考研英语 -精读 精分析模板.doc

1. 你们可以参考所有的资源先完成对文章的初步理解。对于文章注释的具体要求：1. 词汇注释请用牛津高阶或朗文高阶。要求中英文双解，只摘对应文章中的具体释义；2. 长难句注释可自己挑选，尽量不要遗漏任何一个有难度的句子。甚至每一个句子都可以进行分析。2. 对于不理解的细节一定要多参考其他资料，比如某句话不理解，你可以到图书馆或书店，看各个版本资料中对这句话的解释，以求获得最佳解释。3. 我们在开始大量做题之前，可以研究15-20篇精读，使自己基本适应考研的语言难度。这些文章对应的题也可以去做，去体会考研英语的考点究竟在哪些地方。其余文章尽量是先做题，再去精读。精读模板：1997 Passage 1. It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary对于所注释词汇和词组在文章中下划线标出 debates, Australias Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the groups on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isnt just something that happened in Australia. Its world history文章正文：Baskerville，10号.”词汇： parliamentary所注释单词：Baskerville，9号，加粗；词汇注释的格式为：词汇：英文释义 中文释义 示例 示例翻译。（这是牛津词典的格式）：relating to, enacted by, or suitable for a parliament英文释义：Baskerville，9号 议会的所有中文都用：宋体 (中文正文)，9号, 国会的; 议会制定的; 适合议会的 a parliamentary candidate英文示例：Baskerville，9号，斜体. 议会候选人。legal：permitted by law 合法的 he claimed that it had all been legal. 他声称这一切都是合法的。authority：a person or organization having power or control in a particular, especially political or administrative, sphere 当局; 当权者 (或机构) the health authorities. 卫生部门。convince：with obj. cause (someone) to believe firmly in the truth of something 使确信; 使信服 Roberts expression had obviously convinced her of his innocence. 罗伯特的表情显然使她相信他是清白的。 with obj. and clause she needed to find a way to convince Michel he was wrong. 她需要想办法使米歇尔相信他错了。with obj. and infinitive persuade (someone) to do something 说服 she convinced my father to branch out on his own. 她说服我父亲独立经营。convincing：capable of causing someone to believe that something is true or real 有说服力的; 令人信服的 there is no convincing evidence that advertising influences total alcohol consumption. 没有令人信服的证据可以说明广告影响酒的总消费量。flash：display (an image, words, or information) suddenly on a television or computer screen or electronic sign, typically briefly or repeatedly (尤指简短、反复地在电视、电脑屏幕或电子招牌上) 突然显示 (图像、文字或信息) the screen flashed up a menu. 屏幕上闪现出一个菜单。长难句：1. It was 3:45 in the morning句子主干用下划线标出， when连词用斜体标出 the vote was finally taken.解析：注意这不是一个强调句; 句子的主干为：it be+时间，这是一个常见句型，表示“时间是”。后面when引导一个时间定语从句，修饰前面的时间。请大家体会这个句子和“The vote was finally taken in 3：45 in the morning”的差异， 文章中这句主干只有一个时间概念，其实已经达到了强调的效果，表明时间已经很晚了，可以看出这个投票的艰难。翻译：进行最终表决时(已经)是凌晨3:45。2. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australias Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.解析：After引导时间状语，读句子要快速扫过去，重点要落到主干上面去。后面的动词不定式to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die修饰legal authority。who引导定语从句who wish to die修饰前面的patients。翻译：经过6个月争论和最后16个小时的国会激烈辩论，澳大利亚北部地区（澳北州）成为世界上第一个允许医生根据绝症病人个人意愿来结束其生命的合法当局。段落结构段落结构：概括段落大意，并尽量理清楚句与句之间的关系。：文章举例型的开篇，第一段通过具体事实的描述，交代了文章的主题，既安乐死立法。前三句交代事件本身，后三句表明这个事件引发人们高度关注。 The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia - where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part - other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.词汇：import：great significance; importance 重大意义, 重要性 pronouncements of world-shaking import. 