international trade 3.ppt

1 Chapter3LaborProductivity 劳动生产率 andComparativeAdvantage 比较优势 TheRicardianModel 李嘉图模型 2 HowimportantforRicardianmodel Ricardianmodelisbasic classicalandmostimportantoneintheoryofinternationaltrade WecansaythatthemoderninternationaltradetheorycomefromtheRicardianModel 3 DavidRicardo April18 1772 September11 1823 DavidRicardohadavariedupbringing Hewasbornin1772andwasthethirdof17children Hisparentswereverysuccessfulandhisfatherwasawealthymerchantbanker TheylivedatfirstintheNetherlandsandthenmovedtoLondon 4 Davidhimselfhadlittleformaleducationandwenttoworkforhisfatherattheageof14 However when attheageof21 hemarriedaQuaker againsthisparentswishes hewasdisinheritedandsosetuponhisownasastockbroker 5 Hewasphenomenallysuccessfulatthisandwasabletoretireat42andconcentrateonhiswritingsandpolitics RicardogotelectedintotheBritishparliamentin1819 6 ChapterOrganization TheConceptofComparativeAdvantageAOne FactorEconomy 单一要素经济模型 TradeinaOne FactorWorldMisconceptions 误解 AboutComparativeAdvantageComparativeAdvantagewithManyGoodsAddingTransportCostsandNontradedGoods 非贸易品 Empirical 实证的 EvidenceontheRicardianModel 7 一 Introduction Whycountriestradeeachother 8 1 TheMercantilistsAccordingtothemercantilists 1500 1800 ifacountrycouldachieveafavorabletradebalance itwouldenjoypaymentsreceivedfromtherestoftheworldintheformofgoldandsilver itmustpromoteitsowninterests 9 Tariffs quotas andothercommercialpolicieswereproposedbythemercantiliststominimizeimportsinordertoprotectanation stradeposition 10 2 Absoluteadvantage AdamSmith 1723 1790 TheWealthofNations Inatwo nation two productworld internationaltradeandspecializationwillbebeneficialwhenonenationhadanabsolutecostadvantageinonegoodandtheothernationhasanabsolutecostadvantageintheothergood 亚当 斯密 11 Fortheworldtobenefitfrominternationaldivisionoflabor eachnationmusthaveagoodthatitisablolutelymoreefficientinproducingthanitstradingpartner Anationwillimportthosegoodsinwhichithadanabsolutecostdisadvantage itwillexportthosegoodsinwhichithasanabsolutecostadvantage 12 3 Countriesengageininternationaltradefortwobasicreasons Theyaredifferentfromeachotherintermsofclimate land capital labor andtechnology Forexample ChinaandU S Theytrytoachievescaleeconomiesinproduction suchasBoeingandairbus 13 Thenextfourchaptersdeveloptoolstohelpustounderstandhowdifferencesbetweencountriesgiverisetotradebetweenthemandwhythistradeismutuallybeneficial Theessentialconceptinthisanalysisisthatofcomparativeadvantage 14 TheRicardianmodelisbasedontechnologicaldifferencesacrosscountries Thesetechnologicaldifferencesarereflectedindifferencesintheproductivityoflabor 15 1 ThestoryabouttheValentine sday 情人节 inthetextbookThecaseofwinterrosesoffersanexcellentexampleofthereasonswhyinternationaltradecanbebeneficial 二 TheConceptofComparativeAdvantage page28 16 Hypotheticalchangesinproduction 17 2 AbsoluteAdvantageAcountryhasanabsoluteadvantageinaproductionofagoodifithasalowerunitlaborrequirement aLW单位产品劳动投入 thantheforeigncountryinthisgood 18 Table1 TechnologyintheU S andtheJapanUnitLaborDemandsCountryWheatAutomobilesUnitedStates155Japan21 101 ReferringtoTable1 