初高中英语衔接教程.doc

0b16760ec428e82504b47d1b3241a4e8.pdfChapter 1 English Sounds一、英语国际音标：元音共20个，其中单元音12个（分前元音、中元音、后元音），双元音8个（分合口双元音和集中双元音。）辅音共28个，清浊成对的音有20个。发清辅音时，声带不振动，发浊辅音和元音时声带振动，因而读得响亮。要求发音准确，并注意音标的书写不同于字母的书写。Exercise 1. Fill in the table with International Phonetic symbols for English根据表中提示填写英语国际音标:元音单元音前 元 音中 元 音后 元 音双元音合 口 双 元 音集 中 双 元 音辅音种类双唇爆破音舌尖齿龈爆破音舌后软颚爆破音唇齿摩擦音舌尖齿龈摩擦音舌尖齿背摩擦音舌尖齿龈后部摩擦音舌尖齿龈后部破擦音舌端齿龈后部破擦音舌端齿龈破擦音双唇鼻辅音舌端齿龈鼻辅音舌后软颚鼻辅音声门摩擦音舌端齿龈后部摩擦音边舌音舌前硬颚浊辅音舌后软颚圆唇音清浊二、音节和音节的划分：（1）单音节由一个元音（或再加上前后的辅音）构成。如：I ai；my mai；Mikemaik（2）双音节由两个元音（或再加上前后的辅音）构成。如：hour aJ-E；answer5B:n-sE（3）多音节由三个或三个以上的音节构成。如：exercise 5e-ksE-saIz（4）爆破辅音、摩擦音与边辅音、鼻辅音组成的无元音字母的音节发音也较响亮，可以自成音节，叫做成音节。常见的成音节有-bl, -pl, -dl, -tl，-sl, -fl, -vl，-sn, -zn, -fn, -vn，-tn, -dn。如：ta-ble5tei-bl; cou-ple5kQ-pl; mid-dle5mi-dl; lit-tle5li-tl; ca-stle5kB:-sl; ri-fle5rai-fl; tra-vel5trA-vl; li-sten5li-sn; do-zen5dQ-zn; se-ven5se-vn; cot-ton5kR-tn; sud-den5sQ-dn等等。（5）开音节和闭音节：元音字母后面没有辅音字母时，为绝对开音节；“元音字母辅音字母（r除外）默音e”结构为相对开音节；元音字母后面有辅音字母（发音）时为闭音节。如：IaI、nonEJ绝对开音节；notenEJt相对开音节；notnRt、deskdesk、onRn闭音节（6）两个音节之间只有一个辅音字母（r除外），如前面的是开音节，该辅音字母属于后面；如前面是闭音节，该辅音字母属于前面。如：me-ter5mi:t米，公尺；la-ter5leit以后；stu-dent5stju:dEnt学生；stud-y5stQdI学习（7）两个音节间有两个辅音字母（r除外），则分别属于前后两个音节。如：prac-tice 5prAk-tIs实践；num-ber5nQm-b数字（8）两个音节相邻处是rr时，一个r属于前面，另一个r属于后面，前边按重读闭音节规律发音。如：marry5mArI结婚；相邻处如果是“元音字母r其他辅音字母”时，r属于前面，按重读-r音节规律发音。如：farther5fB:TE较远的；相邻处是“元音字母r元音字母”时，r属于前面。如：during5djuErIN在期间（9）辅音字母组合不能分开，必须划在一个音节内。如：neigh-bour5nei-b邻居；fa-ther5fB:-T父亲（10）书写移行规则：要按音节移，连字符“-”位于行末（如picture）；单个字母的音节不能单独留在上行末（如unit）或单独移至下行首（如city）；有连字符的在连字符处断开（如picture-book）：上行：pic-u-cit-picture-下行：turenitybook正确错误错误正确Exercise 2Divide the following words into syllables给下列单词划分音节：Model: researchre|search; someonesome|onehonestloyalhandsomearguesolutionclassicalmirrorhammercompasssurvivedesertedfeelingairplaneparachuteadventureformalerrorbathroomtowellandladypronouncerepeatmajoritytonguegovernmentsituationinternationalorganizationcommunicateindependent三、重读和轻读：一个词读得最强的部分叫做重音，在英语中每一个双音节及多音节词都有一个读得特别响亮的音节，叫做重读音节。不强的部分叫做轻音。多音节词可以有程度不等的重音，介于强弱之间的音叫做次重音。“5”为重音符号，表示重读音节；“7”为次重音符号，表示次重读音节；轻读音节不作记号。英语单词的重读一般规律如下：1、单音节词的重音：单音节词单独念时都要重读。单音节词本身就是重读音节，所以无须标出重音符号。如：hehi:, goodgud, learnl:n。2、双音节词的重音：双音节词一般都是在第一个音节上重读。如：letter5le-t，study5stQ-di，sister5sis-t，morning5mR:n-iN。例外的情况：1）重音在第二个音节上a) 带有词头a-, be-, de-, re-, ad-, ap-, con-, dis-, in-, ex-等的词一般重音在第二个音节上。