。一般现在时表示当前的动作和存在的状态，尤其指客观存在的规律性的动作。Harmony in life is always the most important. 生活中的和谐总是最重要的。现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作和存在的状态。They are waiting in line. 他们正在站队等候。也可以表示将要发生的动作。They are leaving for the border.他们要朝过境出发。一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或状态，通常会有明确的表示过去的时间状语。Yesterday I went to school regardless of the snowstorm. 昨天，我不怕暴风雪，仍然去上学。 叙述过去连续发生的动作或状态。 This morning, I got up early, went out for a walk, then came back and cooked for my family. 今天早上，我起床，外出散步，回来为全家做饭。表示过去某一段不确定的时间内发生的动作或状态。 He worked in the store for 5 years. 过去进行时 表示过去某一点时间正在进行的动作或状态。 I was studying psychology at 11 last night. 昨天晚上11点，我正在学习心里学。表示过去某一段时间内一直进行的动作或状态，但说话时动作并没有发生。 He was writing a book last week. 上一周，他在写一本书。表示开始、结束、移动的瞬间动词，如：come, go, arrive, leave, start等，用过去进行时，表示过去的将来即将发生的动作或状态 Yesterday he said he was leaving for Shanghai next week. 与always总是, constantly始终, really非常, actually实际上, often经常, usually通常, all the time一直、总是, continually一直，等副词连用时，表示过去反复出现或发生习的惯性动作，此时常表示说话人的某种感情，如赞扬，遗憾，讨厌或不满等。 When he was a boy in a boarding school he was always crying. 当他还是个孩子时，住在寄宿学校，他总是哭。过去完成进行时表示在过去某一特定时间以前发生的动作一直持续到这个特定时间，或是刚刚结束，或是还要延续。但是，决不会延续到现在。It had been raining hard for three weeks. Nearly all the little trees on the mountain were washed away. 大雨一连下了三个星期，山上的小树差不多都给冲刷一尽了。现在完成进行时在现在某段时间内一直进行的动作，强调动作的持续性She has been cleaning the office, so we have to wait outside.她一直在打扫办公室，所以我们不得不在外面等着。(强调动作一直在进行)过去完成时表示的动作在过去的某一时间已经完成。 Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 当汤姆到达晚会的时候，大部分人都走了，他很失望。常用于间接引语中，表示某事在过去谈话或者思考的时间以前已经发生了。He saidthat he had cleaned the office.他说他打扫了办公室了。单项填空1. (山东，33) Police are now searching for a woman who is reported to _ since the flood hit the area last Friday.A. have been missing B. have got lost C. be missing D. get lost2. (陕西，7) You look very tired_at all last night?No, not really. Im tired out now.A.Do you sleep B.Were you sleepingC.Did you sleep D.Had you slept3. (全国I，21) The house belongs to my aunt but she _ here any more.A.hasnt lived B.didnt live C.hadnt lived D.doesnt live4. (北京，27) - _ leave at the end of this month.- I dont think you should do that until _ another job.A. Im going to ; youd found B. Im going to ; youve foundC. Ill ; youll find D. Ill ; youd find5. (全国III, 20)As you can see, the number of cars on roads _ rising these days.A. we keeping B. keep C. keeps D. were keeping6. (安徽，25) I _ along the street looking for a place to park when the accident _.A.went; was occurring B.went; occurredC.was going; occurred D.was going; had occurred7.(辽宁，27) The father as well ashis three children skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter.A.is going B.goC.goesD.are going8. (四川，22) Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026_ off at 18:20.A.takes B.took C.will be taken D.has taken9. (浙江，6) This machine _. It hasnt worked for years.A. didnt workB. wasnt workingC. doesnt workD. isnt working10. (湖北，32) I wont tell the student the answer to the math problem until he on it for more than an hour.A.has been working B.will have worked C.will have been working D.had worked11. (福建，24) Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane _.A. takes off B.is taking off C.has taken off D.took off12. (重庆，21) Ihave to go to work by taxi because my car at the garage.A.will be repaired B.is repairedC.is being repaired D.has been repaired结构作用例句Sb.used to + do sth.意为“过去常常干某事，表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。肯定式：used用于所有人称否定式：used notusednt用于所有人称疑问式：used youhethey？等否定疑问式：used you not？usednt you？等其否定式和疑问式也可以用did来构成：didnt use to did you use to？ didnt you use to？He used to like symphony；now he enjoys pop songs.