语法精讲1.doc

第一章 时 态一、时态及动词形式表状 态一般进行完成完成进行形 式be +现在分词have +过去分词have been +现在分词现 在worksworkis am workingare has workedhavehas been workinghave过 去workedwas workingwere had workedhad been working将 来will workshall willbe workingshall will have workedshallwill have been working shall过去将来would workshould wouldbe workingshould wouldhave workedshouldwouldhave been working should二、时态常考点1 一般现在时11 在由(when, as soon as, after, before, until等)引导的时间状语或由（if, unless, as long as）引导的条件状语从句中，从句用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：a. When you come next time, Ill show you around our campus. b. As soon as he arrives, I shall tell him the news. c. If it is fine tomorrow, we will go on a picnic. d. Unless you give up smoking, you will not stay healthy. 12 与某些具有“出发”、“到达”（如：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin等）含意的动词连用，用一般现在时代替将来时，表示按规定、时间表要发生的动作，一般不作轻易改变。例如：a. The train leaves at 6:30 a. m. b. The delegation arrives in Nanjing tonight. c. The plane takes off at two oclock p. m. 2 一般过去时21 主句的谓语动词用现在完成时，since引导的从句用一般过去时。例如：a. I have lived in the house since I came to the city. b. Great changes have taken place since I visited the city. 22 在表示时间或条件的状语从句中代替过去将来时。例如： a. He said that they would not leave until she came back. b. She told us that she would not go with us if it rained the next day. 23 在“would rather, would sooner, would just as soon”后面的从句中，如表示现在或将来的动作或状态，用一般过去时。例如：a. Id rather you left now. b. Id rather they came tomorrow. 24 在“It is (high / about) time (that) ”句型中，表示“该的时候了”，谓语动词常用一般过去时。 例如：a. It is high time (that) you went home. b. It is time that you went to bed. 25 used to do 表示“过去常常做（而现在不做了）”，常含有今昔对比的意思。例如：a. He used to smoke heavily. b. This is the place where we used to play in our childhood. * be/get used to doing 意为“习惯于”；be used to do 意为“被用来做”。例如：a. He is used to getting up early. b. Water can be used to generate electricity. 3 一般将来时31 be going to do和be about to do 都可表示将来时间，但后者比前者表更近的将来，且不与表示将来的时间状语连用。例如： a. What are you going to do this evening? b. We are going to spend our summer vacation in Paris. c. The train is about to leave. 32 某些表示开始、终结、往来行为的动词，如：go , come, leave, start, arrive等，可用进行时表示将来。与一般现在时表示将来的区别：一般现在时表将来动作不可改变、或不可随意改变，而进行时表将来动作是可以改变的。例如： a. He is leaving for Shanghai tomorrow morning. b. Hurry up. The train is starting. 用于过去进行时a. I didnt know he was coming until yesterday. b. He asked me whether I was leaving for Japan. 4 现在进行时41 与always, continually, constantly等词连用时，表示感情色彩（喜欢或不喜欢，不满或夸奖）。例如：a. He is always helping / thinking of others. b. He is constantly leaving things about. (他老是乱扔东西。) c. You are continually finding fault with me. (你老是挑我的毛病。)42 表示感官（smell, see, hear, taste, sound）、状态(know, understand, remember, forget)、愿望(wish, want, expect, hope)、拥有关系(belong to, consit of)的动词，一般不用进行时，而用一般现在时代替。例如：a. I smell something burning. b. Most of the students understand English fairly well. c. I hope it will be fine tomorrow. d. The club consists of more than 200 members. e. These properties belong to my aunt. 5 现在完成时51 在由“until (till, up to) now, so far, in (for, during) the past (last, recent) few (several, two ) years (months, weeks days)”等结构中常用现在完成时。例如：a. Up to now, I have finished two-thirds of the work. b. We have seen each other three times in the past two weeks. c. So far, she has written six books. 52 非延续性动词如go, come, open, close, break, arrive, die, leave, join, knock等，不能与for加一段时间连用。例如： (错) He has joined the army for ten years. (对) He has been in the army for ten years. (对) It is (has been) ten years since he joined the army. (对) He joined the army ten years ago. 他参军已经有十年了。53 现在完成时用在时间或条件状语从句中，表示将来某个动作发生之前业已完成的动作。例如： a. Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework. b. If it has stopped sowning in the morning, well go to the park. 54 在“This (It) is the first (second ) time that ”句型中，从句常用完成时。例如：a. Is this the first time that you have visited Beijing?b. It is the second time that I have seen this film. c. It was the third time that I had visited this museum. 55 have (has) gone to 和have (has) been to的区别 have (has) gone to 表示“去某地了”，某人已经离开此地，在去某地的路途上或已在某地。have (has) been to 表示“去过某地”，说话时此人很可能不地那里，已经回来了，侧重指经历，可以和once, twice, never, ever连用。