如：a-about，away，academy，agreement，announcement，attractive，award，amount，acceptad- advance，advice，address，adventure，adaptap-appear，apply，appointment，apologizebe-begin，before，believe，because，behavecon- consist，concern，consider，continue，containde- decide，defend，deceive，depend，defeat，degree，deserted，desire，dessert，determine，devotedis- discuss，displease，disabled，disagreeex- explain，expose，except，exchange，excitement，exhibition，experience，expressin- include，indeed，independent，intelligence，international，interrupt，introducere-report，research，resource，rebuild，replace，repeat，remind，represent，respond，restoreb) 含有后缀-self和-selves的复合词。如：myselfmai5self，himselfhim5self，yourselvesjR:5self, themselvesTm5selvz。2）有些双音节词两个音节都重读。a) 中国地名。如：Beijing5bei5dViN，Shanghai5FBN5haib) 以前缀re- (再、重新)构成的双音节词。如：rewrite5ri:5rait，retell5ri:5telc) 一些复合词。如：inside5in5said，upstairs5Qp5stZzd) 数词1319。如：thirteen5W:5ti:n，nineteen5nain5ti:n3、多音节词的重音：1）多音节词的重音一般落在倒数第三个音节上。有五个音节以上的词则从重读音节数起（不算重读音节），倒数第二个音节为次重读音节。如：hospital5hRs-pi-tl，experiment iks-5pe-ri-mnt，university7ju:-ni-5v:-si-ti，possibility7pR-s-5bi-li-ti，nationality7nA-F-5nA-li-ti，opportunity7R-p-5tju:-li-ti2）词尾有-ic、-tion或-sion的词，在该词尾前一个音节上重读。如：translation trAns-5lei-Fn；scientificsai-n-5ti-fik；decisiondi-5si-Vn4、区别词类的重读：有些词虽然拼法相同，但往往由于重音不同而引起词性的变化。一般规律是，名词和形容词重音落在第一个音节上，动词重音落在第二个音节（词根）上。1）拼法相同，重音不同，词性不同。如：increase5inkri:s n.增加 in5kri:z v.增加perfect5p:fikt adj. 完美的 p5fikt v. 使完美rebel5rebl adj. 反叛的 ri5bel v. 反叛2）拼法相同，重音不同，词性词义都不同。如：subject5sQbdVikt n. 学科 sQb5dVekt v.使隶属object5RbdVikt n. 物体 b5dVekt v. 反对refuse5refju:s n.垃圾 ri5fju:z v.拒绝5、复合形容词的重读：复合形容词多由形容词+形容词、形容词+分词、副词、分词、副词+形容词构成。这些词通常保留两个重音。如：dark-blue5dB:k5blu:，good-looking5gud5lukiN，over-busy5uv5bizi6、复合词的重读与自由组合词的重读：自由组合的两个单词都重读，构成复合词写在一起后，就只有一个重音，而且词义完全不同。如：black board5blAk5bR:d黑色的板子 blackboard5blAkbR:d黑板green house5gri:n5haus绿色的房子greenhouse5gri:nhaus温室green room5gri:n5ru:m绿色的房间 greenroom5gri:nru:m演员休息室blue bottle5blu:5bRtl蓝色的瓶子 bluebottle5blu:bRtl 绿色大苍蝇Exercise 3. Mark the stress标出重音位置：spiritinventorfrightenappearancegraduationdecorateideabehindgenerositybamboodisplayundergroundexcitedman-madeuniversitydownloadforeverrewardingrebuildconversation四、重读开音节和重读闭音节：由“（辅音字母+）元音字母+辅音字母+不发音的e”组成的重读音节叫做相对开音节；由“（辅音字母+）元音字母”组成的重读音节叫做绝对开音节；由“（辅音字母+）元音字母+辅音字母”组成的重读音节叫做闭音节。元音字母在开音节中一般读字母音(“u”有时还可读作u:)，在重读闭音节中，“a”一般读作A，“e”读作e，“i”读作i，“o”读作R或Q，“u”读作Q，“y”读作i。元音字母a, e, i, o, u, y（在辅音字母后面）在重读开音节中的读音规律见下表：元音字母读 音例 词aeiCanadian, native, patient, labour, salesman, translate, population, nature, liberation特殊eany, many; ZMary, Parent, various, carry; R:water; Ahaveei:fever, recycle, metre, Chinese, complete, even, evening, recently, scene, secret, eveiaisilence, design, provide, bicycle, library, exciting, quiteigive, livei:machine, magazine, police, techniqueourobot, lonely, program, only, clothes, October, socialist, motor, oceanu:move, improve, whose, lose, proveQabove, come, some, none, government, cover特殊uwoman; iwomen; wQone, onceuu:ruler, conclude, revolutionju:pupil, usually, stupid不发音guess, guard, guest, league特殊ebury; ibusy; juduringyaibye, Hyde, my, sky, why元音字母a, e, i, o, u在重读闭音节中的读音规律见下表：元音字母读 