自考综合英语(一）考试难点复习.pdf

综合英语 一 串讲辅导 语法这部分主要涉及名词代词 形容词和副词 不定式 动名词 分词 反意疑问句 从句 时态和语态 前后呼应 倒装等内容 名词与代词 名词可分为专有名词和普通名词两类 而普通名词又可分为个体名 词 集体名词 物质名词和抽象名词 其中 个体名词和集体名 词为可数名词 而物质名词和抽象名词为不可数名词 名词的复数 构成通常是在其后加 s 但以 s x ch sh 和大部分以 o 结尾的名词后加 es 以 辅音字母 y 结尾的名词把 y 变 成 i 再加 es 有些名词的复数构成是不规则的 有其特殊形 式 有些名词在不同的情况下 属不同的名词词类 因此有时为可 数 有时则为不可数 名词的格可分为主格 作主语 宾格 作 宾语 和所有格 表示所有关系 代词可分为人称代词 物主代词 反身代词 相互代词 不定代词 指示代词 关系代词 连接代词和疑问代词等九类 1 名词的用法 可数名词除非前面有冠词或表示单数的限定词 否则要用其复数形 式 例如 lf aboy disobeystheorder he willbepunished severely The teacher firstly divided his students into four groups Thesecoursesareespecially designed forseniorstudents 有些名词的复数构成是不规则的 如 child children foot feet goose geese mouse mice man men ox oxen tooth teeth woman women 等 例如 Everyfallgeeseflyoverthehouse The dentist toldhim thatseveralteeth ofhis need to be filled Mrs Smith hasthreechildren andTonnyistheyoungest one Ithink we ve got micein thekitchen 有些名词的单复数形式是一样的 如 Chinese Japanese Spanish 西班牙 Lebanese 黎巴嫩 Portuguese 葡萄牙 Swiss 瑞士 sheep deer swine 猪 fish carp 鲤 鱼 salmon 鲑 means series species aircraft spacecraft 等 例如 The bestfishare near thebottom Whentheygot totheNew World Spanish constructed their houses with Moorish architectural features Isawawhite sheep running downtheroad Judging byhis language hemustbeaJapanese 在表示一类事物时 介词of后的名词要用复数形式 例如 Beethoven isoneofthegreatest musiciansin theworld TheAnimalArtFestival is being heldatShanghai Zoo whichisoneof themostwelcome festivalsin thecity She is one ofthethree martyrs who were killedin NATO s bombing on theChinese EmbassyinYugoslavia 大多数集体名词可作单数 也可作复数 如 army audience class committee crew 全体船员 乘务员 crowd faculty family government group orchestra public team union 等 但有些虽然是单数形式 却用作复数 如 cattle 牲 畜 mankind 人类 militia 民兵 people police poultry 家畜 staff 全体职员 等 例如 The president saidtheChinese Governmentispaying close attention to developmentsinthis matter and continues to reservetheright to take further action The cattle were grazing onthemeadow nearthefarm The audiencewereamused by his humorousstories Myfamily isfaraway fromtheschool 有些名词只有复数形式 而且也只用作复数 如 clothes glas ses spectacles pants arms 武器 belongings 所有物 customs 海关 goods 货物 suburbs 郊区 papers 文件 等 而有些名词形式为复数 却用作单数 如 electronics 电子学 mathematics 数学 optics 光学 politics statistics 统计学 等 例如 The shortshewearsaremade ofle ather Linguisticsis adifficult subject to study Heused to studye lectronics which isn t his favorite subject Ilove tolive in thesubu rbsthat areconclusive 有些名词一般情况下以单数形式出现 表示 总体 但如果表示若干 多次或几种时 则要用其复数 这类词有 hair fruit pollution rain difficulty success wind failure 等 例如 The barber hadbeencutting human hair fortw o years beforehecame to Los Angeles Mother bought oranges bananas and other fruits These caves collapse easilyinheavy rains andgreatwinds He s having financial difficulties 有些名词一般只 有单数形式 它们通常是表示物质和抽象概念的不可数名词 像 ad vice baggage bread corn clothing equipment ed ucation fun furniture fruit garbage grass happine ss homework housework humanity information kno wledge landscape laughter machinery mankind merc handise money