有震惊世界之重大意义的声明。sink in：(of words or facts) be fully understood or realized 被充分理解moral：concerned with the principles of right and wrong behaviour and the goodness or badness of human character 道德 (上) 的 the moral dimensions of medical intervention. 医疗介入的道德方面。practical：of or concerned with the actual doing or use of something rather than with theory and ideas 实践的, 实际的 there are two obvious practical applications of the research. 这项研究有两个明显的实际用途。implication：a likely consequence of something 可能的后果 a victory which had important political implications. 有重大政治后果的胜利。bitter：(of a conflict, argument, or opponent) full of anger and acrimony 怒不可遏的, 激烈的, 尖酸刻薄的 a bitter five-year legal battle. 一场持续五年的激烈的诉讼争斗。play a part：make a contribution to a situation 对发挥作用social and economic factors may have also played a part 社会和经济因素也发挥了作用euthanasia：the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma 安乐死dominoes ：any of 28 small oblong pieces marked with 06 pips in each half 多米诺骨牌长难句：段落结构：首句表明这件事情的重要意义要花上一段时间才能被人理解，其实已经暗示出作者对于安乐死法案持正态度。接下来两句表明人们对待安乐死法案态度各异。But一句对前面持负态度者形成转折，“但是这个趋势不可逆转”名确表达出作者对安乐死法案的正态度。此句为段落主旨句，一定要重点理解。后两句举例，具体阐释该趋势。 Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death - probably by a deadly injection or pill - to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “Im not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how Id go, because Ive watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,” he says.长难句：段落结构：具体介绍这个法案的内容和对绝症病人的意义。前四句介绍法案的具体规定，后两句通过一个具体例子来说明这个法案的意义。51.From the second paragraph we learn that _A the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countriesB physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasiaC changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the lawD it takes time to realize the significance of the laws passageobjection：an expression or feeling of disapproval or opposition; a reason for disagreeing 反对; 异议; 反对的理由 they have raised no objections to the latest plans. 他们没有对最新的计划提出任何反对意见。52.When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means _.A observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasiaB similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada andother countriesC observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoesD the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop53.When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will _.A face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasiaB experience the suffering of a lung cancer patientC have an intense fear of terrible sufferingD undergo a cooling off period of seven days54.The authors attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of _.A opposition B suspicion C approval D indifference文章整体结构分析前面分析了段落结构，这里在把段落结构串成文章结构，从一个更高的层面理解文章框架。：第一段：举例型开篇，提出主题“安乐死立法”。句交代主题，句写这个主题引起了人们的关注。第二段：人们对这个事情的态度，“subject+attitudes”式展开。句说这个事情会有重要意义要花时间才能被理解，暗示作者正态度，而别人会有不同声音。句写不同的声音。句But引出句子，表明作者态度。句具体例子阐释这个立法趋势。第三段：安乐死立法具体影响，“subject+effect”式展开。