1 非谓语动词讲解.doc

一不定式：一）不定式的常考形式：1)一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生2)完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点：1）不定式做定语-将要发生2）不定式做状语-目的3）不定式充当名词功能-To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+ doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调我看见了这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调我见他正干活这个动作）v感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good.It feels comfortable.2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to Id like to have John do it. I have my package weighed.Paul doesnt have to be made to learn. 3) help; help sb do; help sb to do; help do; help to do四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect, allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do， force sb to do， be more likely to do， love to do， warn sb to do， be able to do， beambitious to do， begin to do， start to do五) 有些短语中to后面要接-ing形式accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。He needs (a lot of) encouraging.二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词1)是名词 seeing is believing2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 Starving troops is necessary.一)动名词的形式:一般形式：I dont like you smoking. 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.被动形式：This question is far from being settled.二) 动名词常考的点1动名词做主语，谓语动词为单数2在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词3动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.I would appreciate_ back this afternoon Ayou to call Byou callCyou calling Dyoure calling（Key：C your calling 也对）I regret not having taken your advice.4有些词后只能接动名词admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; cant help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand.另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法：its no good; its no/little/hardly any/ use; its not/hardly/scarcely use; its worthwhile; spend money/time; theres no; theres no point in; theres nothing worse than; whats the use/point.5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作)I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作)forgot与remember的用法类似。I regret to inform you that 我很遗憾地通知你I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了二十年前的离开而遗憾。try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.try ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 打算、想我想去，但我父亲不让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 意味着赠加工资意味着增加购买力。prefer的用法：我宁愿在这里等。I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。）I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。）I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。） 3 分词：现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态现在分词:1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生)2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前)3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动)过去分词1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared.2) 过去分词的进行形式：Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做)这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。非谓语动词的概念：非谓语动词也叫非限定动词或动词的非谓语形式。包含的动词类型：非谓语动词主要包括动名词、不定式和分词（现在分词和过去分词），即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外, 具有动词的部分语法特征，可以承担句子的任何成分。下面分别对以上几种动词类型配合例句进行讲解。一、动名词1.定义：动名词是由动词或动词短语转换而成的名词性结构，其构成的形式是在动词或动词短语的动词后面加上ing。2.功能：动名词(或动名词短语)在句中起名词的作用，可用作主语、表语、宾语(动词或介词的宾语)和定语等。（1）作主语e.g.Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。（2）作表语e.g.In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。（3）作宾语(动词或介词的宾语)e.g. We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。（4）作定语e.g. He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。3.考点：动名词在考试中往往不是不直接进行考察，而是把动名词结构放在英语的句子中，然后考察考生对句含动名词结构的这个句子的句意的准确了解。所以，考生在复习中主要需要弄清楚动名词在英语句子中的四种语法功能。4.与分词做定语的区别：现在分词由原形动词+ing构成，如designing，leaving，stopping等现在分词作定语时，表示正在进行的动作，或经常性的动作，或表示现状。由此可见现在分词与动名词结构在“形”上相似。考生需要能区分现在分词作定语和动名词作定语的情况。动名词作定语往往表示所修饰的名词的功能/用语，现在分词作定语强调分词结构中的动作正在进行。Give the note to theloudly-speaking(现在分词作定语)man. 请把便条交给坐在正在高声说话的人。Id like to buy a washing(动名词作定语)machine.(a machine for washing). 我想要一台洗衣机。5.