音例 词aAan, at, back, cat, fan, has, apple, carrot, factory, Japan, madam, manager, SaturdayB:dance, chance, example, rather, answer, basket, after, path, grasp, task, fast, past, glass, pass, cast, class, grass, master, advance, commandRwant, what, watch, wash, quantity, quarrel, wander, wallet特殊Amass; eidangerouseefresh, envelope, develop, respect, message, umbrella, sentence, president, televisioniiprison, living, children, official, village, scientificaibehind, blind, find, kind, wild, 例外：wind i n. ai v.oRsolid, common, poverty, biology, probably, comrade, laboratory, long, lock, oppositeQmonth, thorough, dozen, government, wonderful, stomach, Londonuboth, post, old, scold, hold, soldier, golduQugly, struggle, interrupt, suddenly, construction, pulseusugar, full, pull, put, push元音字母在非重读音节中的读音规律见下表：iaeoaeiyagainChinaEnglandmadamwomanAmericaAustraliabananaJapanesebrokenchildrendifferentlicenseopenproblemstudentoclockcarrotpolicetodaywelcometomorroworangevillagebasketbecausebeginbusinesschickenelevenexcusehundredticketartistEnglishbuildingmusicofficevisitbusinessfamilyminibusanycitycountryearlyfactoryfiftyfriendlyheavyhungry元音字母组合在单词中的读音规律见下表：读音字母组合例 词er, or, ou, our, ure轻读after, brother, cleaner, driver, exercise, flower, letter, number, ruler, forget, thorough, poisonous, curious, serious, labour, honour, neighbour, colour, figure, picture:ear, er, ir, or, urearly, learn, search, heard, earth, her, hers, certainly, bird, first, girl, shirt, skirt, thirsty, third, work, worker, word, nurse, turn, Thursday, surfaceuoa, ou, owboat, goat, coat, though, although, shoulder, soul, grow, know, row, throw, bowluldoldold, cold, told, soldaiighhigh, light, rightaiireadmire, tireaildildchild, 但childrenildaindindfind, kindauou, owabout, blouse, count, house, mouth, out, round, trousers, brown, down, how, now, flower, 特殊：knowledgeRB:al不在词首half, calmB:ar/areare, arm, artist, car, far, farm, hard, garden, market, partyeeaheavy, bread, measure, ahead, weather, sweater, pleasure, meant, dealt, head, health, breakfast, sweatereiai, ay, ei, eyagain, straight, train, away, day, may, play, say, stay, eight, eighteenth, eighty, hey, greyiay轻读Monday, weekdayi:ea, ee, eo, iecheap, clean, each, easy, eat, leave, meal, meat, read, sea, tea, teach, team, feet, meet, sleep, week, wheel, people, believe, piece, 