定语从句专题.ppt

Grammar TheRestrictiveandNon RestrictiveAttributiveClause 定语从句 TheRestrictiveAttributiveClause限制性定语从句 TheNon RestrictiveAttributiveClause非限制性定语从句 概念 定语从句就是修饰 限定名词或代词 作定语的从句 被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词 引导词除引导定语从句外 还可以指代先行词 在定语从句中充当主语 宾语 定语 表语 状语等成分 定语从句分为限制性和非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分 去掉它主句意思往往不明确 非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明 去掉它不会影响主句的意思 它与主句之间通常用逗号分开 例如 Heisamanwhomweshouldlearnfrom 去掉从句后句子剩余部分意思就不完整Myfather whoworksinahospital oftenwarnsmenottosmoke 去掉从句后句子剩余部分意思仍然完整 引导词的用法 由关系代词或关系副词引导定语从句 具体用法限制性定语从句的先行词一般为单个的名词或代词 而非限制性定语从句的先行词既可以是单个的名词或代词 也可以是整个句子或其中一部分 例如 Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth Thehouse whichweboughtlastmonth isverynice 先行词为thehouse Hehasmadegreatprogress whichmadeushappy Mikesoldthehouse whichmadehisfatherveryangry Which 指代前面句子的整个内容并在句中作主语 先行词和关系代词的关系 Aplaneisamachinethat whichcanfly TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledTom Theboywhoseparentsaredeadwasbroughtupbyhisgrandfather amachine that which theboy who theboy s whose 关系代词实际上是先行词的重复指代 关系代词whose指人实际上是先行词theboy的所有格 Thehouseismine Thewindowofthehouseisbroken Thehousewhosewindowisbrokenismine thehouse s whose Thehouseismine thewindowofwhichisbroken ofwhichthewindowisbrokenwhosewindow thewindowofwhich ofwhichthewindow关系代词whose指物实际上是先行词thehouse的所有格 先行词和关系副词的关系 IstillrememberthedaywhenIcamehere ThisisthehousewhereIlivedlastyear Therearemanyreasonswhypeopleliketraveling Idon tlikethewaythat inwhich 不填youspeak ontheday when inthehouse where forthereasons why intheway that inwhich 不填 关系副词实际上是介词 先行词 介词后只允许是which whom 用法注意1 当关系代词做宾语时 在限制性定语从句中它常可以省略 而且关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替 例如 Mr Liuisthepersonyoutalkedaboutonthebus who whom that 省略 Themanyoumetjustnowismyfriend who whom that 省略 但是 在非限制性定语从句中 指人的关系代词作宾语时 只能用宾格whom 不能用who替换 而且无论指人还是指物都不能省略 例如 DoyouknowTom whomwetalkedabout Thisbook whichyoucangetatanybookshop willgiveyoualltheinformationyouneed that不能引导非限制性定语从句 注意2 仅用that引导限制性定语从句的几种情况 that在限制性定语从句中既可指人又可指物 在下列情况下 只能用that引导定语从句 1 先行词是all any many much few little some none everything anything nothing something等不定代词时 Isthereanythingthatyouwanttobuy Exerciseissomethingthatcanhelptomakeyouhealthy 2 先行词被all few little much every some no等词修饰或被theonly thevery thesame thelast等限定词修饰时 例如 TheseareallthepicturesthatIhaveseen Thisistheverybookthatisofgreathelp 3 先行词既指人又指物时 例如 Myfatherandhisteachertalkedalotaboutthethingsandthepersonsthattheycouldremember 4 关系代词在定语从句中作表语时 例如 Ourschoolisnottheonethatitusedtobe 5 先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时 例如 ThisisthebestEnglishfilmthatIhaveeverseen Thisisthefirstbookthattheauthorwrote 6 主句是who which引导的特殊问句时 例如 Whoisthegirlthatisstandingunderthetree WhichisthemachinethatweusedlastSunday 注意3 由as which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别 1 位置上的区别 as引导的非限制性定语从句的位置比较灵活 可以放主句前 也可放在主句后 还可插在主句的中间 which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后例如 Asisknowntousall theearthturnsaroundthesun Theearth asisknowntousall turnsaroundthesun Theearthturnsaroundthesun asisknowntousall Theearthturnsaroundthesun whichourparentsoncetolduswhenwewereveryyoung 2 词义与联系上的区别 as引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间有着较为密切的上下文联系 as本身含有 正如 之意 可将其视为固定搭配 而which引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间在意义上近似并列句 which本身含有 这 或 这一点 之意 例如 Lighttravelsfasterthansound asweallknow Jackcamelateforschool