定语从句详解11.doc

定语从句详解 首先，（任何）从句结构：“关联词+从句主语+从句谓语”位置：从句之首，主句先行词之后。成分：关系代词和关系副词均在定语从句中充当句子成分。非限制性定语从句：（1）反作补充说明，与主语关系不甚密切，朗读时先行词用降调并稍做停顿，多半逗号与主句隔开。（2）能修饰整个句子，限制性定语从句则不能。与限制性定语从句含义不同，限制-是确指，非限制性定语从句是泛指。（3）先行词为专有名词，具有特指对象的名词一般要用到非限制性定语从句。（4）关系代词不能用that ，先行词指人：用who、whom；物：which 关系代词与介词“介词+关系代词”既能引导非限制性定语从句，又能引导非限制性定语从句。介词要根据先行词、从句的谓语动词、从句中的形容词来选择，也可根据句意选择。I介词放在关系代词的前面时，介词短语只能用which代物；和用whom代人；whose还可在从句中与它所修饰的词一起作介词宾语。This is the hero of whom we are proud.I want to find the very pen with which I wrote that letter.The boss in whose company my father worked is a very kind person.II当介词放在句子的末尾时，可用that/which代物，that/whom/who来作为介词的宾语，且这个做介词宾语的关系代词往往忽略This is the hero that (who/whom/忽略) we are proud of.特:(1)from where为”介词+关系副词”结构,where作from的宾语,但也可引导定语从句。例如:We stood at the top of the hill,from where we can see the town.(2) 有些动词+介词所组成的短语动词，关系非常紧密，介词不能前置。例如：listen to，look at，depend on，pay attention to，take care of关系代词的省略首先注意只有限定性定语从句才能省略，非限定性定语从句绝对不能省略。在下列情况下，可以省略关系代词。i. 当关系代词在从句中担任动词宾语的时候The people (who) we met at the party were very friendly to us.ii. 关系代词在从句中作介词宾语，而介词在句尾时Here is the man (that) you have been looking for.iii. 关系代词在从句中作系动词的表语时Shang Hai is no longer the city (that) it used to be.iv. who、which、that在there be句型中作从句主语时；和先行词为way（表示“方法”、“手段”时，定语从句用that或in which引导），关系代词总是省略。There is an old man (who ) wants to see you.The number of motorcycles（that/which）there are in Shangyu is simply surprising.I dont like the way (that) you talk to somebody else.定语从句注意事项一、认清定语从句中的分隔现象。 有时命题者为了加大试题难度，往往把定语从句融入其它结构之中来考查考生的综合运用能力，其常用的命题手段就是将定语从句的某一部分用插入语的方式分隔开，使考生分不清楚句子结构，从而误选答案。 Miss Yang was the only girl in the office who had been invited to the party.(这里先行词girl和关系代词who之间被介词短语in the office隔开了，不能误把office作先行词。) He took away all the flowers, which, of course, made the others unhappy.(这里of course是插入语，增加了句子的难度，如果将其去掉，句子结构就简单多了。) 二、掌握定语从句中的主谓一致。 这是指当先行词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语必须在人称和数上与之保持一致。 The girl has put all the pictures in a box, which look pretty.(先行词pictures是复数，在从句中作主语，故从句的谓语用复数形式。) He is the only one of the doctors in the hospital who has two cars.( 在one of +名词结构中，通常名词是先行词；但在one前加the only，则one是先行词，故句子谓语用has。) 特： one of + 复数名词 +关系代词+复数型动词the (only) one of + 复数名词+关系代词+单数型动词The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors.Titanic is the (only) one of the most wonderful movies that has beenproduced in Hollywood.三、区分定语从句与其相似句型。 在实际运用中，要分清到底是定语从句，还是并列句、状语从句、强调句或其它句型，然后再来确定关联词。 Mr Wu has two sons, and both of them are fond of playing golf.（这里and连接的是并列句，不能用whom代替them。如去掉and，就必须用whom代替them构成定语从句。） It was last night that the terrible fire broke out. （这里是It was+被强调部分+that. 构成的强调句型，故连接词不用when。）四、 What引导名词性从句，不能用于定语从句中。关系代词用法A)as引导的定语从句。 在中学英语中，as引导的定语从句必须掌握以下两个要点： 1. 用在the same. as；such. as；as much;as many结构中，as作主语,宾语或表语。代替先行词是人或物的名词。 I have the same mobile phone as you (have). (as作宾语) He is such a kind man as often helps others.(as作主语) 同时，要区分such. as与such. that.的用法，在such. that. 结构中，that引导状语从句，且在从句中不作成分。 He is such a kind man that all of us like him. (从句主、宾语不缺，故用that，不用as。) 2. as引导非限制性定语从句,通常先行词为整个句子,在定语从句中做主语、宾语或表语，用来代表主句所表达的意思它引导的定语从句可位于主句之前,句子之中，主句之后。Which只能在句后，而且as有“正如”，“就象”义；而which一般强调主句所产生的结果。As is known to us all, Taiwan is part of China. =Taiwan is part of China, as / which is known to us all. 常用的2：as is said above，as already mentioned above，as is known to all，as it is，as is often the case，as is reported in thenews paper，see，expect。B）关系代词who的用法（1） who 的前行词必须是人，在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾语的whom,但是它前边不能有介词，如果带了介词就必须用宾格的whom:（介词+whom）This is the teacher who teaches us mathematics.She is the girl whom (who) I went there with. （可以替代）She is the girl with whom I went there. （不可替代）（2）who，that在很多情况下可以通用，但是有些情况只能用who:1. 先行词是one, ones, anyone的时候宜用who.One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.The ones who flatter me dont please me.Dont tell anyone about the news who oughtnt to know it.2. 先行词为those的时候，宜用who为关系代词Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothesmade of the magic cloth.Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.3. 当先行词有比较长的后置定语的时候I met a foreigner in the street yesterday who could asked me questions inChinese.4. 一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词为that,另一个则用who.The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.5. 