特殊：quietaiiear, eer, ereear, clear, dear, hear, near, tear(泪水), year, pioneer, sneer, hereQoutrouble, southern, touch, country, cousin, enough, youngR:al不在词首,au, oor, or, ore, ou, ourball, call, small, talk, tall, wall, daughter, door, floor, or, for, forty, morning, short, sport, before, ought, thought, four, your, yours, 特殊：coughRR:lal在词首almost, always, already, although, altogether, also, 特殊：allR:Rioi, oynoise, boy, toyuoo, oulbook, cook, foot, good, look, football, goodness, could, would, shouldu:oo, oubroom, food, moon, soon, too, zoo, school, afternoon, noodle, youth, you, wound, through, route, groupZair, are, ear, ere, eirair, chair, hair, glare, hare, stare, pear, wear, tear(撕、扯), there, where, their, theirs特殊eaOceaniai5ei, realityi5A, theatrei, reallyi, ocean, beautiful(不发音)辅音字母和字母组合在单词中的读音规律见下表：字母读音例 词字母读音例 词bbback, table, bringww wash, would, swimck card, catch, closexx taxi, excuse, expensives face, city, certainlyyj yeah, year, yo-yodd day, bread, handzz zero, zoo, sizeff far, often, fridgechtF catch, French, eachgg get, glass, greatckk back, chicken, quickdV bridge, orange, vegetabledrdr draw, children, hundredhh hat, hear, highdsdz cards, hands, friendsjdV job, juice, jumpgh- bright, high, daughterkk kilo, kind, weekknn knife, knowll lake, learn, lot ngN(g) sing, shopping, dumpling, Englishl bottle, full, mealphf phone, photomm match, meat, teamshF short, shop, fishnnnurse, fun, turnthW thirsty, throw, Thursdaypp place, open, helpfulT brother, other, withqk quick, question, quiettrtr train, travel, treerr read, rice, robottswhts baskets, fruits, marketsss save, basket, chessw when, why, whitez close, Tuesday, exerciseh who, whosett take, meeting, eatwrr write, wrongExercise 4. Write out the pronunciation of the bold letter(s) in the following words写出下列词中黑体字母的读音:make thesericehomeexcuserulepotatoheIsostudentbycanwellbeginshopmummy五、辅音连缀：辅音连缀是英语特有的一种语言现象。在朗读辅音连缀时，一定要求做到：不在辅音之间添加元音E；不吞没辅音连缀中的任何一个辅音。例如有些同学不是将nextnekst中的k吞掉，读成nest，就是将s吞掉而读成nekt。正确的读音应是将三个辅音都读出来，既不加元音，也不吞辅音。Exercise 5. Read the following sounds and words朗读下列音标和单词：pl-bl-kl-gl-sl-fl-br-kr-gr-fr-sk-sm-sp-st-tw-sw-kw-Wr-blackclassflagglassploughslowbrainscreenskysmallspystonetwelveswimquarter六、不完全爆破：爆破音的发音过程有三个步骤，即成阻、持阻和除阻。所谓不完全爆破，就是前一爆破音的除阻被省略而发出第二个爆破音。以上练习中含有五种条件：两个爆破音相邻；爆破音与破擦音相邻；爆破音与摩擦音相邻；爆破音与鼻音相邻；爆破音与边舌音相邻。Exercise 6. Read the following words and sentences朗读下列词句：1) sit down5si(t) 5daunI cant come.ai 5kB:n(t) 5kQmactor5A(k)tblackboard5blA(k)bC:d2) sweet dream 5swi:(t) 5dri:mIts not true.its 5nC(t) 5tru:picture5pi(k)tFEobject5C(b)dVi(k)t3) old friend 5ul(d) 5frendIm not sure.aim 5nC(t) Fubreakfast 5bre(k)fstoutside 5au(t)said4) good night 5gu(d) 5naitDont thank me.5dun(t) 5WAN(k) mikindness 5kain(d)nisgrandmother5grAn(d)mQT5) about Li5bau(t) 5liI dont like it.ai5dun(t) laik it七、音的同化：音的同化就是两音相邻而互相影响，使邻音变为相同或相似的音，或者变成一个新音素。