语法专题：名词.docx

授课类型C-（）C -（）T- 能力提升（）授课日期及时段教学目标掌握通过练习提高学生提高解题能力。重点难点教学内容每日一句：Excellence is not a skill. It is an attitude. 优秀不是一种技能，而是一种态度。课前练习I写出下列名词的复数形式。 bag _ orange _ family _ knife _ key _tooth _ woman _ potato _ radio_ child _ fish _ Frenchman _II单选1The day before yesterday she told me _ news Aa good Bsuch a good Cso good a Da piece of good 2I wont go there with you，for I have a lot of _ to do Aworks Bjob Cwork Dworking 3 _ will conquer（征服）nature AThe man BA man CThe men DMan 4Li Lei is a friend of _ AI sister Bmy sisters Cme sister Dmy sister of 5Have you read _ ？ Atodays Btoday paper Cthe todays paper Dtodays paper 6There are lots of _in the basket on the table Atomatos Btomato Ctomatoss Dtomatoes 7Whose _ are these？ Aphoto Bphotoes Cphotos Dphotoss 8The cat caught two _ last night Amouses Bmice Cmouse Dmices 9There are many _ on the hill Asheeps Bsheep Csheepes Dsheeps 10There are six _ and fifteen _ in this w workshop Amans womans Bmen women Cmen womans Dman women C -名词I名词I一名词的意义 从英语语法角度来讲，表示人物、时间、地点、事物或抽象概念的词，我们通常称为名词。例如：teacher，desk，Japanese，milk，physics等。 二名词的种类 英语中的名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词两类。 1. 专有名词：表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等专有名称的名词。具体说来，它包括人名、地名、月份、 星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等，专有名词的第一个字母要大写。专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语，必须使用the，如：the United States姓氏如果采用复数形式，表示该姓氏一家人，如：the Greens（格林一家人）2. 普通名词：表示某一类人或事物或个抽象概念的名词。例如：worker，boy，machine等。普通名词可分 为以下四类： A. 个体名词(Individual Nouns）：表示个体的人或事物的名词。如：man ，pencil，chair等。 B. 集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示一群人或一些事物的总称的名词。如：class，police，army，family等。 C. 物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的物质或材料的名词。如：rice，glass，water，gas等。 D. 抽象名词（Abstract Nouns)：表示状态、品质、动作、情感等抽象概念的名词。如：life，love，law, happiness等。 三名词的数 名词按是否可数分类,可分为可数名词（Countable Nouns）和不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）两种。表示可以计算数目的人或物的名词称为可数名词，一般有单数和复数两种形式，个体名词和大多数集体名词一般是可数名词。不可以或较难数出数目的名词叫做不可数名词，包括物质名词（表示无法分为个体的物质）和抽象名词（表示抽象概念的词）。一般不分单数和复数，前面不能用a/an，没有复数形式。名词类 别意 义例 词专有名词表示具体的人名、事物、国家、地名、机构、团体等的专有名称Jim, China, Qingdao, the UK,the Great Wall普通名词可数名词个体名词个体的人或事物的名词girl, student, factory, desk, cat , country集合名词一群人或一些事物的总称的名词people, police, team, clothes, group, crew不可数名词物质名词无法分为个体的物质或材料的名词water, ice, pork, cheese, cotton, broccoli抽象名词状态、品质、动作、情感等抽象概念的名词fun, healthy, happiness, courage, love, care四. 名词的复数 可数名词有单、复数两种形式，可数名词的单数形式要在前加 “a或an”；复数形式在名词后加 “-s或-es”。可数名词由单数变为复数形式，其构成方法分为规则和不规则两种。1. 规则变化（可依照下表）当名词为词尾变化读 音例 词一般情况加s清辅音后读/s/chips, jeeps, pats , clocks浊辅音、元音后读/z/boys, sharpeners, sofas, drawers以s,x,ch,sh结尾加es/iz/watches, boxes, classes, brushes以字母o结尾加es/z/tomatoes, potatoes, heroes加szoos，radios , photos, bamboos, pianos，kiloszerozeroszeroes以辅音字母+y结尾去y 变i加es/z/dictionaries, strawberries以f或fe结尾加s/z/beliefs，roofs，gulfs，chefs， proofs去f或fe 变v 加 es/vz/leaves，wives，halves，knives，thieves，loaves均可handkerchiefs / handkerchieves注意1：在初中英语范围内，要改 f / fe 为 ves 的只有以下词，妻子骑牛拿起刀, wife-wives; calf-calves; knife-knives;追得贼狼满街跑, thief-thieves; wolf-wolves碰倒架子丧己命, shelf-shelves; self-selves; life-lives手帕树叶半空飘. leaf-leaves half-halves 注意2：在初中英语范围内，以-o结尾的名词，只有三个单词要加-es，其余都加-s；读音规则：读z。