例如：a. He has gone to Britain. b. He has been to Britain twice. 56 在when和where引起的疑问句中，用一般过去时。例如：a. When did you see him? I saw him an hour ago. b. Where did you buy the book? I bought it at the bookstore. 6 过去完成时61 表示在过去某一时刻以前已经完成的动作（即“过去的过去”），常用由by, before等介词或连词引起的表示到过去某一时间为止的时间状语。例如：a. John had learned some Chinese before he came to China. b. By the end of last year, I had worked in this college for ten years. c. By the time we got there, the performance had begun. 62 过去完成时也常用在“hardly (scarecely, barely) when ”和“no sooner than ”句型的主句中，从句中常用一般过去时。hardly (scarcely, barely) 和no sooner移至句首表示强调时，主句用倒装结构。例如： a. He had hardly entered the office when the phone rang. Hardly had he entered the office when the phone rang. b. We had no sooner reached home than it began to rain. No sooner had we reached home than it began to rain. 7 将来完成时将来完成时表示将来某时刻之前或某一行为发生之前所完成的动作，常和by，by the end of，by the time等引起的短语或句子连用。例如： a. Ill have lived in Nanjing for twenty years by next month. b. I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this month. c. By the time we get there, theyll probably have left. 8 现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别81 现在完成进行时和现在完成时的for加一段时间的用法相似，并常可以互换。区别在于：现在完成进行时比现在完成时更强调动作的延续性，前者可以说是后者的强调形式。例如：a. Weve been living here for ten years. b. Weve lived here for ten years. 82 在不用时间状语的情况下，现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行，而现在完成时则表示动作已结束。例如：a. I have been writing a letter. (还在进行)b. I have written a letter. (已经结束)83 现在完成进行时一般不适用于状态动词，而用现在完成时。例如：a. Theyve known each other since childhood. 从儿童时代起他们就相互认识了。 b. He has hoped that he has an opportunity to have college education. 他一直希望有机会上大学。 9时态的呼应（宾语从句）91 英语中，从句（特别是宾语从句）谓语动词的时态往往要受主句谓语动词时间的制约，这通常称为“时态的呼应”。两种情况：1）若主句谓语动词是现在时态或将来时态，从句中可根据意思需要，选用适当的时态。例如：a. I know that he is (was, will be) in Nanjing. 我知道他（曾，将）在南京。 b. We shall find out when they arrived (will arrive). 我们将查明他们是何时（或将于何时）抵达的。2）若主句谓语动词是过去时态，从句中一般要用过去时态。四种情况：（1） 主、从句动作同时发生，从句用一般过去时或过去进行时。例如：a. He could not understand why she spent so much money on clothes. b. The secretary told me that the manager was holding a meeting. （2）从句动作发生在主句动作之前，从句谓语用过去完成时。例如：a. She told me that she had been offered a very well-paid position. 她告诉我有人给她提供了一个高薪的职位。b. She knew that he had forgotten his promise. （3）从句动作发生在主句动作之后，从句谓语用过去将来时。例如：a. The interviewee hoped that the boss would give him an early reply. b. The doctor said that she was going to have twins. （4）从句表示客观真理或事实时，用一般现在时。例如：a. The teacher told the pupils that the earth moves round the sun. b. The scientist told the children that water boils at 100C. 10常考句型101 be (just) going to do / be (just) about to do when 意为“正要做突然”。 be (just) doing when 意为“正在做突然”。had (just) done when 意为“刚做完突然”。例如：a. I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave when something occurred that attracted my attention. b. We were just having breakfast when someone knocked on the door. c. I had just started back for the house to change my clothes when I heard voices. （我刚返身回家去换衣服，突然听见了一阵说话声。）102 when和while的区别when表示时间上的点，其所引导的句了本身用一般式，while表示持续的一段时间，其所引导的句子本身用进行时。例如：a. I was watching TV when he entered the room. b. One of the guards was sleeping when the general came in, which made him very angry. c. I fell and hurt myself while I was playing football. 第二章 语态一、被动语态的形式一般时态进行时态完成时态现在am is taughtare am is being taughtarehas been taughthave过去was taughtwerewasbeing taughtwerehad been taught将来shallbe taughtwillshall have been taughtwill 过去将来shouldbe taughtwouldshould have been taughtwould 二、语态常考点1 主动表示被动的含义11 动词need, want, require作“需要”解时，且主语是物，后接动名词的主动形式或动词不定式的被动形式。例如：a. The classroom is dirty and needs (wants, requires) cleaning (to be cleaned). b. The children need (want, require) looking after (to be looked after).12 be worth后接动名词的一般式。例如：a. The novel is worth reading. b. This film is worth seeing. 13 动词不定式 （1）当不定式作定语，与它修饰的词之间构成动宾关系，且与句子主语（或宾语）有主谓关系。例如：a. We have many problems to solve. b. He has a lot of work to do. c. Ill give him something to read. （2）形容词后的动词不定式作状语，若与句中的主语（或宾语）构成逻辑上的动宾关系时。例如：a. That man is difficult to get along with. b. The found the subject hard to understand. 14 系动词(look, feel, smell, taste, sound, prove, appear)构成的系表结构。