MBA 申请.doc

MBA只是一块敲门砖文章摘自“中华职业精英网“* V$ V$ D# & I+ E4 r0 z. I, W1 U6 | & T9 E/ d; x9 E# x8 yr4 ( MBA早已不是高薪的代名词，但拥有丰富实际工作经验的MBA依然供不应求。”对企业招聘非常熟悉的中华英才网上海分公司总经理朱赤红这样评价。4 V% d, k4 l0 s- Y% h每日经济新闻分别对飞利浦公司人力资源总监吴懿沁、福特汽车企业凝聚力高级顾问施重凌以及HAY集团中国区营运经理邵义进行了专访调查后发现，MBA学历只是“敲门砖”，高薪高位并非唾手可得。+ R1 v0 D& f- c3 V挖掘优秀MBA：飞利浦的战略目标飞利浦公司人力资源总监吴懿沁飞利浦公司每年都会招收一定量的MBA学员，我们非常欢迎更多的MBA.因为他们的个人素质会相对高一些，表现相对更加平稳。MBA来飞利浦后，岗位分布上各个部门都会有，其中市场销售部门居多。6 # F. A U6 # L5 L由于MBA进公司后就已经是相当于初中级经理的人才，对于自身发展都很有规划，因此每年MBA的离职率不太高。 D5 L3 ?5 7 t! N7 l3 _( 同时，飞利浦公司与国内一些知名商学院之间都有非常紧密的联系，甚至与很多知名的大学都有着很好的互动关系。& F: * v# L* m, Q目前对MBA的招聘主要通过有着长期合作关系的中华英才网，或与中欧等商学院直接联系，我们公司几乎在每年MBA毕业时都会去商学院召开招聘会，MBA学员也可以通过我们公司的官网直接应聘。从优秀商学院发掘优秀人才是飞利浦公司的一个长期的战略性目标。高薪高位并非唾手可得访福特汽车企业凝聚力高级顾问施重凌福特汽车对MBA的要求是综合性的，不但要看其学习背景、学校品牌，还要看个人原来的工作经历与现在工作相关度和适应能力。一旦进来，公司都会希望其能力有所改变和提高。( 4 L1 L8 H0 p! V/ c0 U7 f对于MBA的招聘每年都是有一定计划的，但量并不是很大，主要还是看各个部门的特点而定的，一般与公司战略层较接近的岗位会比较适合MBA的发展。现在MBA普遍存在一个问题，他们刚毕业时期望值太高，往往超过了其本身实际的身价，对自己的估计很高却又不愿意塌实做事，自我感觉过好。有时候理论上很丰富但技巧上却不是很令人满意，而公司选择人才并不一定只关注于学校学历等，更看重的是过去学习背景、工作实践的经历等。* q# e1 |0 ?* g: j) 从HR角度来讲，MBA应该是作为管理领导最基本的一个基础，是一块“敲门砖”而已，必须先有基础，再加上个人奋斗经历，才能在职位上有所突破，高职位并不是想象中的唾手可得的。MBA 申请经验 - 工作经验工作经验是一个很有弹性的指标，但是顶尖的商学院基本上都要求2年以上的工作经验，而入学时的新生平均工作经验在4-6年左右。1 x1 d* b# H: R5 , y% , Y/ P. b, P; z( O! E9 l8 s% P- 没有工作经验，能申请MBA吗？( n! o5 TG2 e. b; t4 X6 7 rI8 d7 u; h5 N能，但基本上在前30之外。而且有机会获得奖学金。本人2000年毕业的时候，就获得了 U Alabama, American U 和 Dalhousie U （Canada) 的商学院录取，而且Alabama给了半奖。( A3 y6 c/ X7 B7 h+ d. r2 8 L, Y- |: l- 什么样的工作经验是有价值的工作经验？& D8 n9 x+ % e?0 z _$ t W3 1 e5 P2 s商学院的录取委员们在看你的工作经验时很注重看你的职业轨迹。你是怎么一步一步走上来的，上升的速度快吗？工作的实质有变化吗？做出了实质性的成果吗？服务的公司是什么类型的公司？有全球的视野吗？8 ?0 h7 x1 w$ n& f: T1 . 6 # g( l q ?% i2 g; C+ O, C L因此，如果你决定要成为一个MBA，你在择业的时候一定要慎重选择，包括职业发展。一般来说，企业越国际化，品牌越大，对于美国人就更有可信度。当然，本地小公司也一样有去的，不过这就像一个小国的总统和美国一个州长一样的感觉，如果这个小国是新加坡，韩国，那个这个国家的总统还是厉害的，可能比美国罗得岛州的州长要好，但是如果这个小国是圣多美和普林西比，你知道他是谁吗？虽然他能把他自己说得很好。$ |: E N A2 + 5 R( Y6 W# E q9 V) , ?: D) r3 对于中国的申请人来说，如果有国际商务经验，例如出国参加工程项目，在公司其他国家的分支机构工作过，这些将会是你的突出优势。虽然每一个商学院都声称，在招收学生的时候不会考虑其国籍因素，但是为了保证商学院学生团体的多样性，每年从每个国家招收的人数基本上都不会有很大的变化。换句话说，中国人就是在和中国人竞争。对于普通中国申请人来说，基本上都在国内公司工作，如果你有长期的国际工作经验，将会令你从其他申请人中迅速脱颖而出。 L3 dQ% t& M6 Z+ p- K, l9 j! / B大约五年的工作经验中，最好能有一两年的经理工作经验（或者主管工作经验）。如果你长期从事的工作只是基本的执行工作，比如说做了四年的秘书或者助理，那你就要好好考虑一下你要申请的专业是什么，怎样才能把你的工作和你将来的事业目标结合起来。比如你长期做市场经理助理，你一定接触了和多市场方面的工作，你说你以后想转行做市场经理就比较合适。- ib. a. v9 Y+ D+ 9 p/ W9 m- p$ _2 4 a+ V( 总而言之，如果你工作了四至六年，在国际大公司升到地区部门主管位置（比如华南区销售或市场经理），有国际商务经历，那么你的工作经验就符合申请顶尖商学院的资格。MBA 申请经验 - 专业很多的人问，我是学化学的，学政治的，学数学的，学工程的。我能申请MBA吗？$ z$ T) b7 B) J* b2 ?3 J2 x. n6 4 5 , y. I& o我可以很负责的告诉大家：学什么的都可以申请。$ E! k$ KG( ) D9 g# z Q$ D; Y; W! M. MBA 在美国属于职业教育，不属于学术教育，因此，对以前的专业背景没有特殊的要求。MBA的学生来自五湖四海，学者，商人，医生，律师或者职业军人，这些都没有问题。你有商业本科的背景，并不会对你的申请造成很大的优势。相反，如果你能把你的专业思维，成功的应用到商业运作中去，商学院的录取委员会人员就会觉得你具有天生的商业潜质，从而录取你。4 b- ) X$ V- F: L5 8 J) L t/ / a/ $ m# I# V公正的说，中国的本科教育和全面素质教育，至少在名校还是很高质量的。例如，在清华大学的工程专业，基本上都会学习工业技术经济学，如果你能好好的参透这门课，你在MBA课程里遇见财务报表的时候并不会有很大的困难。而且现在大学里选修课程越来越广泛，如果能够抽空选择一些例如组织行为，货币银行，西方经济等等方面的课程，即使只是入门课程，对于一个真正合格的未来商界领袖而言，也基本够用了。中国有句老话，师傅领进门，修行在个人。对一门学科掌握有多深，不再与教材的深浅和学习的长短，在于自己投入的经历。, D, C# 2 e3 Q5 g3 Hm9 _5 n y B, e( Y因此，对于本科或者研究生课程都不是商业方面的人士来说，专业方向完全不是一个问题。但是对于真正有志于投身商界的人，我的建议是，尽可能选修一些商业方面的课程，或者自学，这样能让你们不至于在商业的常识方面比商学院的学生差得太多。比如说，你至少要知道亚当斯密和他的理论，中央银行的作用，Balance sheet到底是什么东西，薪酬福利的作用如何体现等等。如果你学了好几年的化工，做了好几年的技术，然后对我刚才说的东西一无所知，然后想去读MBA，那我只好告诉你，你还是先回去在学点东西吧。阻碍你成为MBA学生的，不是你的专业，而是你过于狭窄的知识结构。MBA 申请经验 - 个人特征几乎所有商学院要求写的文章里面都会问，你是什么样的一个人？; S0 5 ) f4 _. vG1 G# N- l3 : V9 A3 i4 o+ V8 S在很多的杂志和书本上，我们经常都可以看到类似：商务精英的个人特征，成功的性格等等这样的文章。