跨文化交际(UNIT 8).ppt

ReviewofUnit7 WhatisM TimeandP Time Whichdoyouthinkisthedominatingtimesysteminourculture 2 Whatistherightwayofdealingwithissuesofspaceandprivacyinaninterculturalenvironment InterculturalCommunicationUnit8Cross CulturalPerception WarmUp Pleasereadthestoryonpage264andfillintheblanks Whatdoyouthinkofthestory ItoldtheEnglishmanitwasthe1sportingthingtodo andhejumped ItoldtheFrenchmanitwas2chic theGermanthatitwasa3command theItalianthatitwas4forbidden theRussianthatitwas5revolutionary sotheyalljumpedoverboard AndhowdidyougettheAmericantojump Noproblem saidthecaptain Itoldhimhewas6insured Ofcourse whatthestorytellsusaboutpeopleofthosedifferentnationscanonlybepartiallytrueatbestandwemustbeawareofsuchovergeneralizationandoversimplificationinourperceptionofpeopleofothercultures FrenchLeaveandDutchCourage p265 267 DoyouknowsometermsandexpressionsinEnglishthatareformedwithnamesofothernationalities Danishpastry Flemishbond Irishstew Italichandwriting Portugueseman or war Russianroulette Spanishfly Scotchpine Swissroll TurkishdelightandWelshrarebit Belgianhare Dutchbarn Frenchletter Germanmeasles GreekgiftsandSwedishdrill AmongtheEnglishidiomsmentionedinReadingI someareemotionally neutral inthattheyonlydealwith floraandfaunaandproducts thatarenotnativetoEngland However someotheridiomsmaycarrytheBritishculturalvaluesandattitudestoothernations FrenchLeaveandDutchCourage p265 267 DoyouknowsometermsandexpressionsinEnglishthatareformedwithnamesofothernationalities Forinstance idiomswhichareculturallyneutralinclude Danishpastry Flemishbond Irishstew Italichandwriting Portugueseman or war Russianroulette Spanishfly Scotchpine Swissroll TurkishdelightandWelshrarebit Idiomswhichareculturallyloadedinclude Belgianhare Dutchbarn Frenchletter Germanmeasles GreekgiftsandSwedishdrill FrenchLeaveandDutchCourage p265 267 ManyidiomsconcerningothernationssuggestthattheBritish susedtoholdothersinderisionandcontempt ButallthoserelatedtotheBritishthemselvesindicatethattheBritishusedtoviewthemselvesinpositiveways Homework FinishtheFill inTaskexercise p268 Whatdotheymeaninthesentence Fill inTask p268 1 ExcusemyFrench buthe sabloodynuisance 2 TheheadmasteralwaystalkstothepupilslikeaDutchuncle 3 Idon tunderstandthisbookatall it sallGreektome 4 Ifyouwantedmetogo whydidn tyousaysoinplainEnglishinsteadofmakingvaguehints 5 ScratchaRussian andyou llfindaTartar DoyouunderstandwhatImean Fill inTask p268 6 Keepawayfrom hisIrishisup 7 I llhaveacoupleofdrinkstogivemeDutchcourage 8 It sgoodtoseethatoldfilmstarenjoyinga n Indiansummerwithhersecondhighlyacclaimedfilmthisyear 9 Beforesheleft shesaidafinalgoodbyeandgivehimalongFrenchkiss 10 ThecompaniesdonotwishtoWelshontheirdebtstobankerifthoughtheirbusinessseemstobenotgoodatthemoment ReadingII Readthearticle EthnocentrismandEthnorelativism p272 276 1 Whatisethnocentrism Mostotherculturesarebackwardcomparedwithmyculture Mycultureshouldbetherolemodelforothercultures Otherculturesshouldtrytobemorelikemyculture Mostpeoplefromotherculturesjustdon tknowwhat sgoodorthem Mostpeoplewouldbehappieriftheylivedlikepeopleinmyculture Peopleinmyculturehavejustaboutthebestlifestylesofanywhere Lifestylesinotherculturesarenotasvalidasthoseinmyculture Idonotcooperatewithpeoplewhoaredifferent ReadingII Readthearticle EthnocentrismandEthnorelativism p272 276 1 Whatisethnocentrism Idonottrustpeoplewhoaredifferent Idislikeinteractingwithpeoplefromdifferentcultures Ihavelittlerespectforthevaluesandcustomsofothercultures Otherculturesaresmarttolookuptomyculture Otherpeoplearemuchthesameasmypeople