句是这个法案的具体操作。句通过一个具体的例子表明其影响。全文翻译： 进行最终表决时(已经)是凌晨3:45。经过6个月争论和最后16个小时的国会激烈辩论，澳大利亚北部地区（澳北州）成为世界上第一个允许医生根据绝症病人个人意愿来结束其生命的合法当局。这一法案是以令人信服的15票对10票通过。几乎同时，该消息就出现在互联网上。身处地球另一端的加拿大死亡权利执行主席约翰霍夫塞斯在收到该消息后便通过协会的在线服务“死亡之网”发了公告。他说：“我们整天都在发布公告，因为这件事的意义不在于它是在澳大利亚发生的事情，而是因为这是世界历史的一件大事。”要充分理解这一法案的深刻意义可能需要一段时间。澳北州晚期病人权利法使得无论是内科医生还是普通市民都同样地力图从道义和实际意义两方面来对待这一问题。一些人如释重负，另一些人，包括教会，生命权利组织以及澳大利亚医学会成员都对这一决议及其仓促的通过进行了猛烈的抨击。但这一潮流已无法逆转。在澳大利亚，人口老龄化，延长寿命技术和公众态度的变化都发挥着各自的作用。其他州也将考虑制定类似的法律来处理安乐死问题。在美国和加拿大，死亡权利运动正在积蓄力量。观察家们正在等待多米诺骨牌产生的效应。根据澳北州所通过的这项新法案，成年病人可以要求安乐死可能是通过注射致死药剂或服用致死药片来结束痛苦。但此前病人必须由两名医生诊断其确实已病入膏肓，然后再经过7天的冷静思考期，方可签署一份申请证明。48小时后，才可以满足其安乐死的愿望。对于居住于达尔文现年54岁的肺癌患者利奥德尼克森来说，这个法律意味着他可以平静地生活下去而无须整天惧怕即将来临的苦难：因呼吸困难而在煎熬中痛苦地死去。“从思想上说，我并不害怕死，但我怕的是怎样死，因为我在医院看到过病人在缺氧时苦苦挣扎，用手抓他们的面罩时的情景。”他说。精分析模板：2005 Text 3Of all the components of a good nights sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” - the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the minds emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “Its your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicagos Medical Center. “If you dont like it, change it. ”第1句：在一夜好觉的所有构成要素中，梦似乎是最不受我们控制的。首先纵览本段，属于开门见山式的直叙型开篇，因此第一句话揭示出本文主题，梦。这种of 做状语的句子表示：在之中，某事物处于某个位置。尤其处于“最”的位置。第2句：在梦境中，一扇窗户向一个逻辑暂不起作用而死人能够说话的世界打开。属于次要信息。第3句：一个世纪以前，弗洛伊德创建了他的革命性理论，那就是梦是我们潜意识里的欲望和恐惧伪装的影子；到了20世纪70年代晚期，神经学家转而认为梦不过是“精神噪音”睡眠过程中进行的神经修复工作随机副产品。按照时间变化，提出2种理论。考生需要注意的是，不同理论及其代表人物是重要考点，往往可以设置人物与理论的匹配题。第4句：如今，研究人员怀疑梦是大脑情绪调节器的一部分，在大脑“离线”时调节情绪。注意suspect，它表示怀疑后面的事情是真实的，但并不完全确定，这句话事实上是为下文引出结论做铺垫。第5句：一位首席权威称这些高强度的精神活动不仅能被利用而且实际上能被有意识地控制起来，从而帮助我们睡得更香、感觉更好；芝加哥医学中心心理科主席RC说：“这是你的梦，如果你不喜欢它，就换一个。”这位权威就是指研究者当中的权威，这一点从And可以看出来。因此权威的观点，就是研究者们确信的观点。权威指出，梦可以调节。然后作者引用了C的话来进一步说明梦可以被控制。Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep - when most vivid dreams occur - as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day.” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.第1句：来自脑显像的证据支持这个观点。该句承上启下，十分关键。This view指的是上文researchers的观点，即梦可以被控制。第2句：匹兹堡大学的EN博士说，大脑在REM（快速动眼期）睡眠时间大多数生动的梦境出现在这一时间与它在完全清醒时一样活跃。第3句：但并不是大脑的所有部分都同等地参与其中；脑边缘系统（“情绪大脑”）特别活跃，而前额皮层（智力和推理中心）则相对安静。重点注意but引出的句子，并且括号内的内容也要高度关注，这是命题者近几年青睐的地方。比如emotional brain就解释了什么是limbic system. 还要注意while起到的对比作用，especially active对比relatively quiet. 第4句：“我们从开心或沮丧的梦中醒来，这些情绪会伴随我们一整天。”斯坦福大学的睡眠研究专家WD博士说。进一步说明梦境对情绪的影响。The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwrights clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we dont always think about the emotional significance of the days events - until, it appears, we begin to dream.第1句：梦境和情绪的联系在C诊所里的病人身上显现出来。从冠词the可以看出来，本句衔接上文而来，可看做对上一段的归纳与总结，表明上段内容说明了梦境与情绪的关系。第2句：大部分人似乎在前半夜有更多的噩梦，在醒来之前逐渐发展成开心一点的梦，这表明他们经历了白天产生的负面情绪。C的研究发现，属于附加信息。第3句：因为我们有意识的大脑被日常生活所占据，我们通常不去思考白天发生的事情有何情绪影响，直到做梦时才发现。进一步解释C的研究发现，属于附加信息。And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.第1-2句：而这个过程不必留给无意识。C认为一个人可以对反复出现的噩梦施加有意识的控制。前一句是作者的观点，后一句是用C的想法来佐证作者的想法。第3-4句：你一醒来，就要确认到底是什么使这个梦令人沮丧。视觉化你希望这个梦如何结束；下次它再出现的时候，尽量醒过来控制它的过程。