其实这些文章基本上写的都是一些比较笼统得东西，不能概括一个人的全部，也不能在每个商务精英的身上都找得到。$ o: 6 z: H) R0 U5 X/ l- o1 H所以，我的意见是，首先，你要确信你了解自己。你适合投身商务吗？4 b3 d/ A p% C% k- D1 g+ I, ?5 T6 A! N/ l你可以拿一篇刚才提过的那种文章，对比自己的性格。如果你发现有很多不匹配的话，我还是劝你，在改变你自己的性格特征之前，还是暂时忘掉MBA得梦想吧，你要不就是不能适应MBA的教育，要不就是白白耗费一两年的时间，出来也不能致用。7 X* Z h$ M2 w o F0 o, D3 f / K( q如果你发现你的匹配程度在60%以上的话，那么，我可以说，你所处的竞争位置，跟别人不会有不同。剩下的，就是你自己怎么说出你的特点的问题了。换句话说，一个匹配程度60%的人，和一个匹配程度80%的人，在自己的文章被录取委员会看到之前，对于录取委员来说完全没有区别。他们看到的，只是你们的书面介绍而已。你所要做的，就是尽可能把自己独有的特征告诉大家。3 d1 M* Z9 a v3 z; f9 |7 g+ C( J( p1 * f8 A几个比较能突出特征的例子：* r; u( |( y; I0 b+ s3 ( b6 3 $ w; ( T; l- 高超的沟通能力和适应能力：: f Z% L6 e4 b, L, p# s& _如果你在“多国部队“进行过项目合作，或者老板换过几个但每个都对你赞不绝口，或者经常被调离到风俗习惯完全不同的地点进行工作，等等。/ B( a# B6 F: A6 ; h7 e6 s- R2 Y: A1 R$ J6 c( 3 C- 综合全局的统筹能力：9 E) J0 FI2 t 你是否在公司的地区或全球总部工作，每天都要应付来自100个不同分公司的1000个无理要求，要为500个客户集中处理一批订单，为了节约成本你不得不将所有的订单重新排列组合从而分批生产和运输，等等。+ s- u/ v# u7 O+ * R G8 q( N! h# i$ K: 2 Z- 对重大问题的决策能力& A. a- # ef0 ? 你是否参与过公司重大方向性问题的决策和分析？你的意见对整个问题的决定起了什么作用。这些重大方向性问题包括：是否开拓新的销售渠道？是否进行新的市场推广计划？是否推行新的薪酬福利制度？公司结构的重组？电子商务的应用？新的并购计划?新的品牌和产品的推出？: i) # d# J% z7 E# v; Q: $ K/ X0 f- 紧急应变和把握机会的能力/ z q9 y$ j9 8 Y 你是否在发生突发事件时迅速做出适当反应？SARS发生的时候你做了什么工作？客户突然走单而所有的材料都已放在仓库？ f/ m, j; _: v/ q- c7 . ?4 z9 9 S* K+ ?0 o# x3 . S- 团队合作5 J) E( J L# # 8 |: j9 你以往成功的经验往往是单干还是一起干。你在团队里面是头还是队员。8 z! n9 _ b7 d! V5 i, s, m f& p: q Z总之，千万不要把自己写得太另类，偏执狂有可能成功，但是他是在成功以后才被人知道是偏执狂，如果一开始就表现成偏执狂，估计没人会觉得他会成功。每一个人都会与众不同，说出你自己。MBA细分专业的概述1. Accounting 8 f 2 O. i7 1 4 q& PWhat do accountants do?4 o, J+ Lu- z5 V; eAccountants offer a wide array of business and accounting services including public, management, and government accounting, as well as internal auditing. In each of these major fields, accountants and auditors prepare, analyze, and verify financial documents in order to provide information to clients. 7 T! l8 F3 d9 Q6 , Z, D% Y* JPublic Accountants: Public accountants perform a broad range of accounting, auditing, tax, and consulting activities for their clients, who may be corporations, governments, nonprofit organizations, or individuals. 6 # R6 V8 & w4 1 e9 ( Consultants: Consultants offer advice in areas such as compensation or employee health care benefits; the design of accounting and data processing systems; and the selection of controls to safeguard assets. . o! I( G3 G2 S 0 z9 6 |* GForensic Accountants: Forensic accountants investigate and interpret bankruptcies and other complex financial transactions. $ o3 V9 S8 E8 l. v% G$ NManagement Accountants: Management accountants record and analyze a corporations financial information in addition to budgeting, performance evaluation, cost management, and asset management. : Y% _& 9 K5 u0 S/ Ov, ePublic Sector Accountants: Government accountants and auditors maintain and examine the records of government agencies and audit private businesses and individuals whose activities are subject to government regulations or taxation. ?S1 P0 & X7 + IWhat degree options are available in accounting?1 f/ 4 u1 y- l8 s4 v/ qUndergraduates can earn a bachelors degree in accounting or take accounting classes as part of a business degree. MBA students can choose concentrations in accounting, and some schools offer masters degree in accountancy (MAcc). 5 I/ A4 H/ Q+ N& ) o0 c& r9 oWhats the difference between a masters in accounting and an MBA with an accounting concentration?