whichmadehisteacherangry asiswellknown asweallknowaseverybodyknows asisknowntousall众所周知ashasbeenpointedout正如所指出的asweplan正如我们计划的ashasbeensaidbefore正如前面所述aswesee正如我们看到的ashasbeenreported正如所报道的asisoftenthecase正如常见情况asisexpected supposed正如所预料的asIcanremember正如我所记得的asoftenhappens如同经常发生的 as引导的限制性定语从句 Thisissuchaninterestingbook wealllike Thisissointerestingabook wealllike 这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书 定语从句 当先行词前有such so thesame时 只能用as引导Thisissuchaninterestingbook wealllikeit Thisissointerestingabook wealllikeit 这本书如此有趣 大家都喜欢 结果状语从句 as引导的非限制性定语从句及与其他句式的辨析 Theearthisround isknowntoall Theearthisround isknowntoall isknowntoall theearthisround isknowntoallthattheearthisround 注意4 定语从句的主谓一致性 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时 从句的谓语必须与先行词保持人称和数的一致 例如 TomisoneoftheboyswhoarefromtheUSA Tomisthe only oneoftheboyswhoisfromtheUSA 注意5 保持主句的完整性并避免从句成分的重叠 在定语从句中 不管出现任何情况 主句的结构必须完整 即主句必须有主语和谓语 缺一不可 否则 整个主从复合句就无法成立 试比较 1 Isthisfactory wevisitedlastweek A whichB whereC whatD theoneIsthisfactorywhich wherewevisitedlastweek Thisfactorywhich wherewevisitedlastweekis Thisisfactorywhichwevisitedlastweek Thisfactoryiswhichwevisitedlastweek Thisfactoryistheonewevisitedlastweek 2 Isthisthefactory wevisitedlastweek whichB whereC whatD theoneThisisthefactorywhichwevisitedlastweek 2 在定语从句中 关系代词或关系副词已经代替先行词独立地或与相应的介词一起在定语从句中充当了一定的成分 因此在定语从句中就不能再出现与关系代 副 词重叠的成分 例如 错句 ThisisthetrainthattheytookitlastSunday 分析 该题中that已经代替先行词thetrain在定语从句中充当及物动词took的宾语 故重叠出现的宾语it必须删去 注意6 有些先行词虽然不表示具体的地点 但表达一种 地步 形势 境地 等意思 也要用关系副词where或介词 which引导定语从句 常出现的词有situation case point e g 1 Wecanalwaysthinkofacasewhereyouaremistakenbyothers butyoucan ttellthetruth 2 Itseemsthattheirrelationhasreachedthepointwheretheyhavetodivorce 介词 关系代词的情况1 Themanwhomyouspoketowasascientist Thecitywhichshelivesinisfaraway 介词 关系代词的情况2 Themanthat who whom 不填youspoketowasascientist Thecitythat which 不填shelivesinisfaraway Arethesetwosentencesright 介词 关系代词的情况3 Themanwho whomyouspokewasascientist Thecitythat whichshelivesisfaraway to in Arethesetwosentencesright 可见who that不能用于介词之后 介词 关系代词的情况4 Isthisthewatchwhichyouarelookingfor TheoldmanwhomIamlookingafterisbetter 在固定短语中介词不能提前 下面两句中的介词能提前吗 介词 which 名词5 常见的这类结构有 at during since bywhichtime atwhichpoint forwhichreason inwhichcaseOneoftendoesn tknowhowtoseizeopportunitiesuntiltheyactuallyneed atwhichpointitmaybetoolate 名词 数次 不定代词 形容词比较级最高级 of 关系代词 例如 Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear 8o ofwhicharesoldabroad 这座工厂每年生产50万双鞋 其中的80 售往国外 拓展1 把两个或多个简单句组合到一起的方式有两种1 用and but so等并列连词连接 或用分号连接 此类句子叫并列句 2 将其中一个转换成一个从句 作整个句子的一个成分 比如定语从句只是一个句子中的定于成分 附属于主句 此类构成的句子叫复合句 将下面的句A和句B以三种形式组成一句 A Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear B 80 oftheshoesaresoldabroad Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear 80 ofwhicharesoldabroad Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear and80 ofthemaresoldabroad Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear 80 ofthemaresoldabroad Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear 80 ofthemaresoldabroad Practicemore 1 Thisisthetown Iwasborn Thisisthetown Ivisited 2 Iwillneverforgettheday Icametoschool Iwillneverforgettheday Ispentwithyou 3 Thisisthereason hewaslate Thisisthereason hetoldme Fillintheblankswithproperpreps Thisisthebook whichIspent5yuan Thisisthebook whichIpaid5yuan Thisisthebook whichwecanlearnalot Thisisthebook whichweoftentalk Thisisthebook whichIwrotedownmanynotes 