theUnitedStateshastheabsoluteadvantageintheproductionof a Wheatb Automobilesc Bothwheatandautomobilesd Neitherwheatnorautomobiles Theexercise 19 3 OpportunityCostTheopportunitycostofrosesintermsofcomputersisthenumberofcomputersthatcouldbeproducedwiththesameresourcesasagivennumberofroses 20 2 Referringtothetableabove theopportunitycostofonetelevisionintheU S is a 8 3computer b 3 8computer c 4 3computer d 3 4computer 21 4 ComparativeAdvantageAcountryhasacomparativeadvantageinproducingagoodiftheopportunitycostofproducingthatgoodintermsofothergoodsislowerinthatcountrythanitisinothercountries 22 3 Referringtothetableabove theU Shasacomparativeadvantagein a televisions puters 23 5 Theprincipleofcomparativeadvantage TheexampleinTable2 1illustrates Ifeachcountryexportsthegoodsinwhichithascomparativeadvantage loweropportunitycosts thenallcountriescangainfromtrade 24 Whatdeterminescomparativeadvantage Answeringthisquestionwouldhelpusunderstandhowcountrydifferencesdeterminethepatternoftrade Inordertoreachamodelofinternationaltrade wemustassumethatwearedealingwithaone factoreconomy 25 三 AOne FactorEconomy 1 Assumethatweareinaone factoreconomyLaboristheonlyfactorofproduction Onlytwogoods saywineandcheese areproduced Thesupplyoflaborisfixedineachcountry Theproductivityoflaborineachgoodisfixed Perfectcompetitionprevailsinallmarkets 26 Thelaborproductivityisdeterminedbyunitlaborrequirements Theunitlaborrequirementisthenumberofhoursoflaborrequiredtoproduceoneunitofoutput suchasaLW wine andaLC cheese Theeconomy stotalresourcesaredefinedasL thetotallaborsupply 2 Theunitlaborrequirement 单位产品劳动投入 27 TheopportunitycostisdeterminedbyproductionpossibilitiesProductionPossibilities Theproductionpossibilityfrontier PPF ofaneconomyshowsthemaximumamountofagood saywine thatcanbeproducedforanygivenamountofanother saycheese 3 ProductionPossibilitiesfrontier 生产可能性边界 28 ThePPFofoureconomyisgivenbythefollowingequation aLCQC 奶酪总量 aLWQW 葡萄酒总量 L 2 1 29 L aLW L aLC Figure2 1 Home sProductionPossibilityFrontier 30 TheopportunitycostofcheeseintermsofwineisaLC aLW howmanywinescouldbeproducedbyaLC 31 4 RelativePrices 相对价格 andSupplyTheparticularamountsofeachgoodproducedaredeterminedbyprices TherelativepriceofgoodXistheamountofgoodYthatcanbeexchangedforoneunitofgoodX PC PWDenote 表示 therelativepriceofcheese 32 Themovementoflabortowhicheversectorpaysthehigherwages IfPC aLC 小时工资 PW aLW wecangetPC PW 相对价格 aLC aLW 机会成本 IfPC PW aLC aLW itwillspecializeintheproductionofcheese IfPC PW aLC aLW itwillspecializeintheproductionofwine 33 IfPC PW aLC aLW bothproductswillbeproduced Intheabsenceoftrade bothgoodsareproduced andthereforePC PW aLC aLWWhy 34 Afterwelearnedaone factoreconomy nowweshoulddealwithTradeinaOne FactorWorld 1 2 2Model 四 TradeinaOne FactorWorld P14 单一要素世界中的贸易 35 1 Assumptionsofthemodel Therearetwocountriesintheworld Eachofthetwocountriesproducestwogoods Laboristheonlyfactorofproduction Thesupplyoflaborisfixedineachcountry Theproductivityoflaborineachgoodisfixed Laborisnotmobileacrossthetwocountries Perfectcompetitionprevailsinallmarkets 36 2 AbsoluteAdvantageAssumethataLC a LCandaLW a LWThisassumptionimpliesthatHomehasanabsoluteadvantageintheproductionofbothgoods