美文学要点2.ppt

IntroductiontoAmericanliterature 1 TheColonialPeriod2 TheRomanticPeriod thefirsthalfof19thcentury 3 TheAgeofRealismandNaturalism4 ThePeriodaroundWWI5 TheModernPeriod I TheColonialPeriod theearly17thand18thcentury 1 Puritanism idealismandopportunism2 BenjaminFranklin本杰明 富兰克林 TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin 自传 PoorRichard sAlmanac穷查理历书 containingwittymaximsforachievingwealthasaresultofhardworkandthrift 3 PhilipFreneau poem 菲利普 弗伦诺TheRisingGloryofAmerica蒸蒸日上的美洲 AmericanPuritanismPuritans Theearlysettlers foundingfathersoftheAmericanation Topurifytheritualsandlessentheauthorityofbishops escapedtothenewworld createanewparadise advocatehighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples AmericanPuritanismwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature ChapterTwoAmericanRomanticismandNewEnglandLiterature LogicThread Representativefiguresofthetime Pre romanticism WashingtonIrving JamesFenimoreCooper库珀 Post romanticism Novelists NathanielHawthorne HermanMelvillePoets HenryWadesworthLongfellow EdgarAllanPoe WaltWhitmanEmilyDickinsonEssayists RalphWaldoEmerson HenryDavidThoreau AmericanRomanticism TheromanticperiodstretchesfromtheendoftheeighteenthcenturythroughtheoutbreakoftheCivilWar 1790 1865 1 Background 1 PoliticalbackgroundandeconomicdevelopmentTerritorialExpansionIndustrialGrowthTheCivilWarThe newness ofAmericansasanationisinconnectionwithAmericanRomanticism optimismandhopeamongthepeopleThereisAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritagetoconsider 2 foreigninfluence RomanticmovementinEuropeancountries AmericanRomanticism Romanticismwasarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism Forromantics thefeelings intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense Theystressedthecloserelationshipbetweenmanandnature Theyemphasizedindividualismandaffirmedtheinnerlifeoftheself WashingtonIrving 1783 1859 华盛顿 欧文 早期浪漫主义小说家AHistoryofNewYork纽约的历史 美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作 TheSketchBook见闻札记 TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷的传说 使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家 RipVanWinkle JamesFenimoreCooper1789 1851詹姆斯 费尼莫尔 库珀 早期浪漫主义小说家 LeatherstockingTales 皮裹腿故事集 aseriesoffivenovels thatis thePioneers拓荒者 I823 theLastoftheMohicans 1826 最后的莫希干人 ThePrairie 1827 大草原 ThePathfinder 1840 探路者 TheDeerslayer 1841 杀鹿者 adventureintothewildernessoftheWest 2 ThesummitofRomanticism NewEnglandTranscendentalism 1 Emerson Nature 2 HenryDavidThoreau Walden 3 Whitman LeavesofGrass 4 Hawthorn TheScarletLetter 5 HermanMeville MobyDick Post romanticism NewEnglandTranscendentalism WhatisTranscendentalism 1 RalphWaldoEmerson 1803 1882 爱默生 TheleadingNewEnglandTranscendentalist Nature 论自然 新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书 TheAmericanScholar论美国学者2 HenryDavidThoreau 1817 1862 Transcendentalist Emerson sfriend Walden ThemajorfeaturesofTranscendentalism 1 TheTranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit ortheOversoul asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse 2 TheTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual Tothemtheindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety 3 TheTranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod Naturewas tothem notpurelymatter Itwasalive filledwithGod soverwhelmingpresence TheDevelopmentofTranscendentalism Nature in1836 byRalphWaldoEmersonNature svoicepushedAmericanRomanticismintoanewphase thephaseofNewEnglandTranscendentalism thesummitofAmericanRomanticism TranscendentalistClub TranscendentalismwasindebtedtothedualheritageofAmericanPuritanism