例如：a. The roses smell sweet. b. Cotton feels soft. c. Good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。d. What he said proved to be correct. 他说的话证明是对的。15 不及物动词及一些动词短语（如happen, occur, exist, fail, remian, rise, arise, lie, recover, collapse, pass, consist of, take place, belong to, break out, come true, take off, grow up）。例如：a. When did the accident occur? It happened yesterday evening. b. The Anti-Japanese War broke out in 1937. 16 某些及物动词(wash, write, sell, read,run,wear, cut)后加副词。例如：a. The novel sells well. 这本书很畅销。b. The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写起来很流畅。c. This jacket washes easily. 这件衣服好洗。d. The machine runs well. 机器运转良好。e. Your composition reads well. 你的作文读起来很不错。f. This knife cuts easily. 这把刀很好割。2 感官动词和使役动词的被动语态感官动词和使役动词(如see, feel, hear, watch, make)在主动语态中用不带to 的动词不定式做宾语补足语，改为被动语态时要加to。例如：a. I heard the girl sing the song. The girl was heard to sing the song. b. The middle-aged man was seen to come out of the house on the afternoon of the murder. c. We were made to study harder. 3 有些动词后面接一个介词或副词，构成动词短语，变为被动语态时，动词短语做及物动词用。例如： a. The children are well looked after. b. The doctor has been sent for. 4 情态动词的被动语态。构成：情态动词 + be +过去分词。例如： a. The work must be finished before lunch. b. Nothing can be seen from here. 第三章 虚拟语气表示所说的话与事实相反或实现的可能性极小，或表示愿望、请求及建议等。(一） 虚拟语气在由if引导的非真实条件句中的应用。1 在if非真实虚拟条件句中，主句和从句谓语动词主要有下面几种形式。假设类型条件从句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式与现在事实相反If were (did) ,would (should, could, might) do 与过去事实相反If had done,would (should, could, might) have done与将来事实相反If should do / were to do,would (should, could, might) do 例如：a. The platform would collapse, if all of you stood on it. （现在） b. If there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk. （现在） c. If the doctor had been available, the child would have been saved. （过去） d. If I had not studied hard, I would have failed in the last exam. （过去） e. If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home. （将来） f. I could see the surface of the moon with my own eyes if I were to go to the moon some day. （将来）2. 若连词if 省略，需将助动词were, had, should提到主语前面。 例如： a. Had the doctor been available, the child would have been saved. b. Were I to go to the moon some day, I could see the surface of the moon with my own eyes. c. Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home. If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.3. “if it (be) not for ”，意思为“要不是就”。 例如： a. If it were not for the leadership of the Party, we could not be living a happy life today. b. If it had not been for your help, we would not have achieved much in our work. 4. 错综条件句：指主句和从句的动作不是发生在同一时间。 例如： a. If I were you, I would have taken his advice then. b. If he had listened to me, he would not be in such trouble now. （二）虚拟语气在表示要求、建议、命令等从句中的应用。其形式为“should + 动词原形”或省去should，直接用动词原形。1. 用在宾语从句中例如： a. He insisted that John (should) do the job. b. We suggested that the meeting (should) not be postponed. c. The union demanded the wages (should) be raised by 20%. 常用的这类动词有：ask, advise, command, demand, decide, insist, move (提议), prefer, propose, order, recommend（推荐）, require, request, suggest, urge 等。注：若insist表达“认为”，suggest表达“表明”的意思，则宾语从句谓语用陈述语气。 例如： a. He insisted that I was wrong. b. The expression on her face suggests that she knows the secret. 2 用在主语从句中。其结构通常为“It is + 形容词或过去分词+ 主语从句（用虚拟语气）”。 例如： a. It is necessary that you should be present at the discussion. b. It is imperative that you (should) arrive there in time. c. It is vital that you (should) not permit our competitors to know our plans. d. It is required that he (should) give up smoking. e. It was ordered that the medicine (should) be sent there by plane.常用的这类形容词或分词有：advisable, essential, desirable, imperative, important, insistent, natural, necessary, possible, preferable, probable, strange, urgent, vital, demanded, desired, ordered, required, suggested, 等注：it is (或 was) essential .可以跟动词不定式(或动词不定式复合结构)。3 用在表语或同位语从句中。例如： a. The suggestion that he (should) be invited was rejected. b. Their demand is that their wages (should) be increased by 20%. 