tomatoes, potatoes, heroes.2. 不规则变化A. 单复数同形，如：deer，sheep，fish，people，ChineseB. 改变单数名词中的元音字母 如： manmen ，womanwomen，footfeet， toothteeth，goosegeese“oo常常变ee，男人女人a变e”C. 含有man，woman的复合名词的变化与 man, woman 的变化形式相同，但是 human，German不是合成词，其复数要按一般规则变化如：EnglishmanEnglishmen，policewomanpolicewomen，Frenchwoman Frenchwomen D. 由man 和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式需要前后同时变化如：men workers，women teachers，gentlemen officialsE. 其他变化，如：childchildren ，mousemice，oxoxenF. 有些词只有复数形式 某些由两个部分构成的物体的名词。如：trousers，glasses，clothes等。若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双)；suit(套)等，如：a pair of glasses，two pairs of trousers某些通常以复数形式出现的名词。如：arms，clothes，goods，stairs等。G. 除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式如: a dollar, two dollars; a yuan, two yuanH. 以s结尾仍为单数的名词，包括以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数如：maths，politics，physics等学科名词，The Arabian Nights等，谓语动词用三单3. 集体名词的单复数：部分集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。如：people，police，cattle 等本身就是复数。集体名词看作整体时，谓语用单数; 指成员时，谓语用复数。E.g.His family is a large family. His family like animals.第一个family指整体 ，第二个family指成员4. 不可数名词没有单复数之分，如：news，information，advice，furniture等 不可数名词一般没有复数形式，它的“量”的表示方式如下: A表示不定数量时，一般用much，（a）little，a lot oflots of，some， any等词修饰 B表确定数量时，一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词”，即twothree+量词复数十of+不可数 名词，如：a glass of water，a piece of advice，two pieces of paper5. 有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词，但词义有所不同，如下：food食物foods各种食物 time时间times时代 green绿色greens青菜 fish鱼fishes鱼的种类 sand沙sands沙滩 tea茶a tea一杯茶 chicken鸡肉a chicken小鸡 paper纸a paper试卷、论文 wood木头a wood小森林orange橘汁an orange橘子 cloth布a cloth桌布、抹布 room空间、余地a room房间glass玻璃a glass玻璃杯，glasses眼镜 fruit水果fruits表示不同种类的水果drink饮料、酒a drink一杯一份饮料、一杯酒 6.有些物质名词有时可数，有时不可数，要根据上下文决定，其意义也有所不同。glass(玻璃) glasses（眼镜）7.不同国家的人的单复数，见下表。 “某国人”的复数有三种类型： 口诀“中日不变，英法变，其他s加后边”（1）Chinese, Japanese单数复数同形，不需加s；（2）Englishman, Frenchman复数要把 man 变为men；（3）其他各国人以an, -ian收尾的均直接加s。如：Americans, Australians.名称总称(谓语用复数）一个人两个人中国人 the Chinese a Chinesetwo Chinese日本人the Japanese a Japanesetwo Japanese瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss美国人the Americansan Americantwo Americans加拿大人the Canadians a Canadiantwo Canadians俄国人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians澳大利亚人the Australiansan Australiantwo Australians印度人the Indiansan Indiantwo Indians意大利人the Italiansan Italiantwo Italians法国人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen英国人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen希腊人the Greeka Greektwo Greeks瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes德国人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans 能力提升【名词单复数中考习题集锦】1. Im so hungry. Please give me _ to eat.A. three bread B. three pieces of bread C. three pieces of breads2. What can I do for you?Err, I want a glass of milk, some bread and_.A. some chickens B. any chickens C. some chicken3. Could you give me some _ on how to learn English _? Sure. Practice makes perfect.A. advice; good B. suggestions; good C. advice; well D. suggestion; well4. Just search the internet, you can get almost all the _ you need.A. informations B. information C. picture D. Story5. There are some _ on the floor.A. milk B. child C. Boxes6. Are there any _in your school?Yes, there are.A. Germen B. Germans C. German7. The students didnt find much _ about the topic on that website.A. report B. article C. information D. Story8.What would you like to drink, girls?