主要有三种情况：前音受相邻后音影响而变化，如下例1）；后音受相邻前音影响而变化，如下例2）；前音与相邻后音相互影响，产生第三个音素，如下例3）。同化既可发生在同一词或复合词内，也可以发生在句子中相邻的两个词之间，这是因为说话时我们不是以单词作单位，而是以短语或句子作单位的。Exercise 7. Read the following words朗读下列词语：1) newspaper5nju:z5peip5nju:speipDoes she?5dQz Fi:5dQV Fi:2) speed5spi:d5sbi:d3) t+jtF：Didnt you? 5didntFju:d+jdV：Could you? ku5dVju:八、连读：在连贯讲话或朗读一个意思紧密相关的词组时（即意群），如果碰到前词以辅音结尾而后词以元音起首，那么这个辅音和这个元音就要连在一起读，如下例1）；如果前一个词以元音结尾而后一个词以元音开头，这两个元音可连读，如下例2）；当前一个词的末尾有字母r或re而后一个词以元音开头时，字母r可读出来与后一个词的元音连读；如下例3）；有时词尾没有r或re，但以，u，B:，C:结尾，可加上r音与元音开头的后一个词连读；如下例4）。注意：连读现象只发生于同一意群当中。Exercise 8. Read the following sentences朗读下列句子：1) Have a look at it. 5hAv 5luktitNot at all.5nCtt5C:l2) We must try again. wi mQs(t) 5trai5geinThey are deeply interested in it. Tei 5di:pli5intristidinit3) There are about sixty students in our class.TZrr5baut 5siksti 5sdju:dntsinau 5klB:sI bought a pair of shoes. ai 5bC:t 5pZrv 5Fu:z4) Go away. 5gur5weiWhat about your idea of it? 5wCt5bautjurai5dirvit九、意群和停顿：在讲话时，为了使意思表达得更清楚，同时也为了换气，需要在一句之末或有时在一句之中稍作停顿。一个较长的句子常可以按意思和结构划分为若干组词，每一组词称为一个意群。一个意群必须一口气说完，不可分割成更小的单位。意群与意群之间可以停顿，但并非必须如此，一个意群在语调上自成一个小单位，至少包含一个重读音节，而且不在句尾的意群也要用一定的语调（或升，或降）读出。Exercise 9. Read the following passages朗读下列段落（“/”表示划分句中的意群，“/”表示句末的停顿）：Chuck/ learns a lot about himself/ when he is alone/ on the island./ He realizes/ that he hasnt been a very good friend/ because he has always been thinking about himself./ During his five years on the island,/ Chuck learns/ how to be a good friend to Wilson./ Even though Wilson is just a volleyball,/ he becomes fond of him./ He talks to him/ and treats him as a friend./ Chuck learns/ that we need friends to share happiness and sorrow,/ and that it is important/ to have someone to care about./ He also learns/ that he should have cared more about his friends./ When he makes friends with Wilson,/ he understands/ that friendship is about feelings/ and that we must give as much as we take./A volleyball/ is certainly an unusual friend./ Most of our friends/ are human beings,/ but we also make friends with animals and even things./ For example,/ many of us/ have pets,/ and we all/ have favourite objects/ such as a lucky pen or a diary./ The lesson we can learn from Chuck/ and all the others who have unusual friends/ is/ that friends are teachers./ Friendship/ helps us understand who we are,/ why we need each other/ and what we can do for each other./十、升调和降调：调是指语调，语调就是说话时调门的上升或下降、声音的高亢或低沉，即语句的升调、降调和平调。英语的基本语调有三种：升调、降调和平调。