Ourwayofdoingthingsistheonlyrightway ReadingII Ethnocentrismisnegativelyjudgingaspectsofanotherculturebythestandardsofone sownculture Itisthetechnicalnamefortheviewofthingsinwhichone sowngroupisthecenterofeverything andallothersarescaledandratedwithreferencetoit Itoccurswhenournationisseenasthecenteroftheworld Inotherwords itreferstoourtendencytoidentifywithouringroupandtoevaluateoutgroupsandtheirmembersaccordingtoitsstandard ReadingII Itisnotsuggestedthatethnocentrismisalwaysdeliberate Oftentheexpressionofethnocentrismisafunctionofhowwearesocialized seeexamplesonp273 Ethnocentrismoftenisexpressedinthewaypeopledrawtheirmaps Peopletendtodrawmapsoftheworldwiththeirowncountryatthecenterandwithotherpartsoftheworlddepictedasperipheral Ethnocentrismcanalltooeasilyleadto us versus them thoughtandlanguage Thecollectivepronouns us and them becomepowerfulinfluencesonperception Thenamesgivento them canbeusedtojustifytheirsuppressionandeventheirextermination seethepoem WeandThey onp280 281 ReadingII Itseemstobereallyimpossibletoeradicateethnocentrismthrougheducationandinterculturalexchange however theydohelpreducethedegreeofethnocentrism asortofnaturaltendency forpeopleliveinthecontextoftheirculturesotheycanhardlygetridoftheirculture sinfluencesontheirthinking behavingandwayofliving Whatoneneedstodoistodeveloptheattitudeofethnorelativism Whatisethnorelativism Itisjustoppositetotheattitudeofethnocentrism itisculturalrelativism Itinvolvestheviewthatallculturesareofequalvalueandthevaluesandbehaviorsofaculturecanonlybejudgedusingthatcultureasaframeofreference DiscoveringProblems thestereotypedimagesofdifferentculturesintheUS p276 278 andthestereotypesofAmericans p278 279 Sincemostofinformationwegetaboutpeopleofothernationscomesfromthemassmediatoday itisverydifficultforustoavoidbeinggreatlyinfluencedbythemediainourformationofimpressionsofotherpeoples andourimpressionstendtobecomestereotypesthatmayhinderusfromtrulyunderstandingthosepeoplesininterculturalcommunication Besides whatimpressionswehaveformedaboutpeopleofothernationsmayalsobedifferentfromwhattheyviewthemselves Forinstance ithasbeennotedthatthereoftenexistsadisparitybetweenthewayU Speoplethinkofthemselvesandthewaytheyareviewedbyforeigners Pleaselookattheresultsofasurveyinthefollowing DiscoveringProblems U SPersons ViewsofThemselvesInformal friendly casualEgalitarianDirect aggressiveEfficientGoal achievementorientedProfitorientedIndividualisticProgressiveEnthusiasticOpen Foreigners ViewsofU SPersonsUndisciplined toopersonal familiarInsensitivetostatusBlunt rude oppressiveObsessedwithtime opportunisticPromisemorethentheydeliverMaterialisticSelf absorbedTendtoequate new with best DeceptiveUntrustworthy CultureandPerception p281 284 ABasicModelofHumanPerception 1 Sensation 2 Perception 3 Selection 4 Organization 5 Interpretation Sensation Itistheneurologicalprocessbywhichpeoplebecomeawareoftheirenvironment Itreferstotheinitialdetectionofenergyfromthephysicalworld Perception Itistheprocessbywhichwebecomeawareofobjects events andespeciallypeopleandtheirbehaviorthroughourvarioussensesandinvolveshigher ordercognitionintheinterpretationofthesensoryinformation CultureandPerception p281 284 ABasicModelofHumanPerception 1 Sensation 2 Perception 3 Selection 4 Organization 5 Interpretation Selection Itisaprocessinwhichwescreenoutwhatweneedfromallthestimuliandinformationaroundus Organization Itistheprocessduringwhichweneedtoorganizeandimposestructureonwhatweobserveinameaningfulway Interpretation Itreferstoattachingmeaningtosensedataandissynonymouswithdecoding BarrierstoAccuratePerceptioninInterculturalCommunication 