常用的这类名词有：advice, command, demand, desire, motion (提议), order, proposal, preference（偏爱）, insistence (主张), suggestion, recommendation (推荐，劝告), request, requirement 归纳：a. The doctor recommended that I should give up smoking. （宾语从句） b. It is recommended by the doctor that I should give up smoking. （主语从句） c. The doctors recommendation is that I should give up smoking. （表语从句） d. The doctor has made a recommendation that I should give up smoking. ( 同位语从句)（三）在 lest (或 in case, for fear that) 引导的状语从句中，通常用虚拟语气，表示“以防，以免”，其形式为“should 动词原形”。 例如：a. She hid her jewelry lest it should be stolen. b. He took his raincoat with him in case it should rain. c. He put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. （四）动词 wish 后接宾语从句，其谓语要用虚拟语气。 （1）若从句表示的是与现在事实相反的愿望，谓语用一般过去时(或过去进行时)。 例如：a. I wish it werent raining now. b. I wish I were as young as you. （2）若表示的是与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语用过去完成时。 例如：a. He wishes he had not been late yesterday. b. I wish that he had not made so much fuss about it. （3）若表示的是与将来事实相反的愿望，则用“would (或 could)动词原形”。例如：a. I wish it were fine tomorrow. b. I wish that the rain would stop soon. （五）虚拟语气在as if (though) 引导的从句中的应用，其用法与动词wish相同。 例如：a. Alan talked about Rome as if he were a Roman. b. Alan talked about Rome as if he had been there. c. She looks as if she would cry. 注：如果主句的谓语动词为系动词（如appear, seem, sound, feel, smell, taste等），那么从句中既可用虚拟语气，也可用陈述语气，用陈述语气居多。 例如： a. She looks as if she is going to cry. b. It seems as if well have to walk home. （六）虚拟语气在if only 引导的从句中的应用。 例如：a. If only I had more money, I could buy a car. b. If only I knew how to operate an electronic computer as you do. c. If only he told me about it last Friday! d. If only you would listen to me next time!（七）虚拟语气在It is (about, high) time + 从句中的应用。 例如：a. It is high time that we began to work. b. It is (about) time that children went to school.（八）虚拟语气在would rather, would (just) as soon, would sooner引导的从句中的应用。 例如：a. Id rather you posted the letter right away. b. Id rather we didnt go to see a film this evening. c. I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.注：（1）谓语动词用过去时表示对现在或将来的虚拟；用过去完成式表示对过去的虚拟。 （2）“would rather + have + 过去分词”结构，也可用于对过去相反情况的虚拟。 例如：a. I would rather have bought that book yesterday. b. She would rather not have gone to the party. （九）虚拟语气的特殊用法。在通常情况下，虚拟语气都出现在条件句中，但有时某些单词或短词也可隐含或相当于一个条件从句，如 but for, in the absence of, without, otherwise, or, but, but that 等。例如：a. But for the leadership of the Party, we could not be living a happy life. b. But for your timely help, we would not have achieved so much in our work. c. In the absence of your cooperation, we could not have succeeded in our experiment. d. Without electricity, there would be no modern industry. e. I was very busy that day (陈述), otherwise I would have taken part in the discussion. （虚拟） f. He felt very tired yesterday（陈述）, or he would have helped you. （虚拟） g. I would be most glad to help you（虚拟）, but Im busy now. （陈述） h. We could have seen the eclipse (月蚀) last night（虚拟） but we went to bed early. （陈述） (我们本来可以看到月蚀的，但我们睡得太早了。) i. But that（要不是）the soldier caught her (if the soldier had not caught her), the little girl would have fallen into the river. （十）在动词be, intend, mean, plan, want, hope等后面所用的虚拟语气结构。该动词本身用过去式加动词不定式的完成式；或该动词本身用过去完成式加动词不定式的一般式，意为“本来打算干而未干”。 例如：a. I intended to have told him the matter, but I forgot. b. I was to have come yesterday, but I couldnt. c. She had meant to see you last week, but she was ill. 第四章情态动词考试重点：“情态动词+动词完成式”。must1 must have done表示对已经发生的事情的一种肯定的推测。例如：a. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. b. His score on the test is the highest in his class; he must have studied very hard. 2 must和have to 的区别。例如：a. I must study hard so as to pass the exam. b. The last bus left. I had to walk home. 3 must疑问的否定回答常用 neednt / dont have to。例如“Must we hand in the papers this week?” “No, you neednt / dont have to.” can / could 1cant / couldnt have done表示对已经发生的事情的一种否定的推测。例如：a. He cant have gone to Beijing. I saw him a moment ago. b. The room is in a terrible mess; it cant have been cleaned. 2 could have done表示虚拟语气，意为“本来可以”。例如：a. With better equipment, we could have done it better. b. I could have passed the exam, but I didnt study hard enough. 3could和be able to的区别。例如：a. I could ca