具体介绍如何“exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams”第5句：有了足够的练习，人们就能真正学会在睡眠中这么做。具体介绍如何“exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams”At the end of the day, theres probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased peoples anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep - or rather dream - on it and youll feel better in the morning.第1句：归根结底，可能没什么理由让我们关注自己的梦，除非它们让我们失眠或者“从恐慌中醒来”，C说。注意little reason to do sth是一种否定语气，否定后面引出的事情。也就是说，C的结论是，没必要担忧梦境，后面几句肯定与这个结论一致。第2句：恐怖主义，经济不确定性和普遍的不安全感增加了人们的焦虑。解释负面情绪的来源，属于附加信息。第3-4句：那些受到持续不断噩梦困扰的人应该寻求治疗师的帮助。对于其他人来说，大脑自有其处理负面情绪的方式。睡一觉或者做个梦，到早上你会感觉好一些了。第3句看似与结论矛盾，实际并非如此。因为第4句话锋一转，再次强调，其他人不必担忧，睡一觉，做个梦就没事了。因此3、4句从逻辑上看是典型的让步论述，只是形式上不明显而已。31.Researchers have come to believe that dreams _.A can be modified in their coursesB are susceptible to emotional changesC reflect our innermost desires and fears（A）D are a random outcome of neural repairs第一步：审题。根据题干定位到第一段。第二步：读文段。第一段一共提到4种观点。弗洛伊德（Freud）的观点，神经学家Neurologists的观点，当代研究者的观点，某个权威的观点第三步：做题。A选项：在过程中可以改变。对应权威的观点：“one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better”。选项中的modified = harness & be brought under conscious controlB选择：容易受到情绪变化的影响。该选项很容易误选，其来源于“Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the minds emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.”但要是比对仔细的话，会发现原文跟B选项恰好相反，因为原文是regulating, 用来调节情绪的，而不是受情绪左右. 考生不认识be susceptible to 就无法识别这个反向干扰。这给我们的启发是，如果某个被考到的句子里有分词结构，一定要对照仔细，命题者很容易颠倒主被动关系。但该选项还有一个错误，错在“答非所问”。题干中come to believe 跟原文中的suspect本就有差别，前者表示肯定，后者表示怀疑，根本不是一回事。因此定位到研究者的观点句就定位错了。但是在它的后一句，提到了一位权威的观点。从And可以推测，这位权威就是指研究者当中的权威。因此权威的观点，就是研究者们确信的观点。C选项：反映我们内心的需求和恐惧。对应弗洛伊德的观点，答非所问。D选项：是神经修复的随机产物。对应神经学家的观点，答非所问。32.By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show _.A its function in our dreamsB the mechanism of REM sleepC the relation of dreams to emotions（C）D its difference from the prefrontal cortex第一步：审题。定位到第二段。从refer to 和 intends to show判断，本题为例证题。第二步：读文段。第二段出现A but B结构，即“But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is , while the prefrontal cortex.”。But前后，重点在后。所以the limbic system对应的论点是not all parts of the brain are equally involved. 第三步：做题。A选项：证明它对梦的功能。Its function暴露其“就例论例”的狐狸尾巴。虽然有提到它的功能，但并不是目的。B选项：REM 睡眠的机制。REM sleep是出现在But之前的内容，而我们要寻找的信息应该是but之后的内容，因此排除。C选项：证明梦境和情感之间的关系。本身就是情绪大脑，而且符合所在段落主题，可以备选。D选项：它跟前额皮层的差异。的确提到了二者的差异，但并不是目的。its difference暴露其“就例论例”的狐狸尾巴。可以排除。根据排除法，选择C。但是选择C的根本原因在哪里呢？思路如下：BUT之后出现论点：并不是大脑所有的部分都平等地涉及。根据后面的例子内容，做梦时，情感系统活跃，思维系统平静。这说明，情感与梦境之间存在联系。因此引出limbic system的目的并不是为了说明这个系统本身怎么样，而是为了说明这个系统所代表的情感，与梦境关系。相应地，如果题目问作者为什么提及prefronted cortex，为的是将二者进行对比，突出活跃的一方。严格地来说，第二段并没有明确的主题句，limbic system 和 prefronted cortex所对应的论点其实在第3段第1句，“The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwrights clinic.”从冠词the可以看出来，本句衔接上文而来，可看做对上一段的归纳与总结，表明上段内容说明了梦境与情绪的关系。33.The negative feelings generated during the day tend to _.A aggravate in our unconscious mindB develop into happy dreamsC persist till the time we fall asleep（D）D show up in dreams early at night审题。根据题干定位到原文第三段“Most people