第六讲 非谓语动词.docx

第六讲 非谓语动词一、 总说：1. 概念：不能在句中单独做谓语的动词形式，在句中起名词、形容词或副词作用。2. 时态和语态：非谓语的时态和语态是相对的，要选择正确的非谓语形式，必须找准参照物，牢记一句口诀：_。3. 分类: to do，v-ing和v-ed。4. 否定形式：在非谓语标志性的单词前加not,即在to, v-ing或v-ed前面加not。二、不定式： 不定式的时态：参照物是_，须比较二者的_关系。 一般式 to do: 表示的动作和谓语动词动作_或发生在谓语动词动作_。e.g. He decided to go with us.I hope to see you next week. 进行式 to be doing: 表示的动作和谓语动词动作_。e.g.The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room. 完成式 to have done: 表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作_。e.g. Im sorry to have interrupted you.比较该句和Im sorry to interrupt you.的区别： 不定式的语态：参照物是_，须比较二者的_关系。e.g. a. The library _ next year is very beautiful. (build)b. The room seems _ already. (tidy up)注： 在easy, hard, difficult, pleasant, interesting等形容词后的不定式由于往往能补充出for sb.（即动作的发出者）, 所以通常使用主动形式：e.g. a. The water is not fit to drink. b. The chair is comfortable to sit on. c. The problem is difficult to deal with. 某些动词的不定式作表语，需用主动形式表被动含义：e.g. a. Parents are to blame if their children do not have good manners. b. The house is to let. 不定式的句法功能：动词不定式除了不能单独作谓语外，几乎能充当句子中所有的句子成分。1. 做主语，起名词的作用：e.g. a. To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. b. To lose heart means failure. 动词不定式(短语)作主语时，常用it代替它作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. It means failure to lose heart. 不定式和动名词做主语的区别: 动名词做主语往往表示抽象的、一般的行为或动作，时间概念不强；不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为或动作。e.g. a. Doing sports is good for peoples health. b. To do too much exercise is not good for him as he has a heart illness. c. 比较like doing/like to do, prefer doing/prefer to do的区别：2. 不定式作表语：(1) 表示主语的具体内容。a. His wish is to become a scientist.b. The duty of a postman is to deliver letters and newspapers.注意：主语部分有实义动词do 时，表语中可以省略to。 What he did first was (to) walk up to his friend and hug him. (2) “be to do”还可以表示不同的情态意义。 a. Children are not to smoke. (禁止)b. They are to marry next week. (安排)c. You must be patient and persistent if you are to succeed. (决心或愿望) d. Man is to live a better life in the next century. (事态发展或预期的结果)3.不定式做宾语:(1) 常见接不定式做宾语的动词：afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, begin, choose, come, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, happen, help, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, want, wish等。 注意: demand/hope只能接to do 不能接sb. to do。 (2) 形式宾语： feel/find/judge/ make/think/ believe/consider + it + adj./n. +to do sth.翻译：a. 互联网的普及使得人们的沟通变得方便又快捷。b. 我认为保护环境是每一个人的义务。(3) 在表示“希望、打算”等动词(如hope, expect, intend, mean, want等)的过去式后，可接动词不定式的完成式来表示没有实现的动作。e.g. We meant to have stayed there a week. (= We had meant to stay there a week.)4.不定式作宾语补足语:(1) v.+ sb.+ to do 常见动词：allow, ask, advise, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, order, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want, warn, wish.(2) v.+ sb./sth.+ to be + adj./n.: 该句型中，to be常常省略。常见动词：believe, consider, find, feel, imagine, judge, know, prove, think, suppose, understande.g. a. He judged her (to be) a thief. b. We all consider the film (to be) interesting. 5. 不定式作定语:(1) 不定式做定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后，相当于一个定语从句，表明动作即将发生。e.g. a. The conference to take place next month will certainly be a great success. b. The library to be built next year is very beautiful.(2) 动词不定式作定语，注意以下几点： to do和to be done做定语的区别：a. I have a letter to post. b. I have a letter to be posted.c. Boss, do you have any papers _? (type) 如果该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。e.g. a. She has a big house to live in. b. The lonely man has no one to talk to. c. At that time she could find no one to turn to.但：She has no place to live. the first, the second, the last, the best, the only thing 等常跟不定式作定语。翻译：a. 他总是我们班第一个到教室的人。b. 这次他是我们班唯一一个通过考试的人。6. 