thereligiousidealismoftheirPuritanpast Transcendentalists emphasisontheindividualwasdirectlytraceabletothePuritanprincipleofself cultureandself improvement ThusthereisgoodreasontostatethatNewEnglandTranscendentalismwasRomanticismonthePuritansoil NewEnglandTranscendentalismwasimportanttoAmericanliterature ItinspiredawholenewgenerationoffamousauthorssuchasEmerson Thoreau Hawthorne Melville WhitmanandDickinson NathanielHawthorne 1804 1864 Novels ScarletLetter 红字 HesterPrynne TheHouseofSevenGables 七个尖角阁的房子 TheBlithedaleRomance 福谷传奇 TheMarbleFaun 大理石神像 Shortstorycollections Twice ToldTales 故事新编 MosesfromanOldManse 古屋青苔 HermanMelville赫尔曼 梅尔维尔1819 1891 MobyDick TheWhiteWhale莫比 迪克 白鲸 EdgarAllanPoe埃德加 爱伦 坡1809 1849 ThefirstprofessionalwriterinAmericaThefirstwriterofdetectivestoryintheworld 歌特风格 首开近代侦探小说先河 又是法国象征主义运动的源头TheFalloftheHouseofUsher厄舍古屋的倒塌 novel TheRaven乌鸦 poem TamerlaneandOtherPoems帖木儿和其他诗 ToHellen致海伦 以诗为诗 永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人 叶芝 WaltWhitman 1819 1892 沃尔特 惠特曼 OneofthegreatinnovatorsinAmericanPoetryFreeverseGrowingupinaworking classbackground havinglittleeducationLeavesofGrass草叶集 SongofMyself 自我之歌revealsaworldofequality withoutrankandhierarchy poets EmilyDickinson 1830 1886 ThePoemsofEmilyDickinson埃米莉 迪金森诗集 love death nature friendship andimmortality HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利 沃兹沃思 朗费罗1807 1882 APsalmofLife生命礼赞 shortpoem TheSongofHiawatha海华沙之歌 美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗 WilliamCullenBryant1794 1878柯伦 布莱恩特 ToaWaterfowl致水鸟 英语中最完美的短诗 HarrietBeecherStowe哈丽特 比彻 斯托1811 1896 UncleTom sCabin汤姆叔叔的小屋 Chapter3 TheAgeofRealismandNaturalism Thethreestrongadvocatesof19thcenturyAmericanrealismWilliamDeanHowells critic 豪威尔斯HenryJames威廉 詹姆斯MarkTwain马克 吐温 HenryJames1842 1910 James novel s internationalsituation aresetagainstabackgroundbetweenAmericaandEurope James contributiontoliterarycriticismisimmense Tohim artwithoutlifeisapooraffair theaimofthenovelistorepresentlife HisrealismwascalledasPsychologicalrealism Hewasesp anobserverofthemindratherthanarecorderofthetimes TheAmerican DaisyMillerThePortraitofaLady贵妇人画像TheWingsoftheDove鸽翼TheAmbassadors大使 MarkTwain马克 吐温1 TheAdventuresofTomSawyer 汤姆 索耶历险记2 TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn hismasterpiece 哈克贝利 费恩历险记TheGildedAge镀金时代3 Famousforhislocalism colloquialstyle humorandbitterattacks AmericanNaturalism pessimisticrealism 1 NaturalismcamefromFrance 2 Reasons civilwar socialupheavals Darwin stheoryofevolution thesurvivalofthefittest Menwereconditioned dominatedbysocialandeconomicforces byheredityandenvironment 3 Featuresofnaturalistwriting A naturalistwritersturnedliterarycreationintoamechanicalrecordofsociety inawayofattemptingtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness Theynevermadecommentsonthecharactersandtheirbehaviors B ThecharacterswereoftenfiguresoflowsocialandeconomicclassesC Theystressedmenhadnofreewill theirliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandenvironment AmericanNaturalism 4 AmericanNaturalistwriters StephenCrane FrankNorris JackLondon HenryAdams TheodoreDreiser StephenCrane 1871 1900 斯蒂芬 克莱恩 Maggie AGirloftheStreets街头女郎梅姬 美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运 TheRedBadgeofCourage红色英勇勋章TheBlackRiders hisfirstbookofpoems TheodoreDreiser 1871 1945 Dreiser sworksSisterCarrie1900 Afeatherinwind sheistotallyatthemercyofforcesshecannotcomprehendandcontrol Shedoesnotseemtopossesswhatmaybecalledamoralfibreinher JennieGerhardt1911TrilogyofDesire欲望三部曲 Financer金融家1912 TheTitan巨人1914 TheStoic斯多葛1915 