一般情况下，陈述句与特殊疑问句句末读降调，一般疑问句句末读升调，句中的实词读平调；选择疑问句的选择部分前升后降；并列成分前面所有的项读升调，最后一项读降调；客气的语气用升调。Exercise 10. Read the following in correct tones用正确的语调朗读下列内容：Wheres the nearest post office, please?Sorry, I dont know.Is there a bookshop near here?Yes, there is.Which bus do I need?I think you need a number 7 bus.I think Ill stay home and do some reading.There are seven days in a week. They are Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Tr4hursday, Friday and Saturday.十一、句子重音：一般来说，在句子中通常重读的有：名词、形容词、数词、副词、动词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问词等；通常轻读的有：冠词、系动词、助动词、人称代词、关系代词、连词、介词等。如：So the 5two 5young 5brothers 5worked 5hard at 5that 5time.因此那年轻的兄弟俩在那时工作得很努力。连 冠 数 形 名 动 副 介 代 名一般不重读的虚词被强调时可变为重读。重复上句中的内容时，一般需重读的常变得不再重读。节奏对句子重音的影响A、有两个重音的词，由于受节奏的影响，失去一个重音。如：5fif5teen; fif5teen 5books; 5Bei5jing; 5Beijing 5duck; 5reach 5Beijing; 5man-5made; 5man-made 5satellite; 5Chi5nese; 5Chinese 5languageB、受节奏的影响，单词有时重读，有时不重读。如：a 5good 5comrade; a 5very good 5comrade; He 5turned off the 5light. He 5turned it 5off.C、语速越快，重音越少。如：5That is 5just5 what Ive been 5wanting for a 5long 5time.当这句话读快了就成为：That is 5just what Ive been 5wanting for a 5long time.附：英语国际音标表：元音单元音前 元 音中 元 音后 元 音i: I e A: QB: C C: J u:双元音合 口 双 元 音集 中 双 元 音eI EJ aI aJ CIIE eE JE辅音种类双唇爆破音舌尖齿龈爆破音舌后软颚爆破音唇齿摩擦音舌尖齿龈摩擦音舌尖齿背摩擦音舌尖齿龈后部摩擦音舌尖齿龈后部破擦音舌端齿龈后部破擦音舌端齿龈破擦音双唇鼻辅音舌端齿龈鼻辅音舌后软颚鼻辅音声门摩擦音舌端齿龈后部摩擦音边舌音舌前硬颚浊辅音舌后软颚圆唇音清ptkfsWFtFtrtsmnNhrljw浊bdvzTVdVdrdzChapter 2 Suffix Spelling英语中有一部分单词在组句成文的过程中，要根据人称、数、格、时态、语态、语气、句法作用等变化，在这部分单词后加一个或一组字母来表示，即后缀。主要后缀有名词复数后缀-(e)s，形容词和副词的比较级后缀-er、最高级后缀-est，动词一般现在时的第三人称单数形式后缀-(e)s、过去式和过去分词后缀-ed、现在分词后缀-ing，副词后缀-ly等；它们既有共同之处，又有各自的特点，现分类试以说明。1、以“辅音字母默音e”结尾的单词：（1）在加以元音字母开头的后缀时，-e常去掉。如：liveingliving；largeerlarger；fameousfamous；loveedloved；noteablenotable；activeityactivity但有些单词例外，直接加后缀：dyeingdyeing（为区别于dieingdying）；liveablelikeable（也可likable）以字母组合-ee结尾的词，在加以“元音字母e”开头的后缀（如：-er, -est, -ed等）时，要少加一个字母“e”；加“e以外的元音字母”开头的后缀（如：-ing, -able等）时，要直接加。如：freeer/est/edfreer/freest/freed；freeingfreeing；agreeedagreed；agreeableagreeable以-ce或-ge结尾的词，在加以a, o, u开头的后缀时，-e要保留（其原因是在e, I, y前e读s，g读dV；在a, o, u前c读k，g读g；保留-e可避免发音上的混乱）。如：courageouscourageous；noticeablenoticeable。但以-ce结尾的词在加-ous时，变-e为-i。如：spaceousspacious。（2）在加以辅音字母开头的后缀时，-e须保留。如：makesmakes；hopefulhopeful；nicelynicely；latenesslateness以-ue结尾的词加后缀时，-e要去掉。如：truelytruly；arguementargument。但有些词例外：judgementjudgement（或judgment）以-le结尾的词加-ly时，变-e为-y即可。如：simplelysimply2、以“辅音字母y”结尾的单词：（1）在加-s和-th后缀时，-y要变成-ie。如：studysstudies；sixtythsixtieth。但人名除外。如：MarysMarys（2）在加以-i开头的后缀时，-y一般不变。如：tryingtrying；babyishbabyish（3）在加其他后缀时，-y一般要变为-i。如：easyereasier；hurryedhurried；happyesthappiest；marryagemarriage；studyousstudious；happylyha