不定式做状语： 表示目的：不定式作目的状语时，一般放在句尾；有时如表示强调，也可置于句首。置于句尾时，可以和in order to do/so as to do 替换, 但置于句首时不能用so as to do替换。不定式做目的状语时，否定式不能用not + to do, 必须用in order not + to do 或so as not to do。e.g. a. I opened the window to let some fresh air in. b. In order to catch the train, they took a taxi. c. Lets hurry so as not to be late for the meeting.注：在英语中，目的一般用不定式表示，不用for + doing这一形式。e.g. We went to the store to buy a book. or: We went to the store for a book. 作结果状语。不定式表示结果常见于下列句型：only to do; so as to do; such as to do; enough to do; too to do。e.g. a. What have I said_ you so angry? A. made B. makes C. making D. to makeb. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only to be told the film stars had left. (表示出乎意料的结果)c. Would you be so kind as to help me carry the big bag for me? 表示原因：常放在glad, happy, nice, generous, kind, selfish, silly等后面表示引发某种情绪的原因。e.g. a. Im too happy to hear that. b. We were surprised to hear the news. c. You were silly not to have locked your car. 置于句首，作独立成分，如to tell (you) the truth, to be honest/frank, to begin/start/end with, to conclude, to make it short, to make things/matters/it worse。e.g. a. To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.b. The lift of the building was out of work. To make it worse, when I hurried to the car park, I found I had left the key in my home. 不定式的逻辑主语:1. 句子的主语就是不定式的逻辑主语。 I have much to do. 2. 当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语时，需要加上逻辑主语(for/of sb.), 构成不定式的复合结构。 在Its + adj. + for sb. to do sth.结构中，形容词往往表示事物的性质。e.g. a. It is important for us to study English. b. It is easy for us to get the latest information. 在 Its + adj. + of sb. to do sth.结构中，形容词通常表示人物的性格和特征。e.g. Its nice of you to give me so much help. (=You are nice to give me so much help.) 不定式的几点补充：1. 据说类句型: sb./sth. + is said/reported/believed/thought/considered+ to do/to be doing/to have done sth. = It is said/reported/believed/thought/consideredthat sb./sth. will do/is doing/has done sth.翻译：a. 据说他曾经去过很多国家。He is said _.It is said _.b. 据报道这个歌星下周要到成都来。The pop singer is said_.It is reported _.2. 疑问词 + to do sth.: 该结构常在句中充当一个名词的作用，做主语、宾语、表语等成分。e.g. a. How to stop polluting the rivers is a big problem.b. I really dont know what to do with/how to deal with my old computer.c. In the face of the first crossroads of my life I was wondering where to go.3. 不定式的省略：(1) to的省略： 在下列结构中常用省to不定式：a. had better do sth. b. would rather do sth.c. have nothing to do but do sth.do/did/does/doing/done nothing but do sth.但：have no choice/option/alternative but to do sth. 感官动词和使役动词后须接省to不定式, 但这种句式在变为被动语态时应带to。如see, watch, notice, hear, make, have, let等。e.g. Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. help 后的不定式做宾语或宾补时to可以省略, 即：help (to) do sth./help sb. (to) do sth. e.g. Id like to help him (to) work out the problem. (2) to后面的省略： 有时为了避免重复，不定式to后面的do sth.可以省略，但是to必须保留：e.g. a. I shall leave if you wish me to. b. If you wish/want/like to, I would like to treat you to tea this evening. c. He is such a silent person that he seldom says anything unless _. (speak) d. -Does he go to school on foot? -No, but he used to. 当to后面是be或完成时态标志词have的时候，_。e.g. a. -Is he a lazy student? -No, but he used to be. b. -Did he attend the party last night? -Hed _, but he was very busy.A. like to B. love to have C. like to have attended D. love to attend it 三、V-ing： V-ing的时态和语态：（回忆下前面讲述的口诀？） 一般式 doing / being done:可以表示一般的动作、和谓语动作同时发生、在之前发生或之后发生几种情况。e.g. a. Being careless is not a good habit, whatever you do. (一般动作)b. The students surrounded the teacher, listening attentively to her story. （同时发生）c. Hearing the news, the poor little girl burst into tears. （之前发生，强调_）d. The doctor insisted on giving up smoking and taking plenty of exercise. (之后发生) 完成式 having done / having been done：表示的动作放生在_。