同位语从句 概念 一个名词或代词后面有时可跟一个名词或句子 对前者作进一步解释 说明他指的是谁是什么等 在下列词后用that引导的从句就叫做同位语从句 factbelieforderideanews hopeanswersuggestion reportthoughtopiniontruth questionpromisetheory conclusioninformationproblem 请看例句 WeexpressedthehopethattheywouldcomeandvisitChinaagain 2 Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere 3 Thefactthattheprisonerwasguiltywasplaintoeverybody 4 Theexplanationthathecouldn tseethecarisunsatisfactory 5 Theordersooncamethatallvillagers should leavethevillage 6 Thethoughtcametohimthatmaybetheenemyhadfledthecity 7 Wordcamethathejoinedthearmy 8 Thenarosethequestionwhereweweretogetthemachinesneeded 9 Theyhaven tdecidedthequestionwhethertheywillcontinuetodobusinesswiththecompany 10 HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesportmeetingwasputoff 高考真题 1 2007天津 TheBeatles manyofyouareoldenoughtoremember camefromLiverpool AwhatBthatChowDas 2 isknowntoeverybody themoontravelsaroundtheearthonceeverymonth NMET2001 A ItB AsC ThatD what 3 Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss cameasasurprise A itB thatC whichD he 4 Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood wasmorethanwecouldexpect A whatB whichC thatD it 5 Bynineo clock alltheOlympictorchbearershadreachedthetopofMountQomolangma appearedararerainbowsoon 2008福建卷 A ofwhichB onwhichC fromwhichD abovewhich 6 Thegrowingspeedofaplantisinfluencedbyanumberoffactors arebeyondourcontrol 2008湖南卷 A mostofthemB mostofwhichC mostofwhatD mostofthat 7 TheScienceMuseum wevisitedduringarecenttriptoBritain isoneofLondon stouristattractions A whichB whatC thatD where 8 Theroadconditionsthereturnedouttobeverygood wasmorethanwecouldexpect 2008全国II A itB whatC whichD that 9 Themanpulledoutagoldwatch weremadeofsmalldiamonds 2008陕西卷 A thehandsofwhomB whomthehandsC whichthehandsofD thehandsofwhich 10 Formanycitiesintheworld thereisnoroomtospreadourfurther NewYorkisanexample 2008四川卷 A forwhichB inwhichC ofwhichD fromwhich 11 Yesterdayshesoldhercar sheboughtamonthago 2008浙江卷 A whomB whereC thatD which 12 I llgiveyouyourfriend shomeaddress Icanbereachedmostevenings 2008北京卷 A whichB whenC whomD where 14 TheywillflytoWashington theyplantostayfortwoorthreedays 2008重庆卷 A whereB thereC whichD when 15 Alltheneighborsadmirethisfamily theparentsaretreatingtheirchildlikeafriend 2008安徽卷 A whyB whereC whichD that 16 Thegirlmakesfulluseofthetime Shecanspare whenB thatC onwhichD inwhich17 Thenewstorybookiswrittenin easyEnglish beginnerscanunderstand such thatB so thatC such asD too that 18 Mrs Blacktookthepolicebackto place shewitnessedtherobbery A thesame thatB thesame asC thesame whereD asthesame as19 Youcanthinkofmanycases ChinesestudentsobviouslyknewalotofEnglishwordsbutcouldn texpressthemselvesfreely A WhenB whichC asD where 20 Theoldmanwastellingafunnystory surroundedbymanykids withfascination A allofwhomlisteningB allofthemlistenedC allofwhomlistendD allofthemwerelistening 21 Itsaidthatheisinheavydebtnow hewon taffordhisdaughter sschooling A inthatsituationB inwhosesituationC inwhichsituation D onwhichsituation 22 Isthatthereason youagreetotheplan whatB inwhichC forwhichD forwhat23 I yourgoodfriend willtrytohelpyouout whoisB thatisC whoamD whoare24 Thisisoneofthebestfilms thisyear havebeenshownB thathaveshownC thathavebeenshownD whichhasbeenshown 25 Therearemanythingsindifferentareas wecandotoreducethepossibledangersofAIDS whereB thereC whatD that26 Thisisthethirdbookthathehaswritteninthepastfiveyears thefirstof Ireallyenjoye