高考 阅读理解.doc

阅读理解阅读理解，本质是读者获得信息的一种思维活动。从阅读理解测试类型来看，主要分为两类：篇章理解（reading for the main idea）和细节理解（recognizing important facts or details），后者从历年阅读考题来看占左右。 一 高考阅读总揽1.高考阅读材料类型：说明文、论说文、叙述文以及广告。2.测试要点：理解主旨大意寻读具体信息理解细节 上下文语境推测词义简单判断理解文段逻辑，作者意图以及态度理解指代关系3. 常见的几种题目类型：归纳综合题：“main idea” “conclusion” 推理判断题：推断作者意图或态度词义判断题：单词 客观细节题：时间、事件以及两者之间的关系4.考试中常考的问题No.1在篇章理解部分： A. The author concludes that. 中心思想题/结论题B. It may be inferred from the passage that. 结论题C. According to the passage, what is.? D. What is the authors attitude toward.? 态度题E. In the authors view, 态度题F. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? 判断题 做这类问题时，一般先快速阅读全文，看其逻辑思路是总括主题，分别阐述，还是逐层递进，环环相扣。由于写作思路不一而足，阅读思路也要千变万化，视具体的情况而定。例如： Heroes are catalysts for change.They have a vision from the mountaintop.They have the skill and charm to move the masses.They create new possibilities.Without Gandhi, India might still be part of the British Empire.Without Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr.,We might still have segregated（隔离地） buses,restaurants and parks. It may be possible for large scale change to occur without leaders with magnetic personalities,but the pace of change would be slow,the vision uncertain, and the committee meetings endless. The author concludes that historical changes would_. A) be delayed without leaders with inspiring personal qualities B) not happen without heroes making the necessary sacrifices C) take place if there were heroes to lead the people D) produce leaders with attractive personalities 看完之后，读者会有如下思路：英雄是变革的催化剂（总括观点）有远见；能鼓动群众；能创造机遇（分述论据）没有他们，步伐会慢，前景不定，会议会没完没了（反面总结，深化观点）。 询问作者观点一般是在逻辑思路的最后，显然是在后面的结论句，也就是由but连接的句子中，but后的内容是语义的重心，是作者的观点，这样就排除了干扰项），而选出了正确答案）。 No.2细节理解常考问题：A. By saying., the author means that . 直接推论B. . because . . 因果思维题C. Why.? D. The example of .shows that. 例证题、E. If. 假设题F.Although . 转折思维总之，解细节理解题的要求与篇章理解题不同，要求考生逐字逐句地认真读题，用心思考，从逻辑意义中理解作者的出题思路，从而得出正确答案。例如： In recent years, Israeli consumers have grown more demanding as theyve become wealthier and more world-wise. Foreign travel is a national passion; this summer alone, one in 10 citizens will go abroad. Exposed to higher standards of service elsewhere, Israelis are returning home expecting the same. American firms have also begun arriving in large numbers. Chains such as KFC, McDonalds and Pizza Hut are setting a new standard of customer service, using strict employee training and constant monitoring to ensure the friendliness of frontline staff. Even the American habit of telling departing customers to“Have a nice day”has caught on. Lets be nicer, says Itsik Cohen, director of a consulting firm. “Nothing happens without competition.” Privatization, or the threat of it, is a motivation as well. Monopolies that until recently have been free to take their customers for granted now fear what Michael Perry, a marketing professor, calls “the revengeful consumer”. When the government opened up competition with Bezaq, the phone company, its international branch lost 40% of its market share,even while offering competitive rates. Says Perry, “People wanted revenge for all the years of bad service.” The electric company, whose monopoly may beshort-lived, has suddenly stopped requiring users to wait half a day for a repairman. Now, appointments are scheduled to the half hour. The graceless E1 A1 Airlines, which is already at auction, has retrained its employees to emphasize service and is boasting about the results in an ad campaign with the slogan, “you can feel the change in the air.” For the first time, praise outnumbers complaints on customer survey sheets.1.It may be inferred from the passage that _. A) customer service in Israel is now improving B) wealthy Israeli customers are hard to please C) the tourist industry has brought chain stores to Israel D) Israeli customers prefer foreign produce to domestic ones 这道题要求用推理的思路逐个筛选。根据第二段中“The electric company, whose.survey sheets.”可以判断）是正确答案。 2. In the authors views, higher service standardsare impossible in Israel _. A) if customer complaints go unnoticed by the management B) unless foreign companies are introduced in greater numbers C) if theres no competition among companies D) without strict routine training of employees 解此题先看一下第一段的逻辑思路：随着富裕，Israeli消费者的要求提高了（起因）高水平的服务出现了（观点）表现为三家公司的竞争（例证）没有竞争就没有一切（结论）。因此，通过逆向思维很容易选出）。 3. If someone in Israel today needs a repairman in case of a power failure, _ . A) they can have it fixed in no time B) its no longer necessary to make an appointment C) the appointment takes only half a day to make D) they only have to wait half an hour at most 题目给出了一种假设，要求根据假设选出一种结果。根据第二段中：“The electric company, . Now, appointments are scheduled to the half hour.” D）为正确答案。4. The example of E1 A1 Airlines shows that _ . A) revengeful customers are a threat to the monopoly of enterprises B) an ad campaign is a way out for enterprises in financial difficulty C) a good slogan has great potential for improvement service D) staff retraining is essential for better service 这是典型的例证题，看文章第二段的最后两句，我们不难总结出：由于 对其员工进行服务意识的再培训，并提出了相应的口号，在其进行的社会调查中，首次赞扬者多于抱怨者。因此正确答案是）。 5. Why did Bezaqs international branch lose 40% of its market share? A) Because the rates it offered were not competitive enough. B) Because customers were dissatisfied with itspast service. C) Because the service offered by its competitors was far better. D) Because it no longer received any support from the government. 这是一道因果关系题。根据第二段中的“its international . years of bad service”很容易找到答案）。 考生只要在平时的阅读训练中，认真练习逻辑思维；在考试中，合理应用逻辑思维，一定会在考试中取得理想的成绩。二. 解题方法归纳1.学生必须具备的基础：词汇：语法：篇章理解能力：A. B.2.一般解题方法：No.1 材料：skimming scanning (1)先看文章后做题(顺读法)。_(2)先看题目再做题(逆读法) _No.2 做题：运用自己所学到的知识答题。语法知识 No.3(4)猜测法。 分析细节能力 3. 猜词技巧 阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语意义的题目，这些词、短语、习语要么是生词，要么是熟词新义，单靠平时积累是不够的，还要掌握一定的做题技巧。总结如下： (1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断：在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀(prefix)，或在后面加后缀(suffix)，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是生词，但掌握了一定的构词法，就不难猜出它的词义。例如： Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10, Anaclerio said, and theyre very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject. 文中interactive是由前缀inter(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。 (2)根据上下文解释作出判断：有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义域或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。请看下例： Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental Centre offers a wide variety ofchoicesdeluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches, Santana sedans are the big favourite. 从前面的Car Rental Center可知出租车公司提供的只能是cars for rent(出租汽车)，也就是说划线的词都是出租汽车的名称。 (3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择：文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。例如： However, the question that moon people asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it. 首先，it指上句中的the question，而th