music nonsense nature population progress scenery smoke sweat strength traffic t hunder ink jewellery damage mail work soap sugar gold chalk cloth anger applause cake chocolate poverty 等 例如 Imust seektheadviceof aspeci alistin thematter ofthetransfer of property rights Headacheis th emost common disease of human Ireallyget alot offunfromr eadinginleisure time The population of Shanghai is very big 有 些名词单复数的含义不同 使用时要根据上下文的意思进行选择 这 类词包括 communication 通讯 communications 通讯系统 通讯 工具 cloth 布 clothes 衣服 content 内容 contents 目录 convenience 便利 conveniences 便利设备 humani ty 人类 humanities 人文科学 necessity 需要 necessities 必需品 wood 木材 woods 树林 pain 疼痛 pains 辛劳 ruin 毁灭 ruins 废墟 遗迹 sand 沙子 sands 沙滩 work 工作 works 工厂 著作 等 例如 Hometo wn is one ofLuXun s most famous works The insurance compan ypaid 121 700 indamages fortheaccident Mychild enjoys pIaying onthesands No pains no gains 有些名词一般只有复数 形式 如 fundamentals 基本原则 goods 货物 means 方法 shorts 短裤 sweets 欢乐 valuables 贵重物品 等 The fundamentalsaremade to guaranteethesocial stability Don t takeanyvaluables there forthe sakeof safety The goods wepurchased fromhimaren t expensive Ithink our problem can s olved by means of negotiation 名词做定语时 不能用作复数 例如 Please check your examination paper carefully after finishingit The China s Central Television station supplies weather report every day You d better infommyfamily members before leaving forBeij ing The United States and Germanyaretwo member states ofNA TO 复合名词的复数只把其中所包含的主体名词变成复数 如 loo ker s on runner s up son s in law editor s in chief pa sser s by grand child ren armyman armymen room numbe r s shoe lace s dinner plate s blood type s 等 如果没 有主体名词 就在最后一个词上加复数词尾 如 go between s drawback s 等 注意以 man woman 构成的复合名词 全部变成 复数 如 man servant men servants woman soldier women sol diers 例如 Would you bringmesome dinner plates We hada wonderfultalkwith some women soldiers Don t regard yourselvesa s passers by under such circumstances Weareof different blood types 名词的所有格一般在词尾加 s 已有复数词尾 s 的 只加 例如 We must work hard tof ulfil thecountry s plans The school is withinastone s throw Nea rbyare herrelative houses Could youtell me theSmith s address 名词所有格有时还可以和 of 构成短语 有以下两种情况 1 它所 修饰的词前面有一个表示数量的词 如 a two several so me any no few等 2 它所修饰的词前面有一个指示代 词 便句子表示某种情绪 例如 Several students of Lao Yang sa ctedin theplay Wesaw a playof Guo Moro sAtbirth the he ad ofababy is extremely largeinrelation totherest ofthebody Ihave some records ofNaYing s 以上是名词的用法 2 代词的 用法1 人称代词有主格人称代词 在句中充当主语 I you he she it we you they 和宾格人称代词 在句中 充当宾语 me you him her it us you them 例如 We haven t seen each other foralongtimesincehewent abroad Letyou andme have anappointment forthenext weekend Have you gotany ideaabout this issue Tellus whatever you ve heard 2 物主代词可在句中作定语 有指人的 my our your his her和 their 有指物的 its his 或 her 指国家或轮船 名词性物主代词作表语 主语 宾语 与 of 连用可作定语 yours ours theirs mine her his its 例如 Tonny isan old friend of mine Mydormitory isnextto yours and Mary s is onthethird floor Titanic sankwith herseveral thousand passenger s Next time it son mytreat 3 反身代词亦称自身代词 可作宾语 