浙江省高考英语二轮复习 科普知识阅读理解（5）.doc

科普知识阅读理解（5）科普知识（阅读理解）由 (2012福建,d)改编do you know how it is when you see someone yawn and you start yawning too?or how hard it is to be among people laughing and not laugh yourself?well,apparently its because we have mirror neurons (神经元)in our brains.put simply,the existence of mirror neurons suggests that every time we see someone else do something,our brains imitate (模枋)it,whether or not we actually perform the same action.this explains a great deal about how we learn to smile,talk,walk,dance or play sports.but the idea goes further:mirror neurons not only appear to explain physical actions,they also tell us that there is a biological basis for the way we understand other people.mirror neurons can undoubtedly be found all over our brains,but especially in the areas which relate to our ability to use languages,and to understand how other people feel.researchers have found that mirror neurons relate strongly to language.a group of researchers discovered that if they gave people sentences to listen to (for example:“the hand took hold of the ball”),the same mirror neurons were triggered as when the action was actually performed (in this example,actually taking hold of a ball).any problems with mirror neurons may well result in problems with behavior.much research suggests that people with social and behavioral problems have mirror neurons which are not fully functioning.however,it is not yet known exactly how these discoveries might help find treatments for social disorders.research into mirror neurons seems to provide us with ever more information concerning how humans behave and interact (互动).indeed,it may turn out to be the equivalent (相等物)for neuroscience of what einsteins theory of relativity was for physics.and the next time you feel the urge to cough in the cinema when someone else doeswell,perhaps youll understand why.1.mirror neurons can explain .a.why we cry when we are hurtb.why we cough when we suffer from a coldc.why we smile when we see someone else smiled.why we yawn when we see someone else stay up late2.the underlined word “triggered”in the third paragraph probably means “”.a.set offb.cut offc.built upd.broken up3.we can learn from the passage that mirror neurons .a.relate to human behavior and interactionb.control human physical actions and feelingsc.result in bad behavior and social disordersd.determine our knowledge and language abilities4.what is the passage mainly about?()a.ways to find mirror neurons.b.problems of mirror neurons.c.existence of mirror neurons.d.functions of mirror neurons.语篇解读:本文是说明文,为科普知识类文章,主要介绍在人类大脑中无处不在的反应神经元的功能。答案及剖析:1.c推理判断题。根据第二段第一、二句可知,反应神经元的存在表明了每次我们看见别人做什么时,我们的大脑就模仿,这足以解释我们是如何学会笑、说、走、跳舞或是运动的。故答案为c项。2.a猜测词义题。根据第三段最后一句意思,一组研究人员发现如果他们让被测试者听这样的句子(例如:“用手抓住球”),同样,当相应的实际动作在运转时,反应神经元也起作用。set off激起,引起;cut off切断;build up增进;break up散开,驱散。故答案为a项。3.a推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句可知,反应神经元的相关研究似乎为我们提供更多有关人类行为和互动的信息。因此,可以推断反应神经元与人类行为和互动有关联,故答案为a项。4.d主旨大意题。文章主要介绍反应神经元的作用,故答案为d项。【长难句子分析】muchresearch主语suggests谓语 that people (withsocial and behavioral宾语从句problems)定语have mirror neurons (which are not fully宾语从句 functioning).定语从句宾语从句许多研究表明,社交和举止有问题的人,他的反应神经元功能没有充分发挥。谓语动词suggests后面跟着一个由that引导的宾语从句,其中with social and behavioral problems作people的定语;which引导的定语从句修饰先行词mirror neurons。阅读理解。阅读下列短文, 从给的四个选项 (a、b、c和d) 中, 选出最佳选项。【2014江西省九江市高三年级模拟考试】many people think of the brain as a mystery.they dont know much about intelligence and how it works.when they do think about what intelligence is，many people believe that a person is born smart，average，or dumband stays that way in the whole life.but new research shows that the brain is more like a muscleit changes and gets stronger when you use it.and scientists have been able to show just how the brain grows and gets stronger when you learn.everyone knows that when you lift weights，your muscles get bigger and you get stronger.a person who cant lift 20 pounds when he/she starts exercising can get strong enough to lift 100 pounds after working out for a long time.thats because the muscles become larger and stronger with exercise.and when you stop exercising，the muscles shrink and you get weaker.thats why people say “use it or lose it！” but most people dont know that when they practice and learn new things，parts of their brain change and get larger a lot like muscles do when they exercise.inside the cortex (皮层) of the brain are billions of tiny nerve cells，called neurons.the nerve cells have branches connecting them to other cells in a complicated network.communication between these brain cells is what allows us