常接动名词作宾语的动词：acknowledge，advocate，anticipate，appreciate，advise，avoid，admit，consider，delay，deny，dislike，enioy，escape，excuse，fancy，favor，finish，f1orgive，imagine，include，involve，justify，keep，mind，miss，pardon，practice，postpone，permit，report，resent，resume，risk，resist，suggest，tolerate6.动名词的习惯用法与句型：be busy/active doing sth.have difficulty/trouble/problems/struggle(in)doing sth.Its no good/use doing sth.have a good/hard/difficult time doing sth.spend/waste time doing sth.There is no point/sense/harm/use/good(in)doing sth.cannot help doing sth.There is no use doing sth二、不定式1、动词不定式形式：（to）+do具有名词、形容词、副词的特征；否定式：not+(to) do2、不定式的句法功能：（1）作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To lose your heart means failure.动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.常用句式有：1、It+be+名词+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。4、It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do。常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。（2）作表语：Her job is to clean the hall.He appears to have caught a cold.（3）作宾语：常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如： I have no choice but to stay here.He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如： He gave us some advice on how to learn English.（4）作宾语补足语： 在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如： With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如： I saw him cross the road. /He was seen to cross the road.（5）作定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：动宾关系：I have a meeting to attend.注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：He has no place to live. This is the best way to work out this problem.如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：Have you got anything to send? Have you got anything to be sent?说明所修饰名词的内容：We have made a plan to finish the work.被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：He is the first to get here.3、难点解析（1）接不定式或动名词在意思上有区别的动词：mean to do想要(做某事)propose to do打算(做某事)mean doing意味(做某事)propose doing建议(做某事)forget to do忘记(要做的事)remember to do记得(要做某事)forget doing忘记(已做的事)remember doing记得(已做过的事)regret to do(对将要做的事)遗憾go on to do继而(做另一件事)regret doing(对已做过的事)后悔go on doing继续(做原来的事)stop to do停下来去做另一件事stop doing停止正在做的事（2）下列动词短语中的to是介词，后面应接动名词或名词：，resort to，react to，contribute to，look forward to，be accustomed to，be committed to, be exposed to，be subjected to，be devoted to，be dedicated to，be opposed to，be reconciled to，be contrary to三、分词1. 分词作定语1） 分词作定语既可以放在所修饰的词之前，作前置定语，也可以放在所修饰的词后面，作后置定语。其作用相当于一个定语从句。例如：Where are the reserved seats? （=Where are the seats which have been reserved?）预定的座位在哪里？This is a pressing problem. （=This is a problem which is pressing.）这是一个紧迫的问题。2） 分词作后置定语可分为限制性（紧跟在所修饰的中心词之后）和非限制性（用逗号与其所修饰的中心词分开）两种，其作用分别相当于一个限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。例如：The funds raised （= which have been raised） are mainly used for helping the homeless.筹集的资金主要用来帮助那些无家可归的人。There are many students waiting （= who are waiting） to get examined.有许多学生在等待检查。This book， written （= which is written） in simple English， is suitable for beginners.本书是用浅显的英语写的，适合初学者。3） 分词常和形容词、副词或名词构成合成形容词作定语。例如：The flower-carrying girl must be waiting for someone.那位手持鲜花的姑娘一定在等人。The newly-built building is our office building.这座新建的大楼是我们的办公楼。4） 有些不及物动词的过去分词作定语，并不表示被动的意思而是表示完成。这类过去分词常作前置修饰语。例如：There are a lot of fallen leaves in autumn.秋天有许多落叶。The film describes the story about the police who pursue an escaped man.这部电影描述的是警察抓逃犯的事。常用的这一类词有：fallen， faded， returned， retired， risen， grown up， vanished等。2. 分词作宾语补足语1） 跟分词作宾补的动词有：catch， have get， keep， hear， find， feel， leave， make， want， start， notice， observe， watch， set等。例如：When they returned home from the holiday， they found their house stolen.当他们度假完回到家时，发现房子被盗了。（过去分词表示被动）2） 在复合宾语中，用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的发出者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系；用过去分词作宾补，表示宾语是动作的承受者，构成逻辑上的动宾关系。例如：There was so much noise that the speaker couldnt make himself heard.由于十分吵闹，讲话人没法让人听到他的声音。When he awoke， he found himself being looked after by an old woman.他醒来的时候发现一位老大娘正在照顾他。