在there be 开头的句子中There is an old man who wants to see you.There are many young men who are against him.C）关系代词whose的用法whose是代词的所有格，修饰名词，它既可以代人也可以代物。当代物的时候，它相当于of which。这种定语从句可以转化为“the+（whose在从句中所修饰的名词）+of+which（whom）”引导的非限定性定语从句，先行词指人时用whom，先行词指物时用which。I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.Ill call a person whose father knows you.Which is the car whose owner you know? (Which is the car the owner of whichyou know)Please show me the book whose cover is red. (Please show me the book the cover of which is red)D） 关系代词that的用法：从句中作主语时不能that省略，作宾语时可省略。首先特别注意，that只能用在限定性定语从句中，在非限定性定语从句中永远不能选用that, 另外介词后边也不可用that, 而是跟which。在限定性定语从句中，which和that在代替物的时候，一般可以通用。有些情况下，只宜用that,而不宜用whichI. 先行词是最高级形容词或者它前面有最高级形容词修饰的时候This is the best that has been used against pollution.English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during theseyears.II. 先行词是序数词，或者它前面有一个序数词修饰的时候He is the last person (that) I want to see.It is the first American movie of this kind that Ive ever seen.III. 先行词既有人又有物，宜用thatDo you know the things and persons that they are talking about?The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.IV. 先行词是all, much, little，few， something, anything, everything, nothing,none, the one等不定代词时You should hand in all that you have.We havent got much that we can offer you.I mean the one that you talked about just now.V 先行词被不定代词修饰,如all, any, every, few, little, no, some，no sooner等。例如: You can take any toy that you like. 你可以拿走你喜欢的任何玩具。 VI. 先行词前面Only, one of，the only， the same, the very，the last 等词修饰的时候。The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher.Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teachers in our class.VII. 主句已有疑问词who或者which的时候Which is the bike that you lost?Who is the woman that was praixed at the meeting?VIII. 有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which, 另外一个宜用that.Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.E）关系代词which的用法which作主语、宾语、表语。作表语时指人、物，指人时一般指从事某种职业或有某种特征、品性、才能的人。用法：which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表达的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可作主语、宾语、表语，多数情况下意思是与and this相似，并可指人。例如：He succeeded in the compitition，which made his parents very happy.禁忌：如果作先行词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which；若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。如果作先行词的是anyone，anybody，everyone，someone，somebody，关系代词应该用who或whom，不用which。例如：Is there anyone here who will go with you？定语从句中不能作定语，但有时“whose+n.”=“the+n.+of+which”在非限定性定语从句中，只宜用which, 不宜用that.Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a very beautiful city.在限定性定语从句中which和that在指代物的时候常常可以通用，但是有时只宜用which而不用that：I 关系代词前面有介词的时候This is the hotel in which you will stay.II 如果有两个定语从句，其中的一句的关系词是that, 另一句宜用which.Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us。如何正确地区分定语从句与同位语从句一、 定语从句是形容词从句，其作用相当于一个形容词，是用来修饰前面的名词或代词的；同位语从句是名词从句，其作用相当于一个名词，是对前面的名词作进一步解释的。例如： 1 We heard the news that he had told her. 我们听到他对她说的消息。 2 We heard the news that he had won the game. 我们听到消息他赢得了比赛。 例1中的that从句的作用相当于一个形容词，其作用是修饰the news；例2中的that从句的作用相当于一个名词，是对the news的进一步说明。 二、定语从句的引导词在从句中充当一定的成分，可作主语、宾语、状语等；而同位语从句中的引导词在从句只起连接作用，不作任何句子成分。例如： 1. A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种能飞的机器。 2. The fact that they didnt finish the work has to be faced. 必须面对事实，他们没有完成工作。 例1中的引导词that在从句中充当句子成分，作从句的主语，故为定语从句；例2中的that只起连接作用，引导从句解释fact的内容，不作任何句子成分，故为同位语从句。 三、引导定语从句的关联词在从句中作宾语或状语时，可以省略或被其他词代替；而同位语从句的引导词一般不能省略，更不能被代替。例如： 1. The news that she heard is true. 她听到的消息是真的。 2. The news that she will go abroad is true. 她将出国这消息是真的。 例1是定语从句，that可省略；例2是同位语从句，that不能省略。 3. The reason why he was chosen remains unknown. 他为什么被选上的原因还是不清楚。 4. The idea why he was chosen attracted our attention. 他为什么会被选上，这一想法引起我们的注意。 例3中why引导的是定语从句，why可以被 for which或 that 代替；例4中 why引导的是同位语从句，why 不能省去，也不能被其它词代替。 四、同位语从句与其所修饰的名词之间是一种同位关系，二者之间存在逻辑上的系表关系，可用“主+系+表”结构来表示。例如： The news that he won the first place is true. 他赢得冠军的那个消息是真的。 上句若用“主+系+表”结构来表示，则是： The news is that he won the first place. 消息是他赢得了冠军。 意思合理，系表结构成立，故为同位语从句。 五、定语从句所修饰、限定的先行词可以是各类名词，可以有复数形式；而同位语从句一般都与抽象名词同位，一般没有复数形式。例如： 1. The possibilities that she was offered seemed very great.她得到的可能性似乎大些。 2. Her mother was worried about the possibility that her daughter dislike to