英美文学名词解释.doc

Epic:Alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated. The style of epic is grand宏伟的 and elevated高尚的. JohnMiltonwrotethreegreatepics:ParadiseLost,ParadiseRegainedandSamsonAgonistes.Sonnet(十四行诗A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme schemeRenaissance the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival复活 of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition过渡 from the medieval to the modern world.theessenceoftheRenaissanceisHumanismThe Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Humanism人文主义 HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.2itemphasizesthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife.Humanistsvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmanwasthecenteroftheuniverseandmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthepresentlife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.lake poets 湖畔诗人 refer to The three romantic poets Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey who lived in the Lake District in the England andwrotepoemsaboutnature .English Romanticism(浪漫主义):1) a movement in literature, philosophy, music and art from late 18th century to early 19th century in Europe. 2) emphasized individual values (个人价值）and aspirations（志向，抱负） above those of society. 4)the characteristics of Romanticism（浪漫主义文学特色）:Passion / emotion ,Individualism 5)Representative writers(代表作家）:Blake, shelley,Byron,WordsworthCritical Realism(批判现实主义)1) The Critical Realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties.2) The realists first and foremost最初的 set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated描绘 the crying contradictions矛盾 of bourgeois资产阶级的 reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.3) Charls Dickens is the most important critical realist.Gothicnovel(哥特式小说): Gothicnovelisatypeofromanceverypopularlateinthe18th centuryandatthebeginningofthe19thcentury.emphasizesthingswhicharegrotesque,violent,mysterious,supernatural,desolateandhorrifying.Withitsdescription描述ofthedark,irrational荒繆的sideofhumannature.American Romanticism: 1.from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the civil war . It started with the publication出版 of Washington Irvings The Sketch Book and ended with Whitmans Leaves of Grass . 2. It was a rebellion反抗 against the objectivity of rationalism. For romantics, the feelings, intuitions直觉 and emotions were more important than reason and common sense;3. emphasis on imagination, individualism.back to medieval and naturalThe Lost Generation(迷惘的一代）：Is a term used to characterize a general feeling of disillusionment of American literary notables名人 who live in Europe,most notably著名的 Paris after First World War. Figures identified with the Lost Generation included literary modernists such as Hemingway,F.Scott,PoundAmerica RealismAs a literary moment realism came in the latter half of the 19 century,as a reaction against “the lie”of Romanticism and sentimentalism.It expressed the concern for the world of experience,of the common place,and for the familiar and the lowPuritanism in the 16th and 17th cent., a movement for reform in the Church of England that had a profound深远的 influence on the social, political, ethical道德的, and theological神学的 ideas of England and America Neo-classicism: Arevivalofclassicalstandardsoforder,harmony,balance,simplicity简单andrestrainedemotion克制情感 inliteratureinthe18thcentury.Symbolism象征主义:Symbolismisthewritingtechniqueofusingsymbols.ItsaliterarymovementthataroseinFranceinthelasthalfofthe19thcenturyandthatgreatlyinfluencedmanyEnglishwriters,particularlypoets,ofthe20thcentury.Itenablespoetstocompressaverycomplexideaintooneimageorevenoneword.Itsoneofthemostpowerfuldevicesthatpoetsemployincreation.使用象征来写作的一种技巧。象征主义在19世纪后半页在法国兴起，对英国作家产生了很大的影响，尤其是在20世纪诗歌方面。它让诗人把非常复杂的思想浓缩成一个意象甚至一个词。它是诗人在创作中使用的最有力的手段。Enlightenment启蒙运动-anintellectualmovementinEuropeinthe18th century;-guidingprincipleforthinkingandaction;-thebeliefineternaltruth,eternaljustice,naturalequality-acontinuation延续ofRenaissance;Transcendentalism： It was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century 2. There are three major features:1) emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe.2) stressed the importance of the individual. 3) The transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.自然是超灵或上帝的象征Famous authors such as Emerson,Thoreau( Walden)Naturalism A post-darwin movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the “laws”of scientific determinism决定论 to fiction. two features:local color and Regionalism乡土文学.Famous authors such as Dreiser Sister Carrie，Crane Maggie:a girl of the street,London The call of wild 介绍作家 William Shakespeare was an English poet of English Renaissance(the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival复活 of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition过渡 from the medieval to the modern world.)widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the worlds pre-eminent卓越的 dramatist.He produced 38 plays,154 sonnets and two