Itiscomparative notabsolute advantagethatdeterminestheinternationaltrade 37 3 ComparativeAdvantageAssumethataLC aLW a LC a LW 2 2 ThisassumptionimpliesthattheopportunitycostofcheeseintermsofwineislowerinHomethanitisinForeign HomehasacomparativeadvantageincheeseandwillexportittoForeigninexchangeforwine 38 Intheabsenceoftradetherelativepricesofcheeseandwineineachcountrywouldbedeterminedbytherelativeunitlaborrequirements ThatisaLC aLWanda LC a LW Onceweallowforthepossibilityofinternationaltrade priceswillnolongerbedeterminedbydomesticconsiderations Thetradeabovecannotgoonindefinitely Itwillequalizetherelativeprice 39 4 DeterminingtheRelativePriceAfterTradeWhatdeterminestherelativeprice PC PW aftertrade Toanswerthisquestionwehavetodefinetherelativesupplyandrelativedemandforcheeseintheworldasawhole 40 Therelativesupplyofcheese QC Q C QW Q W Therelativedemandofcheese Adecreasingfunctionofthepriceofthecheeserelativetothatofwine 41 2 1 aLC aLW a LC a LW Figure2 3 WorldRelativeSupplyandDemand 42 HowtounderstandtheFigure2 3 Theworldequilibrium 均衡 relativepriceaftertradeisdeterminedbytheintersectionofRDandRS First nosupplyofcheeseifPC PW aLC aLW specializationinwineinbothcountries secondly supplyanyrelativeamountofthetwogoodsinhomeifPC PW aLC aLW flatsectionincurve 43 Next specializedproductionofcheeseinhomeifPC PW aLC aLW IfPC PWbetweenaLC aLWanda LC a LW therelativesupplyofcheeseisL aLC L a LW Then supplyanyrelativeamountofthetwogoodsinforeignifPC PW a LC a LW Finally nosupplyofwineifPC PW a LC a LW specializationofcheeseinbothcountries 44 TheequilibriumrelativepriceofcheeseisdeterminedbytheintersectionoftherelativesupplyanddemandcurvesinFigure2 3 Thepoint1inFigure2 3showsthattherelativepriceofcheeseisbetweenthetwocountries pretrade 贸易前 prices itisthenormalresultoftrade Inthiscaseeachcountryspecializesintheproductionofthegoodinwhichithasacomparativeadvantage 45 Thepoint2inFigure2 3showsthattherelativepriceofcheeseisequaltoitsopportunitycostinHome TheHomeeconomyneednotspecializeinproducingeithercheeseorwine Itremainstruethatifacountrydoesspecialize itwilldosointhegoodinwhichithasacomparativeadvantage 46 Howaboutthebenefitsaftertrade Todaywewillanswerthisquestion thenwewilldealwithanotherimportantthingsintrademodels 47 6 TheGains 收益 fromTradeIfcountriesspecialize 分工 accordingtotheircomparativeadvantage theyallgainfromthisspecializationandtrade WewilldemonstratethesegainsfromtradeintwowaysandshowinFigure2 4 48 First wecanthinkoftradeasanewwayofproducinggoodsandservices thatisto produce winebyproducingcheeseandthentradingthecheeseforwine Thisindirectmethodof producing 间接生产方法 agallonofwineisamoreefficientmethodthandirectproduction 1 aLC PC PW 1 aLw 2 5 49 Why Itcomesfromthefollowingequation PC PW aLC aLwItismoreefficiencytoproducecheesethanwine 50 Anotherwayistoconsiderhowtradeaffectstheconsumptionineachofthetwocountries Tradeenlargestheconsumptionpossibility 消费可能性 foreachofthetwocountries Why 51 Intheabsenceoftrade consumptionpossibilitiesarethesameasproductionpossibilities Oncetradeisallowed however eacheconomycanconsumeadifferentmixofcheeseandwinefromthemixitproduces 