表语 作主语或宾语的同位语 还与某些动词连用 与介词连用构成 成语 有 myself yourself himself herself itself our selves yourselves themselves 例如 These Childrenaretoo young to takecareof themselves Don t worry he willbe hims elfagain soon Although Uncle George isabad tempered man I th ink heisakind maninhimself You should be responsible for yo urself 4 相互代词表示相互关系 有 each other 两者之间 和 o neanother 多者之间 例如 I metMiss Scott this morning and We greeted each other We should learn from One another and make progress together 5 指示代词在句中充当主语 宾语和定语 有 this that these those Such 也是指示代词 可作定 语 主语和表语 修饰可数名词时要与a连用 例如 Nowadays TV programsaremuch more colorful than those ofthepast The money spent on entertainment according to some authorities h as exceededthatspentonpublic health Iwant to know this are y ou talking abouttheaccidentIenountered yesterday His futureis closely bound withthatofthecompany You shouldn t trust on suc h aperson who never keeps his promise 6 疑问代词有 who whom whose what which who 可作主语和表语 whom 作宾语 whose what which 可作 主语 表语 宾语和定语 其中作主语时 要看所代表的人或物是单 数还是复数 如果不清楚 则动词一般用单数 Whowill seeto this matter Whomhave you chosen toberesponsible forthework Itis hard to decide whose is better What sonyour schedule Whichuniversity didhe enter atlast 7 关系代词有 who whom whose that which which 代表事物 that代表人或物 在非限制性定语从句中 不能用that 而用 who m 代表人 用 which 代表物 或代表主句所说的全部内 容 在带有all something nothing anything much 等的 句子中不能用 which 而用that 例如 Our footballteamwas defeated again which shows our players need much more effort The factory now hasoverl 000 workers half ofwhomarewomen Hepromised totellusall that heknew Whoseturn to make presentation is beyond me 8连接代词有 what who whom whose which 用来 连接主语从句 宾语从句和表语从句 Whoever whomever whichever whatever 为复合代词 例如 Ididn tknow what to doat that verymoment The government sells public houses to whoever provides enough amount ofmoney WhomeverIworry aboutisnone ofyour business Takewhichever youlike please 形容词与副词 形容词与副词在语法结构上都有比较级和最高级 它们的构成方法基 本上一样 都与音节多少有关 有些形容词相副词有特殊的比较级和 最高级形式 二者基本分为同级比较 比较级和最高级三种形式 1 形容词与副词的用法 l形容词中有词形相近的 应注意区别 如 considerate 周到的 体贴的 considerable 应考虑的 例如 Wedid enjoy our stayinginBeijing and Mrs Yanisreally considerate Professor It saconsiderablesuccessforhim eminent 闻 名 的 imminent 紧迫的 gracious 亲切的 graceful 优雅 的 live 有生命的 aIive 活的 industrious 勤劳 的 industriaI 工业的 like 同样的 alike 同样的 仅作表 语 opposite 相对的 opposing 反对的 perspective 透 视的 respective 各自的 sensitive 伤感的 sensible 明显 的 etc 2 形容词中有的词义相近的 也要注意 如 elemental 初 步 的 fundamental 基 本 的 eligible 合 格 的 capable 能干的 flexible 灵活的 changeable 可改变 的 initial 最初的 preliminary 初步的 预备的 slack 松 弛的 lazy 懒惰的 vaIueless 无价值的 priceless 无价 的 vivid 生动的 living 活的 etc 例如 Henry s speechwas sovividthathis audience applauded again and again It iseasier adapt to new situationifone hasaflexible attitude Wehave finishedthepreliminary exam Yoursuggestionispriceless andI willconsideritcarefully 3 有些词尾为 ly的并非副词 而是形容词 如 lovely likey deadly earthly 现世的 leisudy 空闲的 weekly yearly manly 丈夫气概的 brotherly friendly 等 例如 Whatalovely girl Jenny is always ready to help others China Daily is