* _, h5 U8 H$ L& cWhile both an MBA with a focus on accounting and a Master of Accounting (MAcc) degree will prepare you to assume managerial positions within the field of accounting, the MBA degree will provide you with more general skills that are transferable to other areas. The MAcc will provide you with greater accounting expertise and will prepare candidates for the Certified Public Accountant (CPA) exam, but fewer transferable skills. Some MBA programs provide candidates with sufficient credit hours required to sit for the CPA exam. The MBA degrees broad curriculum also helps accountants with client management and other strategic issues in performing their jobs, especially in management advisory services. : j. C3 A) e) fWhat will I study? 2 m( R+ a) r+ ) The MAcc curriculum generally includes preparation for the CPA exam, and the Certified Management Accountant (CMA) examination, in addition to courses in financial and managerial accounting, research, business valuation, cost management, information systems, auditing, policy, taxation, and consulting services. MBA curriculum with an accounting concentration emphasizes general management and business coursework as well as in depth accounting applications and concepts. J& 7 g3 a/ C7 g) S ?What skills are necessary to work in the field of accounting?5 n4 R; 8 j; , j5 L( W( # bCertification and licensure in accounting and auditing are standard requirements for employment in this field. Successful accountants and auditors are generally detail-oriented, highly motivated researchers, and knowledgeable about U.S. and international tax laws, economics and money markets. In addition to self-confidence, maturity, and the ability to work independently, candidates for accounting positions need a broad range of skills including: & B3 j* z9 $ 2 T+ B1 qExcellent mathematical and computer skills ! W1 L) f# c6 B6 2 gExcellent analytic and problem solving skills + g/ Y0 G/ A- P6 $ e4 A0 D MExcellent oral and written communication skills 8 L4 i1 f7 e, h9 O, A$ qStrong interpersonal skills 4 b& b0 N, z) O; C* ?, MWhat career paths do MBA or MAcc graduates follow?- d- g& v( n& C- Y5 I Many graduates enter into the profession as financial analysts or internal auditors in such areas as financial planning, resource allocation, and management information systems. Beginning public accountants usually start by assisting with work for several clients. Those who excel may become supervisors, managers, partners, open their own public accounting firms, or transfer to executive positions in management accounting or internal auditing in private firms. Management accountants often start as cost accountants, junior internal auditors, or as trainees for other accounting positions. As they rise through the organization, they may advance to accounting manager, chief cost accountant, budget director, or manager of internal auditing. Some become controllers, treasurers, financial vice presidents, chief financial officers, or corporation presidents. In general, there is a large degree of mobility among public accountants, management accountants, and internal auditors. Practitioners often shift into management accounting or internal auditing from public accounting, or between internal auditing and management accounting. ) e w6 N! ?