他以前喜欢交响乐，现在他喜欢流行音乐。Used you to go swimming every summer when you were boys?小时候，每到夏天你们都要去游泳吗？He used to spend every penny he earned on books.过去，他通常把挣来的钱全花在买书上。People used to believe that the earth was flat.过去，人们总以为地球是扁平的。There used to be 过去常常有某物There used to be a scenic masterpiece on the wall ten years ago. 十前，在这墙上有一个风景画。be used to + doing： 对已感到习惯，或习惯于，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。I usednt to take a walk but now I am used to walking with my parents. 我过去常常不散步，现在，我习惯了和父母一起散步。Sth. is used to do sth. 某物被用来做成另一样东西。Wood can be used to make sleighs. 木头被用来做雪橇。概念和功能种类词例和例句限定词用于名词的前面，限定名词所指的范围，表示该名词是特指还是泛指，是定量还是不定量。冠词a, an, the形容词性指示代词this，that，these，those形容词性物主代词my，your，our，his, her, their, its形容词性不定代词both，every，much，some，any, a few, a lot of数词one，two，；first，second，.；one-third，three-fifths，特指形容词next，only，etc只能限定单数可数名词的限定词 another，each，neither，either，thewhole，every，aan，one，Ispentthewholemorninglistening a musicaltoday.整个早上我在听一张音乐唱片。只能用以限定复数可数名词both，（a）few，many，several，these，those，acoupleof，anumberof，These teapots have been made in Wuxi. 这些茶壶产于无锡。只能限定不可数名词much，（a）little，abitof，agreatdealof，anamountof，Ihavemuchpleasureindeclaringthisnewfactoryopen. 我很高兴宣布新工厂开业。既可限定不可数名词，又可限定单数可数名词和复数可数名词all，any，half，my，your，our。，no，therestof，thesame，some，such，what，this，that， which，whose，the。His conscience troubled him after he took the money. 他拿走了钱以后，他的良心使他不安。既可限定不可数名词，又可限定复数可数名词enough，more，most，plentyof，aquantityof，alotof，lotsof，less，He ate a small quantity of rice so that he could s;im. 他吃了少量的米饭,以便能够瘦身。既可限定单数可数名词，又可限定复数可数名词next，last，theother，first，second。Wespentthelastdaysofourholidays.我们度过了假期的最后几天。1.利用括号内的单词填空1)I used to (accompany) by my mother while playing games as a little boy. 2) Mustard is often used to (make) the dishes delicious. 3)I used to (skateboard) in the street, which was dangerous.4)The postmen used to (deliver) letters on foot while now they are used to riding motorcycles. 5)We are used to (hear) the harsh music from the stores out our school. 1.to be accompanied 2.make 3. skateboard 4.deliver 5. hearing2.单项填空1) (全国I, 30)Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith?Sorry, wrong number, There isnt _ Mr. Smith here.A.不填 B. a C. the D. one2) (北京,26)- I knocked over my coffee cup. It went right over _ keyboard.- You shouldnt put drinks near _ computer.A. the ; 不填 B. the ; a C. a ; 不填 D. a ; a3) (天津,1) We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun, so lets have _one this month.A. the other B. some C. anotherD. other4) (辽宁,21) Of all _reasons for my decision to become a university professor, my fathers advice was_most important one.A. the; a B. 不填；a C.不填;the D. the; the 5) (浙江,3) -Dont worry if you cant come to _ party. - Ill save _ cake for you.A. the ; someB. a ; much C. the ; anyD. a ; little 6） (浙江,15) We always keep _ spare paper, in case we ran out.A. too muchB. a number of C. plenty ofD. a good many1.We had the machine mended just now. 2.I will have my boy mail this letter. 3.Youd better have your car running slowly. 4.Have you anything to be taken to the city by me or someone else?5.Heshouldhavenewclothesmadeofthissplendidcloth.1. A 此题考查延续性动词和瞬间性动词用法辨析。句意：自从上周五发生洪水以来，警察现在一直在寻找据报道失踪的妇女。结合语境可知，说明have been missing “失踪”这一状态一直持续到现在。get lost表示”失踪”的短暂动作。2. C 此题考查过去时态的用法。句意：你看起来很疲劳。你昨天晚上睡觉了吗？不，睡得不好，我现在非常疲劳。由last night可知，sleep是发生在过去的一个动作，故用一般过去时。3. D此题考查一般时态的用法。句意：这房子属于我叔叔的，但是，他现在 不在这里住了。此处描述的是现在的事实，所以用一般现在时态。4. B此题考查一般将来时态的使用。句意：本月底我将离开，我认为你应该找到另一个工作后才离开。第一个空用Im going to或Ill皆可。until引导时间状语从句，用一般现在时代替将来时，所以要用you have found代替youll have found。5. 此题考查一般现在时态的用法。句意：就像你看到的一样，这些天路上的汽车数量持续上涨。根据these days 判断用一般现在时态，the number of 作主语，谓语动词用单数第三人称。keep doing 保持某一状态。