1 IgnoringDetails 2 Over generalizing 3 HoldingontoPreconceptionsandStereotypes 4 ImposingConsistency 5 PreconnectingCausesandEffects 6 PreferringSimpleExplanations 7 IgnoringCircumstances 8 CreditingIrrelevantInformation 9 FocusingontheNegative 10 SeeingGoodorBad StereotypeandPrejudice p292 295 StereotypeAstereotypeisafixednotionaboutpersonsinacertaincategory withnodistinctionsmadeamongindividuals Inotherwords itisanovergeneralizedandoversimplifiedbeliefweusedtocategorizeagroupofpeople PrejudiceTrueprejudicesarethosenegativeattitudesdirectedtowardgroups especiallyracialandreligiousgroups thatareformedbyhighlypersonalandunreasonedgeneralizationsaboutallormostmembersofthegroup StereotypeandPrejudice p292 295 Directresultsofprejudice theformationofingroupsandoutgroups Maincausesofracialprejudice ignorance itleadstoindifferenceandhostility insecurity itleadstofear Classificationsofprejudice Red neckracism basedonsomeimaginedstandard formaleducation Symbolicracism expressedintermsofthreatstopeople sbasicvaluesandtothestatusquo Tokenism certainpeopleharbornegativefeelingsaboutagivengroupbutdonotwanttoadmitthisfacttothemselves theyengageinunimportant butpositiveintergroupbehaviors thustheycaneffusetoperformmoreimportantintergroupbehaviors StereotypeandPrejudice p292 295 Classificationsofprejudice Arm s lengthprejudice certainpeopleengageinfriendly positivebehaviortowardoutgroupmembersincertainsituationsbutholdthosesameoutgroupmembersatan arm slength inothersituations Reallikesanddislikes membersofthegroupengagedinbehaviorsthatpeopledislike shouldbegivenmoreattention Thefamiliarandunfamiliar toexperiencebehaviorsorideasthatareunfamiliarandhencefeeluncomfortable alackofunderstandingandaninsensitivityregardingotherculturalgroups StereotypeandPrejudice p292 295 Relationamongstereotypes prejudiceanddiscrimination Whencognitions stereotypes areassignedvalues prejudice wemayenactbiasedaction eg discrimination Prejudicevariesprincipallyalongthedimensionofintensity Fivecommonformsofprejudicecanbeidentifiedintermsofintensity verbalabuse physicalavoidance discrimination physicalattack andmassacre Howtoovercomestereotypesandprejudice Empathyisthemaincommunicationskillweshouldlearntosolvetheproblemthroughtheface to faceinteraction Empathicpersonsknowhowtoshowunderstandingbyprojectingthemselvesintotheirpartner sposition Thismeansthattobeempathicininterculturalinteractionsweneedtobeopen mindedintermsofinformationsharings tobeimaginativeincorrectlydrawingthepictureofother ssituation andtoshowacommitmentorstrongwillingnesstounderstandourculturallydifferentpartnersinanykindofsituation CaseStudy Case29 Page285 Inthiscase boththewhitepeople theVirginiaGovernment andtheIndianswereethnocentric ThewhitepeopleseemedtobelievethattheirlearningandscienceswerewithoutdoubtsuperiortotheIndians learning Theydidn texpectthatwhattheyconsideredasgoodfortheIndianyouthwouldbetakenas totallygoodfornothing bytheIndians towhom thewhitepeople slearningandsciencescouldbeinapplicableintheirlivingenvironmentandirrelevanttothewaytheypreferredtolive Ontheotherhand theIndianswerealsosomewhatethnocentricwhentheyimpliedthattheireducationwasbetterbyaskingthewhitepeopletosendtheirsonstobeeducatedbytheIndiansandpromisingthattheywouldbeableto makemenofthem throughinstructingtheminalltheIndiansknew CaseStudy Case30 Page286 287 ItissaidthattheeventwhichreallymarkedadividingpointinWesternimagesofChinawasthevisitofU S PresidentRichardNixontoChinainFebruary1972 AweekthatchangedtheWorld wasNixon scharacterizationofhisowntripandhisviewwassharedbyman