of courseadaily newspaper but notaweekly one He is a very friendly young man Ashedidn thave anyexperience hewas likely to have problems 以下情况形容词常用于 后置 1 形容词短语 即形容词十副词 介 词短语或不定式 2 一些表语性形容词要后置 如 present available involved concerned etc 3 形容词修饰不定代 词 something anything everything 时要后置 例如 There was something nice aboutmyfeelingthatsheknew all Icame acrossanother question hard to answer then Iwonderedifthere wasaroom available 副词的位置 为 修饰哪个词就放在哪个词前面 放在系动词和助 动词之后 行为动词和分词之前 例如Ihadaonly five dollarbillwith mewhenIboardedthetownward train The oldlawwas instituted to protectthe longneglected rights ofchildren Icanhardly believethat heisthemurderer Althoughhehas advantages itisstilltooearlyto saythat he issure to win 2 比较级与最高级的基本形式和用法 形容词的比较级和最高级的构成为 单音节词一般在词尾加 er和 est 如果以 e结尾 仅加 r和 st 如末尾仅有一个辅音字 母 须双写词尾再加 er和 est 如果以y结尾的 把y变i 加 er est 多音节单词和双音节词 其中包括由分词和分词演变而 来的形容词 如 known worn wounded shocking striking interesting e ct 则在其前加 more 和 most 有些形容词的比较级 和 最 高 级 是 不 规 则 的 如 good well better best bad ill worse worst many much more most little less least far farther further farthest furthest 有些形容词没有比较级形式 如 absolute chief entire eternal excellent fatal final foremost inevitable infinite main naked perfect possible primary right sufficient supreme universal utter vital whole wooden ect 例如 Mary isthebeststudentin theclass Further negotiationwillbeconductednextmonth The foodwehave is sufficient Needless to say he isstrongerthanhis opponent 一般副词的比较级和最高级与形容词一样 单音节的以在词尾加 er 和 est 构成 多音节的以加 more 和 most 的方法构成 有些比较 特 殊 如 well better best badly worse worst much more most little less least 以 ly结尾的副词 在其前面 加 more most 例如 Tonnyruns more beautiful thananyother studentsin theclass Which do youlikebest Thorn Birds GoneWith thewind orgreat expectation Iprefer less sugarin themilk Shegetmore income every month thanherhusband 形容词和副词的原级比较由 as 形容词或副词 或后跟名词或短 语 as 构成 as as 前可加 not just almost nearly quite twice several times 等词修饰 否定式中 not 后面的 as 可 改为 so 例如 Running for fifteen minuteswillburn as much calories as walking for thirty minutes Henan Province is several times aslargeas shanghai Jimmy has as nervousaway ofspeaking as his father Getting rid ofabad habit isn t sosimple as takingitup 形容词与副词的比较级形式为 形容词 副词 比较级 than 应注意 than 前后相比较的人或物要一致 比较级前可以 跟 even much stilI 等副词修饰比较级 表示强调 例如 Mother worried much more aboutmyyounger brother thanshedid about me Sound travels faster through waterthanthrough air The economic developmentinsouth China is fasterthan that inNorth China Mybooksaremuch more thanLiping s 形容词与副词的最高级的形式分别为 the 形容词最高级 名词 十范围表达 和 副词最高级十名词 范围表达 副词的比较 级和最高级不需要加the 例如 Our foreign exchange reserve didn t decline despitetheworst floodin sixty years Ifinishedthework more successfully thanhehad expected 应注意以下表达式的含义 thesame as 和 一样 no less than 不少于 notless than 只有 had better 最好 less than 不到 more or less 或多或少 otherthan 除了 rather than 而不是 themore themore less 越 就越 例如 I am sure that theamount of money usedinrepayinga loanwould havethesame value astheamount ofmoney borrowed Youhad better finish your homework today