52 Figure3 4 TradeExpandsConsumptionPossibilities a Home b Foreign InternationaltradeallowsHomeandForeigntoconsumeanywherewithinthecoloredlines 53 7 ANumericalExampleThefollowingtabledescribesthetechnologyofthetwocounties Table3 2 UnitLaborRequirements 54 Thepreviousnumericalexampleimpliesthat aLC aLW 机会成本 1 2 a LC a LW 2Inworldequilibrium therelativepriceofcheesemustliebetweenthesevalues AssumethatPC PW 1gallonofwineperpoundofcheese 55 Homecanuseonehouroflabortoproduce1 aLC 1poundofcheese sellthisamounttoForeign andobtain1gallonofwine whichismorethan1 2gallonofwine Inthepresenceoftrade Foreigncanuseoneunitoflabortoproduce1 a LW 1 3gallonofwine sellthisamounttoHome obtain1 3lbofcheesewhichismorethan1 6lb 56 8 RelativeWagesandcostadvantage 成本优势 Dealingwiththegainsfromtrade somepeoplecomplainthatinternationaltrademakeworkersofadvancedcountriesworseoffbyloweringtheirwages Isthattrue 57 Becausetherearetechnologicaldifferencesbetweenthetwocountries tradeingoodsdoesnotmakethewagesequalacrossthetwocountries Acountrywithabsoluteadvantageinbothgoodswillenjoyahigherwageaftertrade 58 59 Thiscanbeillustratedwiththehelpofanumericalexample AssumethatPC 12andthatPW 12 Therefore wehavePC PW 1asinourpreviousexample SinceHomespecializesincheeseaftertrade itswagewillbe 1 aLC PC 1 1 12 12 60 SinceForeignspecializesinwineaftertrade itswagewillbe 1 a LW PW 1 3 12 4 ThereforetherelativewageofHomewillbe 12 4 3 Thus thecountrywiththehigherabsoluteadvantagewillenjoyahigherwageaftertrade 61 Bothcountrieshavecostadvantageiftherelativewage 相对工资 isbetweentherelativeproductivities 相对劳动生产率 Therelativewage 3 Therelativeproductivityincheese 6 Therelativeproductivityinwine 3 2 Home aLC 1 1 3 3 aLW 2 2 3 6 Foreign a LC 6 6 1 6 a LW 3 3 1 3 62 DiscussionWhatarethereasonsforrapidgrowthoftradeinChinainmorethan20years DiscussionWhatarethereasonsforrapidgrowthoftradeinChinainmorethan20years 63 CasestudyCostadvantageinChina 64 各国第二产业劳动生产率单位 美元 人 数据来源 世界银行统计数据 该数据根据第一次全国经济普查数据调整后所得 如果根据原世界银行统计数据计算 数值应为 4583 19 65 各国制造业雇员工资单位 美元 小时 数据来源 除带 号的国家外 数据均来自国际劳工组织网站 带 号国家的数据来自 2004中国国际竞争力评价 基于 2004洛桑报告 的分析 一文 66 通过对制造业工资水平和第二产业劳动生产率的分析 我们可以看到 较之于发达国家 我国第二产业劳动生产率相当于英国的1 16 但雇员工资仅为其1 27 劳动生产率相当于美国的1 18 但工资水平为其1 21 劳动生产率相当于日本的1 15 但工资水平为1 22 较之于新兴国家 我国的劳动生产率相当于韩国的1 7 而工资水平为其1 13 较之于发展中国家 我国的劳动生产率相当于马来西亚的1 3 而工资水平为其1 4 劳动生产率大约是印度的3倍 而工资水平大约是其2倍多一些 67 WehavelearnedtheRicardianmodel buttherearesomanywrongideasabouttheinternationaltrade Weneedtocorrectthem 五 MisconceptionsAboutComparativeAdvantage 68 ProductivityandCompetitivenessAwell knownhistoriansaid Whatifthereisnothingyoucanproducemorecheaplyorefficientlythananywhereelse 69 Myth1 Freetradeisbeneficialonlyifacountryisstrongenoughtowithstand 经受住 foreigncompetition Thisargumentfailstorecognizethattradeisbasedoncomparativenotabsoluteadvantage 70 Thecompetitiveadvantageofanindustrydependsnotonlyonitsproductivityrelativetotheforeignindustry butalsoonthedomesticwageraterelativetotheforeignwagerate Inournumericalexample Foreignhascompetitiveadvantagewithlowerwagesinwineproduction 71 ThePauperLaborArgument 贫民劳动论 In1993RossPerotwarnedthatfreetradebetweenU S andMexicowasnotbeneficialtoU S economy