% c8 qWhat certification or training is necessary for a career in accounting?5 V9 r3 Y) W& V8 i; DProfessional recognition through certification or licensure provides a distinct advantage in the job market. All CPAs must have a certificate and the partners in their firm must have licenses issued by a State Board of Accountancy. The vast majority of States require CPA candidates to be college graduates, but a few States substitute a number of years of public accounting experience for the college degree. Nearly all States require CPAs and other public accountants to complete a certain number of hours of continuing professional education before their licenses can be renewed. Voluntary certification can attest to professional competence in a specialized field of accounting and auditing. Graduates from accredited colleges and universities who have worked for 2 years as internal auditors and have passed a four-part examination may earn the designation Certified Internal Auditor (CIA) from the Institute of Internal Auditors. 4 8 F3 # f; w8 h f* T, y3 gWhats the overall career outlook for accountants?3 N8 ) F& e% C. z3 LAccording to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment of accountants and auditors is expected to grow about 10 to 20 percent through the year 2008. As the economy grows, more accountants and auditors will be needed to set up books, prepare taxes, and provide management advice. In response to market demand, these accounting professionals will offer more management and consulting services as they take on a greater advisory role and develop more sophisticated and flexible accounting systems. Also, internal auditors will increasingly be needed to discover and eliminate waste and fraud. Competition is keen for the most prestigious jobs in major accounting and business firms, but graduates with a masters degree in accounting or a masters in business administration will have a distinct advantage in the job market. # n; m3 l T) % z a, h2.e-commerce3 X, C8 e* Y+ |& W( WWhat do employees in e-Commerce fields do? N* u7 5 V) y2 xStudents with backgrounds in e-Commerce typically work in Information Technology (IT) fields, often as the managers of IT infrastructures. They can also oversee the development and marketing of Internet web sites as project managers. Graduates of e-Commerce programs leave school prepared to fill positions in the technical staffs of corporations. 5 N* 1 Q& N$ F) 1 n) D/ P8 J0 I do not have a background in Computer Science. Will an e-Commerce MBA be too technical for me?* ; # Q! u$ p3 R6 H9 B4 n5 f$ l, AWhile a Masters in e-Commerce might require greater familiarity with IT concepts, most e-Commerce and e-Business programs are designed for traditional MBA students in addition to those with IT experience. & Z; Q5 . p6 h* ! d- b3 What degree options are available in this area? V* - 7 z W/ / dUndergraduates can earn a Bachelors in e-Commerce or e-Business. Graduate students can earn a Master of Science in e-Commerce or an MBA with an e-Commerce or e-Business concentration. ; R& : M+ a2 Z. C# j) SWhat is the difference between a Masters Degree in e-Commerce and an MBA with a concentration in e-Commerce?2 Z7 D2 s: b+ h( i% _- / PThe basic difference between these two options is that the masters degree is highly specialized and will allow you to focus almost exclusively on computer science and business administration. In contrast, an MBA program will permit you to develop a general set of management skills as well as e-Commerce knowledge. There are advantages to each: a masters program will enable you to delve into e-Commerce issues in greater depth; an MBA program will allow you to spend your first year developing a set of skills that can be transferred to other areas. ! M1 W a+ U; A) U6 u+ O$ nWhile both a masters degree and an MBA concentration will prepare you to hold management positions within the field of e-Commerce, masters programs are designed to help you become a leader in technology management and integration. In contrast, an MBA degree may also qualify you to hold management positions in other fields, should you become interested in a different career. 