AnAmericanTragedy美国的悲剧1925 被称为美国最伟大的小说 FrankNorris 1870 1902 弗兰克 诺里斯 TheOctopus1901章鱼 JackLondon 1876 1916 杰克 伦敦 MartinEden masterwork马丁 伊登TheCalloftheWild野性的呼唤TheSea Wolf海狼WhiteFang白獠牙 OHenry 1862 1910 欧 享利 1 TheGiftofMagi 2 TheCopandtheAnthem 3 Famousforhisfascinatingplot humoroustouch interestingpuns localism andunexpectedendings Americanliteratureinthe1920sand1930s 1 Poets T S Eliot theWasteLand RobertFrost2 Novelists Fitzgerald theGreatGatsby Hemingway FarewelltoArms Faulkner wroteabouttheSouth Americanliteratureinthe1920s Poetry T S EliotTheWasteland Novel SinclairLewisMainStreet1920TheodoreDreiserAnAmericanTragedy1925 sistercarrieF S FitzgeraldTheGreatGatsby1926 ErnestHemingway TheSunAlsoRises1926 AFarewelltoArms 1929 WilliamFaulknerTheSoundandtheFury 1929 Drama EurgeneO Neill TheEmperorJones 1920 AnnaChristie 1921 TheHairyApe1922 HarlemRenaissance JazzAge HistoricalBackground WWI peace makingperiod boomtime AfterWWI peoplefoundthatthewarwhichcostmillionsoflivesfailedtoprovideanabidingsolutionstotheworld sproblems thatthewarwasjustthetrapsofpoliticalleaders Suchadisillusionmentaboutthevalueofwar accompaniedbytheboomingofAmericaneconomydrovepeopletocynicalhedonism Peopleexperimentwithnewamusements Theyrestlesslypursuedstimulusandpleasures wallowinheavydrinking fastdrivingandcasualsex Bythese theyhopedtoseekrelieffromseriousproblems TheLostGeneration迷惘的一代 adisillusionmentaboutthevalueofwar disgustedbythenewfrivolous greedywayoflifeinAmericaWhentheFirstWorldWarbrokeout manyidealisticyoungAmericansvolunteeredtotakepartinthewarandtesttheirownbravery Theydiscoveredthatmodernwarfarewasnotgloriousorheroic Disillusionedbyslogansofpatriotismandglory disgustedbythenewfrivolous greedywayoflifeinAmerica manyoftheseyoungAmericasbegantowrite SomewritersleftAmericaandformedacommunityofwritersandartistsinParis Theystoodaside asonlookers andwroteabouttheysaw Theywrotefromtheirownexperiencesinthewar andtheirownobservations 他们不再相信虚伪的道德说教 而以玩世不恭的生活态度来表示自己的消极抗议 迷惘的一代 的代表作是海明威的 太阳照样升起 1926 TheLostGeneration迷惘的一代 AnAmericanwomanwriternamedGertrudeStein 1874 1946 whohadlivedinParissince1903 welcomedtheyoungAmericanwriterstoherapartmentwhichwasalreadyfamousasaliterarysalon GertrudeSteinwastheadvisor friendofsomeoftheAmericanartistsandwritersofthetime EzraPoundjoinedhergroupforafewyearsintheearly1920 s Together theyencouragedandhelpedsuchyoungwritersasthenovelistErnestHemingwayandE E Cummings andF ScottFitzgerald ManyotherwritersweredrawntoGertrudeStein shome Shecalledthem TheLostGeneration anamewhichstucktothem becausetheyhadcutthemselvesofffromtheirpastinAmericainordertocreatenewtypesofwritingwhichhadneverbeentriedbefore ErnestHemingway 1899 1961 hisstoriesofcourageinthefaceoftragedyIcebergTheoryTheSunAlsoRises1926AFarewelltoArms1929 永别了 武器 ForWhomtheBellTolls1940以西班牙内战为背景的反法西斯主义的长篇小说 丧钟为谁而鸣 TheOldManandtheSea1952 老人与海 塑造了以桑提亚哥为代表的 可以把他消灭 但就是打不败他 的 硬汉形象 一个人并不是生来要被打败的 你尽可以把他消灭掉 可就是打不败他 Hemingwayhero Heissensitive intelligent Heisamanofactionandoffewwords Heisaloneevenwhenwithotherpeople Heissomewhatanoutsider keepingemotionundercontrol stoicandself disciplinedinadreadfulplacewhenonecannotgethappiness Inaworldwhichisessentiallychaoticandmeaningless aHemingwayherofightsasolitarystruggleagainstaforcehedoesnotevenunderstand Theawarenessthatitmustendindefeat nomatterhowhardhestrives engendersasenseofdespair butHemingwayheropossessesakindofdespairingcourage Itisthiscouragethatenablesamantobehavelikeaman toasserthisdignityinfaceofadversity ThisistheessenceofacodeofhonorinwhichallofHemingway sheroesbelieve F ScottFitzgerald 1896 1940 