fortheteacherwillcollectit tomorrow We havereceivedtendozen of personal computers whicharelessthan theamountweordered The visitors totheexhibition were not lessthanthree hundred which disappointed them very much 时态与语态 1 时态 现在完成时表示过去某时开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到现 在 表示现刻以前发生的动作或情况 常用状语 just since for already yet ever never often several times lately recently duringthelast week so far up to now the present 等 由 since 引起短语 或从句 的句 子里 主句的谓语应用完成时 若 since 引起一个从句 从句谓语可 用过去时 表示行为的起点 只有在 it is since 的句型中 主 句才可用也可不用完成时 例如 Japaneseiscertainly difficult formeasIhave never learneditbefore We arelivingahardlifebecause Father has been unemployed for halfayear Ihave planted thirty trees sinceImoved here 现在完成时与过去时的比较 现在完成时表示某一动作一直延续 到现在或已经完成 强调结果 而过去时表示发生在过去的动作 强 调过去的动作 例如 Hehas readthebook fortwo hours 强调动作的持续 Hehas readthebook 强调动作的完成 Hereadthebook last night 强调过去的动作 有过去时间状语 过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已完成的动作 例如 I stillremember last summer vacation spentinParis That wasthe firsttime Ihad ever been to Europe Sincehehadeatenbeforehecame totheparty herefusedthe hostess s offerofacake 将来完成时表示将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作 分为一般将 来完成时和过去将来完成时 常用by thetime at theend of 来引起 例如 The debatewillhave begun bythetime ourEnglish teacher arrives Tonnybad thoughtthetrain would haveleftbythetimehegot tothe station At theend ofnext month I willhave finished this work 现在完成进行时强调过去发生的动作一直延续到说话时刚结束 或动作仍在进行中 过去完成进行时表示动作延续到某一时间刚结 束 或仍在进行 例如 Eventually Ireceivedtheletterthat Ihad been expecting fora long time Whensheretires Mrs Joneswill have beenteaching here for over thirty years butherclassesarenever dull 2 语态 英语分为主动词态和被动词态 主动语态是指句中的主语是动作 的执行者 而被动语态的主语是动作的承受者 英语中只有及物动词 动词短词和某些成语才能构成被动语态 被动语态的构成形式为 be 动词的 ed 分词 另外 be get 动词 ed 分词 是特 殊形式 1 动词的被动语态有以下几种时态的变化 以 find 为例 现在时 is are found 将来时 shall will be found 现在进行 时 is are being found 现在完成时 have has been found 将来完成时 shall will have been found 过去时 was were found 过去将来时 should would be found 过去进行时 was were being found 过去完成时 had been found 过去将来完成时 should would have been found 例 Mineral water has been regarded byallpeople asahealthy drink The program bad been conductedinboththeUnited States and Europe wellbefore 1900 2 能作及物动词的短语动词也可用被动态 应注意其固定搭配 例 如 The problemwillbetaken careof as soon as possible Althoughthemissionwas to be keptasecret itwas revealed tothepress 3 表示状态或特征的及物动词 如 contain cost fit have lack suit 等 不及物动词及动词短语 如 result from belong to consistof等 不能用被动态 例如 The magazinethat Iboughttheday before yesterday costsmetwenty and a halfyuan Some critics maintainthatwhenawork ofliterature lacks reference tothe general experience ofmankind itfails as art 从句从句分为定语从句 状语从句和名词从句三大类 定语 从句又分为限定性和非限定性从句两种 由关系代词或关系副词引 导 修饰主句的某个成分 状语从句分为时间 结果 让步原因 条 件及行为方式状语从句 名词从句包括主语 宾语 表语和同位语从 句及therebe 句型 1 定语从句限定性定语从句中that可 代表人和事 而 which 只代表事 二者在从句中作主语或宾语 th at作宾语时常可省略 which 则不能 而且其后的 不及物动词 介词 中的介词不能省略 which 作宾语时 先行词与 which 之间的介词不能省 例如 The firstdoll thatcould say mam a was inventedin1830 The second halfofhis