3. 分词作状语1） 分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式或伴随状况。通常可转换成相应的状语从句；表示方式或伴随状况的可以转换成并列句或非限制性定语从句。例如：Confined to bed （= Because she was confined to bed）， she needed to be waited on in everything. 她卧病在床，什么事都需要人伺候。（作原因状语）Having only book knowledge （= If you only have book knowledge）， you will not beable to work well. 如果只有书本知识，你就不可能做好工作。（作条件状语）They stood there waiting for the bus. （=They stood there and waited for the bus.） 他们站在那里等公共汽车。（作方式状语）2） 现在分词和过去分词作状语时的用法比较不管是现在分词还是过去分词作状语，如果单独作状语，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致。分词作状语通常可以转换成一个相应的状语从句，如果状语从句中的谓语动词为被动结构，就用过去分词；如果状语从句中的谓语动词为主动结构，就用现在分词。有时为了强调，分词前可带连词when， while， if， though， as if， unless等一起作状语，以便使句子的意思更清楚、更连贯。例如：Working hard （If you work hard）， you will succeed. 如果你努力，你会成功的。Defeated （= Though he was defeated）， he remained a popular boxer. 虽然他被击败了，但他仍然是一个受人喜爱的拳击手。4. 分词的独立结构1） 分词作状语时，要特别注意其逻辑主语必须和谓语动词的主语一致。否则，分词必须有自己的主语，这种带主语的分词被称为分词的独立结构，或叫独立主格。在句中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件等。例如：The project finished， they had a two weeks leave. 完成那个计划后，他们休了两周假。He being absent， nothing could be done. 由于他缺席，什么事也没法干。2） 独立结构有时也可以用“with/ without +名词（或代词的宾语）+ 分词”的结构，表示伴随状况。例如：They sat there silently， （with） their eyes fixed on the lake. 他们静静地坐在那里，眼睛看着湖面。With him helping me， I felt lucky. 有他的帮助，我感到很幸运。5 . 容易混淆的现在分词和过去分词像 interesting 和 interested 一类的分词在意义和用法上很容易混淆，一般可作如下区分：（ 1 ）一部分表示“情感；心情”等意义的动词的现在分词有“令人的；具有性质的”的意思，常用来说明人或事物的特征或性质。如：The president made an inspiring speech at the meeting yesterday.（ 2 ）它们的过去分词有“感到的”的意思，用来指人的感觉或所处的状态，因而它的主语一般不可能是指物的词。如：He was too excited to fall asleep.这类容易混淆的分词常见的有： encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; inspiring, inspired; interesting, interested; puzzling, puzzled; astonishing, astonished; surprising, surprised 等。经典例题解析：1The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B.C,didt include women players until 1919.A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing 析：根据题干，必须选表示被动的选项，故排除A、D；因B选项表“将要被举行”意，不合题干之用，只有C选项（相当于which was first played）才合用。2European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world.A. making B. makes C. made D. to make析：B、C是谓语动词，在此不可用。D项to make或表目的，或表“将要使得”，这都不合题干情景。只有A. making,可作状语，表结果。再举一现在分词作结果状语例： The bus was held up by the snowstorm, causing the delay.公共汽车被大风雪所阻，因而耽误了。3Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening.A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking析：根据this evening,应选表示将来义的选项，C、D应排除。Take后无宾语，必然要用被动式，故答案为A。4John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment.A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing析：根据be made to do sth.句式，可定答案为A。5The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation.A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating析：根据warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式，可排除B、D两项；又根据非谓语动词的否定式not总是在首位的规律，又可排除A，而定C。6I usually go there by train. Why not _ by boat for a change?A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going析：此题可根据why not后直接跟原形动词规律而一举确定正确答案为D。若将B项改为try to go，则要根据其与try going意义之别来确定答案。依据题干对话内容，乙方是建议甲方尝试乘船变变花样，所以答案仍为D。7_ a reply, he decided to write again.A. Not receiving B. Receiving notC. Not having received D. Having not received析：非谓语动词的否定式not应置于首位，B、D皆为错误形式。A项不能表达先于decided的动作，只有选C项才表没收到信在先，决定再写信在后，所以C为正确答案。8Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having mvented析：consider表“考虑”意时，其后动词用doing形式，此处不表“考虑”，而表“认为”，这时consider后作宾语补足语或主语补足语多为to do, to have done, to be等形式。据此可排除B、D两个选项。又因A表“要发明”意，不合题用，只有C表“发明了”意，才合题用，故选C。 非谓语动词的句法功能: 1. 不定式主、表、宾、补语(宾补&主补)、定、状、同位语 2. 动名词主、表、宾、定、同位语 3.分 词表、补语(宾补&主补)、定、状 知识要点： 一、不定式与动名词做主语： 1、 动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。如：Collecting information about childrens health is his job. Its necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher. 2、常用不定式做主语的句型有： 常用结构：It+be+ adj./n.+ for sb. to do sth. (常见形容词: difficult , important, necessary, impossible, etc.) It+be+ adj. + of sb. to do sth. =sb. be + adj. + to do sth. (常见形容词:clever, silly, foolish, stupid, wise, kind, rude, impolite, careless, cruel, crazy, etc.) 3、常用动名词做主语的句型有：Its no good (use, fun) doing sth. Its (a) waste of time ones doing sth. Its worth while doing sth. 