_ please.A. Two glass of water B. Two glass of watersC. Two cups of tea D. Two cups of teas9. Kate is _ girl. Shes very happy at school.A. a eighteen-year-old B. an eighteen-year-oldC. an eighteen-years-old D. a eighteen-years-old10. Mum, Ive heard that we cant eat _ these days. Is it true?Take it easy. It is safe to eat cooked meat.A. chicken B. chickens C. a chicken D. the chicken11. I saw some _ and _ dancing in the street the day before yesterday.A. Germen; Englishmen B. Germans; Englishmans C. Germans; Englishmen12. She is a _ girl with two big eyes.A. six-years-old B. six-year-old C. six years old13. Jason likes the_ of the cake. It is a heart.A. color B. size C. smell D. Shape14. Eating more vegetables is good for our health. I often eat lettuce, broccoli and _.A. tomato B. tomatos C. tomatoes D. potato15. The _ often eat grass on the hill.A. chicken B. horse C. cow D. Sheep答案：1-5 BCCBC 6-10BCCBA 11-15CBDCDC -名词II、解题技巧名词II5 可数名词与不可数名词的修饰语1. 修饰可数名词的常用修饰语有these, those, few, a few, many, a great many等2. 修饰不可数名词的常用修饰语有much, little, a little等3. 有些修饰语即可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词，如allsomeenougha lot oflots of等4. 不可数名词如果表示数量，常和a bottle of, a glass of， a piece of 等名词词组连用。如果表示复数，只把量词改为复数。例：two glasses of orange juice 两杯橙汁，three cups of tea 三杯茶 ，a piece of paper一张纸注：“a piecepair+名词”之类的结构作主语是，其谓语通常与“piecepair”的数保持一致。6. 名词所有格 1. 名词格的种类有三个格，即主格、宾格和所有格。名词的主格和宾格形式相同。名词所有格表示名词之间的所属关系，相当于屋主代词，分为-s 所有格和 of 所有格两种形式。2. -s 所有格有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系、所属关系、动作执行者、动作承受者等意义，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格。如：Where is the teachers office？中的teachers。 名词词尾 变化 举例一般词直接在词尾 +sMr. Motts robot 单数名词词尾加 s the boys bag复数名词词尾没有s加 s mens room，childrens books 复数名词词尾有-s加 the workers struggle，girls school不能加 s的名词名词+of +名词the title of the song复合名词或短语s加在最后一个词尾a month or twos rest-s所有格的用法：A. 主要用于有生命的人或物，有些表时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词后也可以加s来构成所 有格，如：todays paper，two hours rest，Americas policy B. 在表示店铺、教堂或某人家时，名词所有格可以表示地点，如：the barbers 理发店C. and连接的并列名词的所有格分两种情况，分别带有 -s表示“分别有”；若一个 -s表示“两者共 有”，如：Jims and Jacks rooms（两间），Jim and Jacks room（一间） D. 用所有格表示节日的方法Teachers Day（教师节） Childrens Day（儿童节）Mothers Day（父亲节） Fathers Day（母亲节）3.of所有格A. 表示无生命的东西的名词或不能加s的名词，通常都采用“of名词”的结构表示所有关系。如：the gate of the school，the windows of that houseB. 名词较长或其定语较长时，有生命的事物也可用of短语表示所有关系。如：the story of Mr. Smith，the dog of the eight-year-old girlC. 表示有生命的和无生命的名词，一般都可用介词of短语来表示所有关心，有些情况下，of所有格有时可以与-s所有格互换如：the boys name=the name of the boy（男孩的名字） the dogs legs=the legs of the dog（狗的腿） Chinas population=the population Of China（中国的人口） Chinas capital=the capital of China（中国的首都）4.双重所有格（of +名词所有格/名词性物主代词）同时使用s 和of的所有格，如：a friend of his, the big nose of Toms七. 名词的用法 1. 