自编构词法总结.doc

构词法 Word Formation在英语中词的构成方式主要有三种：合成、转化和派生。一、 合成 Compounding 两个或更多的词合成一个词。方式：1. 直接写在一起。 2. 用连字符(-)连接。 3. 由两个分开的词构成。(1) 合成形容词方式例词1形容词形容词red-hot2形容词名词first-class, full-time, part-time3形容词现在分词good-looking, free-thinking, 4形容词过去分词ready-made5形容词名词-edgood-tempered, middle-aged, cold-blooded6名词名词-ediron-willed7名词形容词world-famous, day-long 8名词现在分词beauty-loving, freedom-loving, job-hunting, 9名词过去分词man-made, water-covered, 10副词形容词ever-green11副词现在分词hard-working, far-seeing12副词过去分词well-prepared, quickly-cured, well-known13数词名词five-year14数词名词+形容词five-year-old15数词名词-edfour-legged, six-storied (2)合成动词构成方式例词1名词动词day-dream2副词动词overcome, upturn翻起3形容词动词white-wash(3)合成名词构成方式例词1名词名词horseback , bank-note, newspaper, cellphone, 2形容词名词back-yard, forehead, 3动名词名词hiding place, reading-room4动词副词get-off, break in, 5副词动词output, overflow(4)合成副词however, maybe, wherever, whenever, forever (5)合成代词whoever, whatever, everyone, nobody, myself, something, anything, 二、派生 Derivation前缀前缀含义例词a-处在arise, aside, aloneen-使可能enrich, enable, enslavedis-不，否定dissatisfy, dishonest, disappear, disorder, disagreeun-不做相反动作unable, unknown, uncommon, uncomfortable, unfair, unclose, undress, uncover, untiein-im-ir-il-不，非inactive, incapable, inpatient, incorrect impossible, impersonal, impolite, immature, impracticalirregular, irresponsibleillogical, non-不，非non existent, non-interference, non-conductor, non-stopde-向相反方向发展Decentralize（分散）, defrost（解冻）anti-反（对）anti-freeze, anti-fascistmis-错误的，坏的misdoings, misunderstand, misfortunere重复，再rewrite, remarry, reunite, recycle, co-共同co-exist, co-operate, co-educationex以前的Ex-husband, ex-presidenttele远程telephone, telegraph, telescopesuper-在上面，超级supermarket, superpower, under-在之下underline, underestimate, underground, inter-相互，之间international, interact, inter-changesub-下，次subtitle, submarine, subconscious, subcontinent, trans-过，穿过，变transformation(变形), translatevice-副vice-premier, vice-presidentsemi-半semifinal, semicircle, semi-automaticbi两个bicycle, biennial两年一次的tri三个triangle三角形, tricycle三轮脚踏车, triplets三胞胎mul-多，多种multiply, multi-national, multi-colouredkilo-千kilometre, kilogram 后缀 后 缀例 词名词-erfarmer, weaver, pain-killer, murderer, , villager, stranger, speaker, cooker, recorder, heater-essactress, waitress, princess, hostess-orconductor, sailor, transistor, operator, -arbeggar-eseChinese, Portuguese, Japanese-ianmusician, Egyptian, physician-istscientist, dentist, communist, socialist, -ent/-antassistant -mentargument, judgment, government-nesshappiness, greatness, illness, coldness, sleeplessness-tiondictation, preparation, repetition, action, information, invention-ingbuilding, wedding, painting-shipleadership, friendship, hardship-ageshortage, marriage, leakage-tyloyalty, cruelty, penalty, sixty, twenty, thirty, certainty-thtruth, warmth, length, growth, fifteenth, fourth-anceacceptance, assistance, reliance, appearance-encedependence, confidence, reference, entrance, defence-fulmouthful, handful, plateful, -alrefusal, denial, arrival-ydifficulty, possibility, -domfreedom, wisdom, kingdom-ismsocialism, materialism注意： -ese, -ian, -ist 既可以构成名词，又可以构成形容词。-er 构成的名词，既有表示人的，又有表示物的。后缀例 词形容词-alcentral, industrial, national, natural-anEuropean, American, Australian-erneastern, northern, southern-ablereasonable, horrible, terrible, believable, comfortable, forgettable, sensible-fulcareful, cheerful, grateful, faithful, -ishchildish, Swedish, selfish-ivedestructive, collective, active, creative, effective-ythirsty, dirty, windy, sunny, cloudy, healthy, funny-lesscareless, hopeless, helpless, homeless, sleepless, fearless, limitless-engolden, wooden, woolen-ouscourageous, famous, continuous, serious, various-aryimaginary, revolutionary, secondary-icrealistic, historic, poetic-sometroublesome, burdensome, lonesome, handsome-likechildlike, womanlike, manlike-antignorant, significant, observant, important-entdiligent, silent, excellent, frequent -lylively, friendly, lovely, weekly, brotherly, motherly-ishchildish, foolish后缀例 词动词-izerealize, modernize, mechanize, criticize, -enwiden, strengthen, lengthen, sharpen, widen, shorten, quicken, deepen-fySimplify, beautify, terrify, 后 缀例 词副词-ward(s)forward, northward, backward, downward，afterwards-lyslowly, quickly, carefully, loudly, happily, friendly三、转化 Conversion: 指一个词不变化词形，而由一种此类转化为另一种词类或几种词类。1. 名词和动词之间的转化telephone电话打电话, mirror镜子像镜子一样反映, drink喝饮料, record录音记录, name, date, hand, study, 2. 形容词转化为动词 perfect完美的使完善3.名词转化为形容词(副词) front前面前面的4.形容词转化为名词 chief 主要的首领高考英语合成词8N+N= Nairlineairmail airportairspacebackgroundbarbershopbaseballbasketballbathroombathtubbean curdbedroombirthdaybirthplaceclassroomcountrysidecupboarddatabasedoorbelldustbineggplanteyesightfarmlandfingernailfireworksflashlightfootballframeworkgreengrocerhandbagheadlinehomelandhometownhomeworkhousewifehouseworkhuman beingice-creamkeyboardmailboxmankindmotherlandmotorbikenecklacenetworknewspapernortheastnorthwestnotebookoilfieldpancakepaperworkpineappleping-pongrailwayrainbowseafoodseagullseashellseasideseaweedshopkeepersideroadsidewalksidewayskyscrapersoutheastsouthwestspaceshipsuitcasesunlighttable tennistaxpayerteamworktextbookthunderstormtimetabletoothbrushtoothpastetrolley busvideophonevolleyballwarehousewatermelonwebsiteweekdayweekendX-rayN+V=Nbackachebutterflyearthquakehaircuthandwritingheadachehouseholdmotorcyclerainfallroller skatingsightseeingstomachachesunshinetoothacheN+Prep /Adv=Nlooker-onpasser-by V+N=Nbreakfastbreakthroughchopstickscrossroadsliving-roomplayroomplaygroundplayhousepostcardpostcodeskateboardspokesmanspokeswomanstatesmanstateswomanstatesmanstateswomantypewriterwaiting-roomwashroom Prep /Adv+V=NdownloadincomeoutcomeoutputunderwearV+Adv=Ndrawbackcheck-outPrep/ Adv+N=NdowntownoutlineoutsideundergroundAdv+N=Nblackboardbroadcastdeadlinefreewayhighwayhot dogmainlandnobodypopcornraw materialsoftballsoftwaresupermarketwildlifeAdj+Adv=NroundaboutAdj+V=Nshortcoming派生词-agebaggagedisadvantagemarriagepackagepassagepercentagepostagestorage-alarrivalchemicalmemorialmineralmusicalsurvivaltrial-ance / -enceabsenceallowanceappearanceassistancecircumstancecoincidenceconferenceconsequenceconveniencedefencedifferencedisappearanceentranceevidenceexistenceguidanceimportanceindependenceinsuranceintelligenceoffencepatienceperformancepreferencereferencesignificancesilenceviolence-ary / -eryanniversarybraverydictionarydiscoveryrobberysceneryslaverysummary-cyaccuracycurrencyemergencyfluencytendency-domfreedomwisdom-ar /-er /-orbeggarcarriercomputercookercounter dinnererasererrorlatterlaughterliarprayerreceiverrecorderregisterrubbershowertankerthrillerhandfulspoonful-ghtflightheightweight -icechoicejusticeservice-ingboatingbowlingboxingbuildingcrossingendingfarmingfeelinggreetinghearinghikinglightningmeaningmeetingopeningoutingpaintingparkingreadingsayingshoppingsightseeingsmokingspellingsufferingswimmingthinkingtrainingturningwedding-ism /-istBuddhismBuddhistcommunismcommunistsocialismsocialistspecialisttourismtourist-ty /-tyabilityactivityanxietydifficultydisabilityelectricityequalitygenerosityidentitylibertymajorityminoritynationalitypossibilityrealityresponsibilitysafetysecurity-mentachievementadjustmentadvertisementagreementamusementapartmentappointmentargumentarrangementassessmentcommitmentdevelopmentdisagreementencouragemententertainmentequipmentjudgementmovementpunishmentrequirementsettlementstatementtreatmentunemployment-nessbusinessdarknessgoodnesshappinessillnesskindnesssadnesssicknessweakness-shipfriendshiphardshipownershiprelationshipscholarship-thdeathdepthgrowthlengthstrengthtruthwarmth-sionadmissioncollisioncomprehensionconclusiondecisiondiscussiondivisionexpressionextensionimpressionpermissionpossessionprofessionrevisionsuspensiontension-tion /-ationabortionaccommodationacquisitionactionadaptationadditionadministrationapplicationassumptionattentionattractioncelebrationcivilizationcollectioncommunicationcompetitioncompositioncongratulationconnectionconservationconsiderationconstitutionconstructioncontributionconversationcorporationcorrectiondecorationdescriptiondestinationdevotiondictationdirectiondiscriminationdistinctioneditioneducationevolutionexhibitionexpectationexplanationfoundationfrictionidentificationimmigrationinformationinstitutioninstructionintentionintroductioninventioninvitationirrigationliberationmotivationnutritionoccupationoperationorganizationpollutionpopulationpositionpreparationprescriptionpresentationproductionproductionpronunciationprotectionpunctuationprotectionpunctuationqualificationquestionradiationreceptionrecreationregulationrelationreputationreservationrestrictionrevolutionsatisfactionseparationsituationstarvationsuggestiontranslationvacation-urecreaturedeparturefailuremixturepleasurepressuresignature-yenquiryentryinjurysympathysymphony合成性及物动词broadcastdownloadovercomeovercomeoverlookunderlineundertake派生性及物动dis-discouragediscoverdislikedisobeyen-encourageenlarge-enfastenfrightenripensharpenstrengthenfore-forecastforeseemis-mistakemisunderstandpre-predictpreviewre-recyclerebuildreformrefreshreplaceretellreusereviewrewindrewriteun-undounfoldunlockuncoverunload-ifyclarifyclassifysimplifyterrify前缀派生形容词il-, im-,in-,ir-illegalimpossibleincorrectindependentirregularirrelevantirresponsiblenon-non-stopnon-violentun-unableunbearableunbelievableuncertainuncomfortableunconditionalunconsciousundividedunfairunfitunfortunateunhappyunhealthyunimportantunknownunluckyunmarriedunpleasantunsafeunsuccessfuluntrueunusualunwilling后缀派生形容词ableaccessibleadmirableavailablechangeablecomfortableenjoyableflexiblehorribleportablepossibleprobablereasonablereliablestablesuitableterriblevaluable-alabnormalactualagriculturalannualcasualcentralconventionaldigitalequalfederalfestivalfinalfundamentalgenerallegalmentalmetalmoralnationalnaturalnormaloptionaloralovalpersonalpunctualroyalspiritualtotaltraditionalusualvisualvital-calbotanicalchemicalclassicalelectricallocalmedicalmusicalphysicalpoliticalpracticalskepticaltechnicaltheoreticaltypicalvertical-ialartificialbeneficialcommercialconfidentialcontroversialfacialinitialofficialpotentialracialsocialspecial-antabundantbrilliantconstantdistantelegantfragrantimportantinstantmerchantpleasantpregnantrelevantvacant-entabsentancientapparentconfidentconsistentconvenientdifferentevidentexcellentfluentfrequentinnocentpermanentpresentsilenttransparenturgentviolent-ateadequateappropriateconsideratedelicatedesperatefavouritefortunateimmediatelateprivate-icacademicalcoholicallergicathleticauthenticautomaticbasicbureaucraticcatholiccharacteristicclassiccubicdynamicelectricelectronicenergeticenthusiasticfantasticmagicOlympicoptimisticpanicplasticpublicscientificspecificsystematic-iveactiveaggressivealternativeattractiveconservativeexpensivenativepassiveprimitiveradioactivesensitivesubjectivetentative-lessbreathlesscarelesscordlessendlessharmlesshopelessregardlessstainlessuselessworthless-ousambiguousanxiousautonomouscautiouscuriousdangerousdeliciousfamousgeneroushumorousmountainousnervousobviouspoisonouspreciousreligiousridiculousseriousvarious-yangrybusyclumsycosycrazydirtydizzydustyeasyemptyfancyfunnygaygreed