Myth2 Foreigncompetitionisunfairandhurtsothercountrieswhenitisbasedonlowwages 72 Itisfavoriteoflaborunionstoseekingprotectionfromforeigncompetition AgaininourexampleForeignhaslowerwagesbuthomestillbenefitsfromtrade Becauseitischeaperintermofitsownlaborforhometoproducecheeseandtradeitforwinethantoproducewineforitself 73 Exploitation 剥削论 Onecolumnistcontrastedthe 2millionincomeofthechiefexecutiveofficeroftheclothingchainTheGapwiththe 0 56perhourpaidtothecentralAmericanworkerswhoproducetheclothing Myth3 Trademakestheworkersworseoffincountrieswithlowerwages 74 Intheabsenceoftradetheseworkerswouldbeworseoff Againinourexample thepurchasingpowerofaworker shourlywagewouldfallfrom1 3to1 6poundofcheese Denyingtheopportunitytoexportistocondemnpoorpeopletocontinuetobepoor 75 Table3 3 ChangesinWagesandUnitLaborCosts 76 六 ComparativeAdvantagewithManyGoods Inthemodelwediscussedsofarthereareonlytwogoods butinrealitythereisalargenumberofgoods Itisnecessarytounderstandhowcomparativeadvantagefunctionswithalargenumberofgoods 77 SettingUptheMultigoodModelBothcountriesconsumeandareabletoproducealargenumber N ofdifferentgoods Theunitelaborrequirementforeachgoodrepresentsthetechnologyofeachcountry 78 Foranygoodwecancalculate 计算 aLi a Li theratioofhomeunitelaborrequirementtoforeign s Thegoodswererelabeled 贴标签 thelowerthenumber thelowerthisratio aL1 a L1 aL2 a L2 aL3 a L3 aL4 a L4 79 RelativeWagesandSpecializationThepatternoftradewilldependontheratioofHometoForeignwages Letwbethewagerateperhourinhomeandw bethewagerateperhourinforeign Goodswillalwaysbeproducedwhereitischeapesttomakethem 80 Forexample ItwillbecheapertoproducegoodiinHomeifwaLiw w 相对工资 ItwillbecheapertoproducegoodiinforeignifwaLi w a Li Whichcanberearrangedtoyielda Li aLi w w 81 Table3 4 HomeandForeignUnitLaborRequirements 82 Whichcountryproduceswhichgoods Acountryproducesanygoodinwhichithasacostadvantage 成本优势 Acountryhasacostadvantageinanygoodforwhichitsrelativeproductivityishigherthanitsrelativewage a Li aLi w w 83 If forexample w w 3 Homewillproduceapples bananas andcaviar whileForeignwillproduceonlydatesandenchiladas Bothcountrieswillgainfromthisspecialization Homegetsaunitofdatewith4person hours 12 3 not6person hours foreigngetsaunitofappleswith3person hours 3 3 not10person hours 84 DeterminingtheRelativeWageintheMultigoodModelInordertomakewhoproducewhichgood weneedtogetrelativewagesaccordingtoabove Todeterminerelativewagesinamultigoodeconomywemustlookbehindtherelativedemandforgoods thatistherelativederiveddemand 相对派生需求 85 TherelativederiveddemandforHomelaborwillfallwhentheratioofHometoForeignwagesrises Thereasonsarefollowings 1 wages relativepriceofgood demand 2 wages relativeproduction demand 86 TherelativesupplyoflaborisdeterminedbytherelativesizeofHomeandForeignlaborforces 87 WecanillustratethedeterminationofrelativewageswithadiagramlikeFigure2 5RD TherelativedemandforHomelabor RS TherelativesupplyofHomelabor TheequilibriumrelativewageisdeterminedbytheintersectionofRDandRS 88 Figure3 5 DeterminationofRelativeWages 89 Downwardslopingsectionwherethepatternofspecializationdoesnotchange Flatssectionwheretherelativedemandshiftabruptlybec