用作主语，要求谓语动词必须在人称和数两方面和其主语一致，如：One day，a little monkey was playing in a tree by the river 2. 作表语，如：The largest city of China is Shanghai 3. 作宾语，如：The students love their teachers 4. 作宾语补足语，如：They choose the boy monitor 5. 作同位语，如：We are waiting for Miss Yan，the English teacher 6. 作定语，如：The school gate was built last year 八. 部分词义辨析1、sport、game、match、race sport常指“户外运动”，以锻炼为主，概念较大，如：People all around the world enjoy sports.game意思是“运动、比赛”，不管户内户外还是脑力体力，指以胜负为主的运动如：The 2008 Olympic Games was held in Beijing.match意为“竞赛、比赛”，多指正式比赛，如：Our team won the league match.race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”，如： They were strong and won the boat race.2、festival、holiday、vacationfestival“节日”，指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动，如：the Spring Festivalholiday(假日、休息日)，指法定假日或风俗习惯，复数可以表示一个较长的假期， 如：What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays? vacation“假期”，指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息 如：Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work. 3、journey、tour、trip、travel journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行，不知终点，含有辛苦的意思 如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang. tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行，强调游览多处，常用来指观光等 如：He has gone on a walking tour. trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等，如：He took several trips to Shanghai. travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行，尤其指到国外，没有明确目的地，也作不可数名词，多指旅行这一 行为，如：Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?4、sound、noise、voice sound指各种声音，如：All of a sudden there was the sound of shots. noise主要指“噪音”，如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night. voice指人的“嗓音”如： The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold. 5、fish的问题 指许多条鱼且不管种类时，用fish，单复数相同 fishes 指许多种类的鱼，如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词，如：I prefer fish to meat.6question指“需要回答的问题” problem指“需要解决的问题”、“难题”，常至社会问题，比如说污染问题7work作“工作”讲，是不可数名词job侧重于“职业”，是可数名词 8. person 与people 都有“人” 的意思，“一个人”用 a person，“两个人”用 two persons people 泛指 “人们”，是集合名词，表示复数the people 指“人民”， a people指“一个民族”。解题技巧方法一 “名词词义辨析”解题技巧近几年中考对名词的考查越来越注重在具体语言环境下同义的区别有些词的词义很容易混淆。解答此类题要知道不同的名词所表达的具体含义，并能辨析它们之间的差异，这就需要考生准确记忆名词词义并在鲜活的语言环境中加以正确运用。例1 （2015天津，24） In 1998, Liu Xiangs _ in hurdling was noticed by Sun Haiping. A.ability B. trade C. electricity D. memory解析： 句意：在1998年，刘翔在跨栏赛跑方面所具备的能力被孙海平注意到。本题考查名词词义辨析。ability能力；trade贸易；electricity电；memory记忆。根据句意可知选择A项。答案 A 例2 （2014浙江杭州，19）I am tired. This is not the right _to ask me to go for a walk.A. moment B. chance C. place D. season解析： 句意：我累了。这不是叫我外出散步的合适时刻。本题考查名词词义辨析。moment时刻；chance机会；place地方；season季节。由上句I am tired.可知选A.答案 A方法二 “可数名词与不可数名词运用”口诀法分辨可数名词与不可数名词的八句歌诀：可数不可数好分辨，名词所示物分两半。如每半不能叫原名，那该词可数最公平。每半还能把原名叫，不可数名词就遇到。有的名词是两面堵，意变不可数为可数。如：bike(自行车), 如果把自行车分成两半，每半只能叫自行车的一部分，不能再叫自行车，所以bike是可数名词。water(水)，如果把一杯水分成两杯，每杯仍可叫水，因此water是不可数名词。orange(橘汁)，如果把一瓶橘汁分成两瓶，每瓶还可以叫橘汁，故orange(橘汁)为不可数名词；但意为“橘子”时，是可数名词。例 （2013 湖北黄冈，33）-What would you like to drink, girls?-_, please.A. Two glass of waterB. Two glass of watersC. Two cups of teaD. Two cups of teas解析： 句意：-想喝点什么，女孩们？-请来两杯茶。本题考查不可数名词量的表达方式。Tea和water都是不可数名词，因此不能加-s. 