to think and solve problems.when you learn new things，these tiny connections in the brain actually multiply and get stronger.the more you challenge your mind to learn，the more your brain cells grow.then，things that you once found very hard or even impossible to dolike speaking a foreign language or doing algebra (代数)seem to become easy after learning them for a period of time.the result is a stronger，smarter brain.scientists started thinking that the human brain could develop and change when they studied animals brains.they found out that animals that lived in a challenging environment were more “perspicacious”they were better at solving problems and learning new things.1. according to the first paragraph，_.athe function of our brain is like that of the musclebuntil now its impossible to explain the brains mysterycmany people believe ones intelligence is naturally determineddones brain grows stronger as the age increases2training muscles is compared to_.ausing the brainbconnecting things in your brainclifting weightsddoing research about the brain3what is paragraph 3 mainly about?athe complex structure of the brain.bhow changes in the muscles affect the brain.cthe importance of the brain.dhow the brain becomes stronger by learning new things.4what does the underlined word “perspicacious” in the last paragraph probably mean?astrong.bsmart.cpopular.dactive.5the following paragraph will most probably talk about_.athe differences between animals brains and humans brainsbthe relation between human brains and musclescscientists findings about animals brainsdhow to make your brain smarter through selfdevelopment语篇解读科学研究发现，经常学习能促进大脑的发育，正如经常锻炼能使肌肉更强健一样。1解析：考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“many people believe that a person is born smart，average，or dumband stays that way in the whole life.”可知c项正确。答案：c2解析：考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“but new research shows that the brain is more like a muscleit changes and gets stronger when you use it.”可知答案。答案：a3解析：考查段落大意。本段详细描述了大脑如何通过练习和学习新事物而发生变化，从而变得更敏捷。答案： d4解析：考查词义猜测。根据破折号后面的“they were better at sloving problems and learning new things”可知，该词应为“敏锐的”之意。答案：b5解析：考查推理判断。最后一段提出科学家是从研究动物的大脑得出的结论，因此下一段最可能进一步描述这些研究成果。答案：c.。阅读理解。阅读下列短文, 从给的四个选项 (a、b、c和d) 中, 选出最佳选项。【2013江西省高三上学期七校联考】a year ago august，dave fuss lost his job driving a truck for a small company in west michigan.his wife，gerrie，was still working in the local school cafeteria，but work for dave was scarce，and the price of everything was rising.the fusses were at risk of joining the millions of americans who have lost their homes in recent years.then dave and gerrie received a timely gift$7,000，a legacy (遗产) from their neighbors ish and arlene hatch who died in an accident.“it really made a difference when we were going under financially，” says dave.but the fusses werent the only folks in alto and the neighboring town of lowell to receive the unexpected legacy from the hatches.dozens of other families were touched by the hatches generosity.in some cases，it was a few thousand dollars；in others，it was more than $100,000.it surprised nearly everyone that the hatches had so much money，more than $3 millionthey were an elderly couple who lived in an old house on what was left of the family farm.children of the great depression，ish and arlene were known for their habit of saving.they liked comparison shopping and would routinely go from store to store，checking prices before making a new purchase.through the years，the hatches paid for local children to attend summer camp when their parents couldnt afford it.“ish and arlene never asked if you needed anything，” says their friend sandy van weelden.“they could see things they could do to make you happier，and they would do them.”even more extraordinary was that the hatches had their farmland distributed.it was the hatches wish that their legacya legacy of kindness as much as one of dollars and centsshould enrich the whole community and last for generations to come.neighbors helping neighborsthat was ish and arlene hatchs story.1according to the text，the fusses_.awere employed by a truck companybwere in financial difficultycworked in a school cafeteriadlost their home2which of the following is true of the hatches?athey had their children during the great depression.bthey left the family farm to live in an old house.cthey gave away their possessions to their neighbors.dthey helped their neighbors to find jobs.3why would the hatches routinely go from store to store?athey decided to open a store.bthey wanted to save money.cthey couldnt afford expensive things.d