6 w9 K: T( D# x, u( r/ OWhat subjects will I study?% z1 h6 X9 F7 % wAs an e-Commerce student, you will study traditional business topics like finance, accounting and marketing, but your coursework will emphasize Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Your studies will probably include classes on e-management, electronic marketing marketing, online business strategies, MIS, web site development and IT applications. Students with IT backgrounds may take advanced computer science courses as well. % F1 j$ ) 4 R; I7 AWhat careers do e-Commerce students pursue?! el8 R- Z8 A9 de-Commerce graduates can assume management roles in e-Business and e-Commerce fields, including operations, marketing, technical support and administration. Many become consultants for large corporations that want to incorporate internet business into their strategic plans. Companies may need you to improve B2B online transactions, vitalize internet product sales, or research e-Commerce competition. 3 : S4 k1 t% U& b- f) OWhats the overall career outlook for this field?: s$ z5 bE3 Re-Commerce has suffered setbacks since the failure of many startup dot-coms, but the overall demand for business managers with information technology backgrounds should not decrease in the long run. The marketplace has changed dramatically with the introduction of companies like ebay and A; most companies now recognize that they must develop and maintain e-Business programs in order to remain competitive. Consequently, the need for employers with e-Commerce skills remains. E-Commerce opens up entirely new business opportunities around the world; as old market practices incorporate new technologies, the field will increase in importance.& x5 y: z F3 N6 7 E3. Entrepreneurship+ a2 l_5 G8 m& T I( zWhat do entrepreneurs do?- B0 i0 i% c: sEntrepreneurs have many options: they can be business owners and managers, venture capitalists, or small business consultants. In addition, some become intrapreneurs within established companies. ; e4 Y/ T+ g: q K* U1 i8 y9 MWhat is intrapreneurship?2 Z- W6 6 ( C; ?Intrapreneurs work within corporations to develop new products, increase innovation, and build employee morale. Intrapreneurship appeals to some because it allows them to pursue creative business ideas with the support of a large companys resources. 3 k t& z7 i! n8 aWhat degree options are available in this area?! r* w: H O/ g x- J* WSome schools offer undergraduate degrees in Entrepreneurship. In addition, graduate students can earn an MBA with an entrepreneurship concentration. + Y, R7 F6 G+ c) I& U) _/ What subjects will I study?% CY4 l& q/ + Q- ) C( ?Entrepreneurship MBAs are encouraged to draw upon their creative potential as they learn to build ventures. They are prepared to manage different stages of growth for business enterprises. Entrepreneurship programs allow you to focus on the specific business skills needed to bring an early stage company or small business to life. In addition to the core MBA course, you may take classes in entrepreneurial management, growth strategies, venture financing, cash flow management, and market research. . j/ l# p m 6 YMany MBA programs offer students chances to work with small b