而glass和cup均为可数名词，两杯是复数，应用复数形式，所以选C.答案 C方法三 “名词所有格”解题技巧在中考中，关于名词所有格的考查通常围绕-s所有格。-s所有格又分为共有的所有格与分开的所有格。在解题时要看所有格后面跟的名词是单数还是复数，如果是单数名词，则使用共有的所有格；如果是复数名词，则使用分开的所有格。此外以“-s”结尾的复数名词所有格只加“”就可以了。例 （2015 山东临沂，19）I live near the station. Its only about five _ walk.A. minutes B. minute C. minutes D. minutes解析： 句意：我住在车站附近。只有大概步行五分钟的路程。本题考查名词所有格的用法。以-s结尾的名词复数的所有格一般在末尾直接加“”, 根据题意可知答案为C项。答案 C能力提升1、_fathers are both scientists 咸宁 AJims and Bob BJims and Bobs CJim and Bobs DJim and Bob2、_room is big and brightThey like it very much 河北ATom and Sam BToms find Sam CTom and Sams DToms and Sams3、Hows Joys skirt?Her skirt is more beautiful than . 兰州A. her sisters and Kate B. her sister and Kate C. her sister and Kates D. her sisters and Kates4、Excuse me, is the supermarket far from here?No, its about _.（浙江宁波）A. 7 minutes walkB. 7 minute walk C. 7 minutes walkD. 7 minutes walk5、Come and see me in . With pleasureThats what Im expecting哈尔滨 Atwo or three daysBtwo or three days timeCtwo or three days time6、Im going on holiday on the 12thI have to be back at work on the 26th.So Ive got two_ holiday临沂Aweeks Bweeks Cweeks Dweek7. The computer on the desk is_. (孝感市)A. twins B. the twins C. the twins D. the twins 8. Mrs Black is a friend of_. (资阳市) A. Marys mothers B. Marys mother C. mothers of Mary D. Mary mothers9. It is over_ from Shijiazhuang to Beijing. (河北省)A. three hours drive B. three hours drive C. three hours drives D. three hours drive 10. Today is September 10th. It is _Day. (常德市)A. Teachers B. Teachers C. the teachers D. Teachers 11. Do you know the woman over there? Yes. Shes _aunt. （济南市) A. Lily and Lucy B. Lilys and Lucys C. Lilys and Lucy D. Lily and Lucys12. After playing football for more than half an hour, the students took_ rest. (天津市)A. a few minutes B. a few minutes C. a little minutes D. a little minutes 13.I think the teenagers should try to improve their living _.activities B. skills C. memory D. success14.-How did Jerry get out of the mountain?-By following the _they had left.directions B. situations C. marks D. sights15.- I like_. Theyre my favorite fruit.-You do? I like watermelons.yogurt B. strawberries C. bread D. potato16.- Could you please pass me something to eat?-What about some_?water B. orange C. fish D. teaT - 能力提升能力提升 11. The children had _ in the park. A. good times B. good time C. the good time D. a good time12. I am busy with my work these days. I dont get _. A. many sleep B. much sleep C. more sleep D. most sleep13. This is an interesting _. A. news B. information C. work D. job14. Her parents are _. A. English B. America C. Frenchman D. two English15. Room 110 on the second floor is the _ office. I know some of them. A. doctors B. doctors C. doctors D. doctorss16. The room is _. They are brothers. A. Tom and Mikes B. Toms and Mikes C. Toms and Mike D. Tom and Mike17. The box is made of a kind of hard _. A. wooden B. wood C. woods D. word18. Can you see some _ on the hill? A. sheeps and deers B. sheeps and deer C. sheep and deers D. sheep and deer19. How many _ shall we pay for the special service? A. money B. yuans C. dollars D. pound20. I have many friends he