TheliteraryspokesmanofJazzAge ThisSideofParadise1920人间天堂 TheBeautifulandDamned1921漂亮冤家 TheGreatGatsby1925了不起的盖茨比 TheAmericanDreamisdead TenderIsTheNight1934夜色温柔 TheLastTycoon1941最后的巨头 WilliamFaulkner 1897 1962 getNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1930stream of consciousnessandmultiplepointofview 约克纳帕塔法世系小说 YoknapatawphaCounty TheSoundandtheFury 喧嚣与骚动 AsILayDying 我弥留之际 Sanctuary 圣堂 LightinAugust 八月之光 Absalom Absalom 押沙龙 押沙龙 GoDown Moses 去吧 摩西 SherwoodAnderson 1876 1941 舍伍德 安德森 Winesburg Ohio1919 俄亥俄州的温斯堡 PoorWhite1920穷白人DeathintheWoods1933最后一本重要短篇集 林中之死及其它 海明威和菲茨杰拉德都受过他很大影响 海明威曾说 他是我们所有人的老师 SinclairLewis辛 刘易斯 1885 1951 MainStreet1920Babbitt1922ThefirstAmericanwritertogetNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1930 美国第一个获诺贝尔奖 Babbitt presentsadocumentarypictureofthenarrowandlimitedmiddle classmind辛 刘易斯的 大街 1920 粉碎了 村镇是美好的世外桃源 的神话 他后来的作品对商业 科技 宗教界的问题都作了揭露 他所塑造的巴比特成了庸俗 浮夸 讲求实利的中产阶级的典型人物 Imagism意像派 Background ImagismcameasareactiontothetraditionalEnglishpoetics tomeettheneedofexpressingthetemperoftheage therapidchangeofsociety theleader EzraPound 1 Directtreatment Directtreatmentofthe thing whethersubjectiveorobjective 2 EconomyofExpression Touseabsolutelynowordthatdoesnotcontributetothepresentation 3 Rhythm Asregardingrhythm tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase notinthesequenceofametronome EzraPound 1885 1972 艾兹拉 庞德 Cantos诗章InaStationoftheMetro在巴黎地铁站 RobertFrost 1874 1963 ThemostpopularAmericanpoetofthe20thcenturyTheRoadNotTaken没有走过的道路雪夜林畔小驻MendingWall修墙 20thcentury LittleTheatremovementandGeorgePierceBaker 47WorkshopatHarvard experimentalplaysbysuchstudentsasEugeneO NeillandSidneyHoward theTheatreoftheAbsurd 荒诞派戏剧 EugeneO Neill 1888 1953 尤金 奥尼尔 TheAmerica sgreatestplaywright andtheonlyonetoreceivetheNobelPrizeTheEmperorJones琼斯皇TheHairyApe1922毛猿BeyondtheHorizon天边外Desireundertheelms 1923 Theicemancometh 1946 LongDay sJourneyintonight 1955 送冰的人来了 ArthurMiller 1915 PlaywrightDeathOfASalesman1949 Americanliteratureinthe1930s Background adarkdecade TheGreatDepression Left wingwritingbecomethemainstreamof1930 sAmericanliterature JohnDosPassos JohnSteibeck JohnSteinbeck 1902 1968 AwardedNobelPrizein1962TheGrapeofWrath1939OfMiceandMen 1937 TortillaFlat煎饼坪1935InDubiousBattle1936胜负未决 JohnDosPassos1896 1970 ManhattanTransfer 1925 HisUSAtrilogy The42ndParallel 1930 1919 1932 TheBigMoney 1936 TheUSAtrilogyalsoincludedwhatbecameknownasnewsreels ThebigTime最好的岁月TheGrandDesign伟大的设想 VI Moderntimes 1 Agreatvarietyofliterarytrends2 Blackliterature AlexHaley Roots 3 Jewishwriter SaulBellow AmericanliteratureafterWorldWarII TheBeatGeneration垮掉的一代Inthemiddleofthe1950 s agroupofwritersinSanFranciscoputonaconcertedandwell publicizedrebellionagainst official Americanlifeandculture TheleaderswerepoetAllenGinsbergandnovelistJackKerouac Kerouac杰克 凯鲁亚克namedthegroupBeat TheBeatMovementwasarevoltagainstthefrightened conservativepoliticalmoodcreatedbySenatorMcCarthy againstthegreedy money seeking respectable lifeofthedominantmiddleclassbutparticularlyagainsttheliteraryformalismofAmericanwritingaftertheSecondWorldWar TheBeatGeneration垮掉的一代 Inliterature theytookWaltWhitmanastheirmodel whohadbrokenalltheliteraryrulesofhistimeandlivedanexuberant freelife Inrejectingthecarefullywrittenworksoftheircontemporarywriters theBeatsinsteadwantedtowritewithcompletespontaneityandhonesty Theywantedtoexpressemotion raw exactlyasitwasfelt ratherthan cooked throughmemoryandtranslationintoart JackKerouac杰克 凯鲁亚克 在路上 OntheRoad 1957 艾伦 金斯堡 Theyear1960 blackhumor Theliberationfromofficialstandardsofcorrectnessgaverisetoaburstofsatirical b