voyage was byfar themore dangerous part during 不能省 whichhesailed round theCape Horn 代表 all anything something nothing much 等词 时 用that而不用 which that作宾语可省略 例如 You d be tterdo somethingheprefers to do to please him Thatis thelastt ime we meteach other Icame acrossthewoman you toldmeabo utyesterday who 和 whom 引导的从句用来修饰人 分别作从句的 主语和宾语 where 是关系副词 用于表示地点的定语从句 而w hen用来表示时间 whose 是关系代词 修饰名词作定语 例如 Henrey Fordis theperson who is most responsible for developingt heidea of mass production The kneeis the jointwherethethigh bone meetsthe largebone ofthelower leg Thenext morning whe n shecame down to breakfast Mary was beaming withthepleasur e 眉飞色舞 笑逐颜开 ofanew great discovery The visiting professoris afamous scientist whose son studiesin mydepartment 在下列情况 限定性定语从句的关系代词可以省略 1 当关系代 词在从句中作宾语或表语 或它们在从句中作介词的宾词 而该介词 又在句末时 2 当先行词是 that all only everything something nothing 等代词时 或先行词前有一个最高级形容词修饰时 3 当先行词前有 only any all first no last 等修饰时 或先行词就是 time moment way any way direction distance 等名词时 关系代 词即可省略 例如 The delegationwehas been waiting for finall yarrivedI met thewoman you toldmeabout She gaveme allsh ecould afford With TVwecan see things happen almostat the e xact moment theyarehappening 非限定性定语从句 其作用为 对 所修饰的成分作进一步的说明 它与主句用逗号隔开 此类从句省略 后其余部分仍可成立 在非限定性定语从句中 which 可代表前面 的整个句子 代表人时只能用 who whom 而不能用that as 也可 用作关系代词 例如 The telephone asweknow wastheinventi on of Alexander Graham Bell The Little White HouseinWarm S prings wastheGeorgia home of President Franklin D Roosevelt wh o died there onApril12 1945 Livingin adamp house foralong time is harmful to one s health which is known to everyone 2 状 语从句 状语从句可分为 时间状语从句 主要由 when whenever after before as since once as soon as until while so that such thatthough although no matter even ifhowever whateve ras because since for is whether as long as providedthatwhere as Thesmallgreenish flowers ofthe elm treeappearin thespring long beforetheleaves grow Qiong Yao s novels used to be so po pularthat herbooks appeared on best seller lists Gas balloonis le ss safe than hot balloon becauseitmay catch fire Uniform acceler ation 同样的加速 occursif the rateof change remainsthe same over successive equal intervals of time Thousands of Chinesecolle gestudents went totheUS ConsulateinShanghai where they prot ested NATO s bombingatChina s EmbassyinYugoslavia 状语从 句的中 主语 be 可以省略 前提是 从句主语和主句主语一致 且从句谓语 be 省略后的结构为 连词 现在分词 过去分词 介词短词 形容词 名词短语 例如 Whenwellfitted glasses can correct most sight defectsinhealthy eyes Ifnecessary Iwouldliketo see youinyour office Although seriously wounde d henever complained 3 名词从句 名词从名包括主语从句 宾语 从句 其中有介词与形容词的宾语从句 表语从句和同位语从句 1 主语从句 主语从句常出现在 itis 名词 形容词 分词 主语从句 的形式中 例如 Itis reportedthatTaiwanese popsi nger Meng Tingweiwillholdasolo concertinShanghai somedayt his month Itmust be pointed outthatyou have failed tomeet the deadline Itusually happenedthat Iwaslatebecause of trafficja ms 主语从句还可用 when where how why whether 等连接副 词 和 who whom whose what which whoever whatever whichever 等连接代词来引起 例如 How to arrange themeetingisnot your task Whose candidatewill win theel