e.g. a. I still remember _ to the sea for the first time. (take) b. _ the letter, he folded it and put it into the envelope. (finish) c. _ from other continents for ages, Australia has many unique creatures. (separate)注：某些V-ing可用一般式也可以用表示完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前：e.g. a. remember/forget doing sth.= remember/forget having done sth. b. Thank you for giving/having given us so much help. V-ing的否定式：not + v-inge.g. a. I feel very disappointed at _ to enter the room. (not allow) b. _ the homework, the boy had to stay at home. A. Having not finished B. Not having finishedC. Not to finish D. Not finishing V-ing的复合结构：带有逻辑主语的-ing形式成为-ing的复合结构，在句中可以做主语、宾语或表语。其中，做主语或表语时，逻辑主语只能使用名词的所有格或物主代词；做宾语时，名词所有格和普通格、代词主格和宾格均可。翻译：a. 他前来帮忙大大鼓舞了我们。b. 使他很苦恼的是没有被允许进入会场。What troubled him most is _.c. 你是否介意他/Tom开窗户？Would you mind _ the window?d. 你很难想象如此小的男孩能在这么短时间完成任务。You can hardly imagine _ the task so soon. e. 医生建议我每天坚持锻炼。（用两种方法翻译） V-ing的句法功能:V-ing在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾补、主补、定语或状语等成分。1.作主语：e.g. a. Shaking ones head means “no” and nodding means “yes”. b. Its fun playing with children.常用it 作形式主语，把V-ing置于句尾的句型有：a. Its no use/good doing sth. b. Its useful/useless doing sth. 2. 作表语： V-ing为动名词时，主语与表语通常是对等关系，可互换位置。e.g. a. Your task is learning English well. b. What I hate most is being laughed at. c. Seeing is believing. V-ing为现在分词时，表示主语的某种性质或状态。e.g. What the teacher said is very encouraging.3. 作宾语:(1) 作动词的宾语： 有些动词只能用V-ing作宾语，常见这类动词包括：admit (to), advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay , deny, enjoy, escape, encourage, finish, forbid, imagine, keep, mention, mind, miss, practice, permit, resist, risk, suggest, understand 等，其中有些可用sb./sth. doing 结构。注意:A. advise, allow, forbid, permit , encourage可用不定式作宾语补足语。e.g. We dont allow smoking in the office.We dont allow them to smoke in the office.B. sth.+ need/want/require doing , 意思是 “主语需要被” e.g. a. The flowers want watering. (=The flowers want to be watered.)b. Our house needs repairing. (= Our house needs to be repaired.)C.有些动词后面既可以接动名词，也可以接不定式作宾语。意义基本相同的: begin, continue, start, love, like, hate, prefer, stand意义不同的：forget, remember, regret, stop, go on, try, mean, cant helpremember to do sth. 记住要做某事 forget to do sth. 忘了要做某事remember doing sth. 记得做过某事 forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事regret to do sth. 对要做的事表示遗憾 stop to do sth. 停下来做了一件事regret doing sth. 对做过的事表示后悔 stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事go on to do sth. 接着做另一件事 try to do sth. 努力做某事go on doing sth. 接着做刚才做的事 try doing sth. 尝试做某事mean to do sth. 打算，想要 cant help doing sth.情不自禁做某事mean doing 意味着，意思是 cant help (to) do sth.不能帮忙做某事 动词短语的宾语be worth，cant help, end up，feel like, give up, cant stand等。(2) 做介词的宾语： 动介结构：常见短语有： spend time (in) doing sth, have difficulty/ trouble (in) doing sth, have a hard time (in) doing sth,prevent/stop/keep sb. from doing sth, be busy (in) doing sth.等。e.g. We are talking about _ a football match tonight. (there be)注意:下列短语中的to是介词，而不是不定式符号，因此后面要接动词的动名词形式。 be/get used to, devote to, get down to, lead to, look forward to, make contributions to, object to, pay attention to, prefer doing to doing, stick to等。Mrs. Wang devoted herself to protecting wildlife.Im looking forward to hearing from you. 名介结构：熟记：a way of doing sth, a key/an answer to doing sth, an approach to doing sth等。 形介结构：熟记：be tired of/with doing sth, be bored with doing sth, be fed up with sth, be angry about doing sth, be responsible for doing sth等。4. 