二、不定式、动名词、分词做表语： 1、不定式做表语常表示谓语动词所表示动作之后发生的动作。不定式一般紧跟在系动词如: be, seem, remain, appear等后面, 用来说明主语的内容。这类结构中的主语一般为名词，如：idea, purpose, hope, plan, intention, wish, dream, etc. eg.) My purpose is to teach them a lesson. 有时句子主语也可以是不定式或名词性从句。 Eg.) To be strict with students is to be responsible to them. What I want to do is (to )tell you the truth. The only thing he could do was ( to) tell the truth. 如果主语中含有do的任何形式, 那么不定式可以省去to. 2、动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释，这时主语与表语位置可互换，动名词常用于口语中。 Its full-time job is laying eggs. 3、分词做表语: 现在分词作表语:一般表示主动或主语的性质和特征, “令人”的, 主语多数情况是sth. 过去分词作表语: 一般表示被动或说明主语情感心理上的感受, “感到的”,主语多数是sb. exciting, excited annoying, annoyed amazing, amazed boring, bored confusing, confused encouraging, encouraged embarrassing, embarrassed frightening, frightened; inspiring, inspired 现在分词做表语表示主语的性质与特征；进行时表示正在进行的动作。 The task of this class is practicing the idioms. （现在分词做表语） With the help of the teacher, the students are practicing the idioms. （现在进行时） 过去分词作表语表示主语所处的被动状态或完成某动作的状态。而被动语态表示主语所承受的动作。 The village is surrounded by high mountains.（过去分词做表语） -The enemy was surrounded by the Red Army.（被动语态） He is well educated.（过去分词做表语） He has been educated in this college for three years.（被动语态） 注意: 过去分词除修饰sb.以外,还可修饰表示神态、声音等的名词, 说明主语的心理状态。 Eg.) He had a _ (terrifying, terrified) look in his eyes. The boy answered in a _ (frightening, frightened) voice. 三、不定式与动名词做宾语： 1、下列动词跟不定式做宾语： want, wish, hope, expect, ask, demand, pretend, care, decide, happen, long, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, order, cause, afford, beg, manage, agree, promise等。 2、在下列动词或动词短语后用动名词做宾语： 常见动词: advise, avoid（避免）, appreciate（感激）, admit（承认）,consider(考虑), complete, delay, deny（否认）, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, forbid, forgive, imagine, miss, mind, mention, permit, practise, risk（冒险）, suggest (建议), understand, etc. 常见短语: be busy, be worth, burst out, feel like, cant help (忍不住), cant stand, set about, succeed in, be engaged in, persist in, insist on, be fond of, dream of, prevent(from), keepfrom, stop(from), protectfrom, set about, spend/waste(in) be/get used/accustomed to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, get down to, devote oneself/ones life ( energy, effort, time) to, make contributions to, admit to, owe to, 【lead to, stick to, listen to, refer to, turn to, thanks to, owing to, due to后接名词,一般不接动名词】 3、某些动词后既可接动名词,也可接不定式. 常见动词: begin/start, continue; love, like, dislike, hate, prefer; need, want, require; forget, remember, regret; mean, try, go on, stop, be used to, cant help 1). begin/start 三种情况下,一般接不定式做宾语:主语是sth.;本身用于进行时;做宾语的动词表示情感、思想或意念时(如:like, love, understand, realize, understand, know, etc.) 2.) love, like, dislike, hate, prefer, 如表示经常性的动作, 用动名词作宾语;如表示特定或具体的动作,多接不定式. Eg.) I like_(play) chess during my spare time. I like_(play) at chess with the chess master now. 3.) need, want require eg.) He wants _(repair) the bike for me. The bike needs/wants/ requires_(repair). 动名词作need, want, require, be worth的宾语时，用主动式代替被动式。 The washing-machine needs repairing.（或用：needs to be repaired） The point wants referring to. This English novel is well worth reading. The situation in Russian required studying. 下列句子惯用不定式主动语态. Eg.) The house is to let/to be let. 这房子待出租。 He is not to blame for everything. 4). forget, remember, regret eg.) The light in the office is still on. I forgot _ (turn) it off. Ill never forget _(see) the musical comedy in New York. Remember_( meet) me tonight. I remember _(take) to Beijing when I was a child. I regret _ (inform) you that you are dismissed. I regret _( not take ) his advice. 5). mean, try, go on, stop, be used to, cant help Eg.) What do you mean _ (do ) with it? _(miss) the train means _(wait) for another two hours. Hes been trying _ (get) you on the phone. Lets try_ (knock) at the back door. He paused and went on _ (explai