做补足语： see/hear/notice/watch/feel/smell/observe/look at/listen to/find + sb./sth. + doing sth.e.g. a. When I was young, I often watched trains pulling in and out. b. Anyone who is found cheating in the exam will be punished. have/get/leave/keep/send/set + sb./sth. + doing sth.e.g. a. That man left us standing alone, unable to find any help. b. The loud noise sent the animals running everywhere. c. The young mother was so busy that she could only have her baby crying all day.5. 作定语： 表示被修饰词的用途:e.g. a walking stick, a washing machine, a waiting room, a dressing mirror, sleeping pills, English speaking and writing abilities, etc. 表示被修饰的人或物的动作或状态，可以表示_或_的动作，也可以表示当时的状态。单个V-ing做定语放于被修饰词前，短语式V-ing做定语须后置。e.g. a sleeping child, falling leaves, the rising sun, developing countries, boiling water, running water, etc. b. Those hoping to join this club should sign here. c. The library being built now is very beautiful.注：V-ing的完成式(having done/having been done)不能做定语，要表达完成意义最好用定从。6. 作状语：V-ing可以做状语，在句中可表示_等。选择正确的时态和语态的关键还是上文讲述的口诀_。 时间状语：e.g. a. Arriving in Paris, I lost my way. b. Having finished the work, he left for home. 原因状语：e.g. a. _many times, I finally gave up. (fail) b. _her address, I might as well telephone her to come over. (not know) 条件状语：e.g. a. _ hard at your lessons, you will succeed. (work) = _ hard at your lessons, and you will succeed. 结果状语：e.g. a. The flood hit the village, _ great damage. A. having caused B. caused C. causing D. to cause b. The flood left the village, _ great damage.A. having caused B. caused C. causing D. to cause注：不定式做结果状语和动名词做结果状语的差异：不定式做结果状语，常表示_的结果，而动名词则常表示_的结果。e.g. a. He hurried to school, only to find there was no one in the classroom. b. Both his parents died, making him an orphan. 让步状语：e.g. _ all that, I still want to see it for myself. (say) 程度状语：e.g. Its freezing cold today, while it was burning hot yesterday. 句首评论性状语：e.g. a. Generally/Roughly/Honestly/Strictly speaking, b. Judging from/by her accent, she is from Zigong.四、V-ed形式: V-ed形式的结构特征：V-ed形式又称过去分词，也有不规则形式变化，它仍保留动词的许多特征，在句中可以有自己的状语，带双宾语的及物动词构成的-ed形式可以有自己的宾语。e.g. a. Given enough care, the flowers can grow better. b. Greatly encouraged, we made up our mind to carry on the hard work. V-ed形式的句法功能：1. 作表语： 表被动完成的动作或状态：get done表动作，be/keep/remain done表状态；可以用much修饰。e.g. a. Our car got stuck halfway yesterday.a. The shop has remained shut/closed for a week. b. All the people present were already seated, waiting for the meeting to start. c. All of us were much moved to tears by the sad story. 起形容词作用： 像interested, excited, frightened, surprised等已经形容词化的-ed形式，通常用来表示被修饰对象的心理活动，可以用very来修饰。e.g. a. Most teenagers are interested in pop music. b. I felt very frightened when hearing the frightening story.2. 做定语： 单个v-ed形式做定语，常放在所修饰词前面，短语式-ed形式则常后置。及物动词的-ed形式做定语，表示_，如：a broken cup, an injured person, raised prices, frozen food; 而不及物动词的-ed形式做定语只表示_, 如：the risen sun, fallen leaves, a returned expert, boiled water等。e.g. a. The library built last year is very beautiful. b. The story written by him is very popular with teenagers now.弄清以下短语的意思并熟记： a frightened/frightening look, an excited voice, a trembling voice3. 做补足语： 做宾补，一般是及物动词的-ed形式，说明宾语被动或完成的状态或性质。常见短语有：a. make sb./sth. done: 如make oneself heard/understood, make the window broken.b. find sb./sth. done: 如 find myself/the car lost, find the house broken into.c. see/hear/watch/notice sb./sth. done: 如see an old man knocked down.d. get sth. done: 如 get the computer repaired, get the car started. i. 表示_;e. have sth. done: ii. 表示_; iii. 表示_。 做主补：把含有宾补的句子变成被动，原宾补就变为主补。试着把上面a, b, c三个结构变为被动：4. 做状语： 做状语的V-ed形式通常也是及物动词，可表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。动作性的-ed形式常表示被动或完成；形容词性的-ed形式则常表示其逻辑主语的状态。请识别下列状语的类型：e.g. a. Asked about his family, he made no answer. b. Lost in thought, he didnt notice me. c. Seriously injured, he had to be taken to hospital. d. United, we stand; divided, we fall. e. Given more time and money, we would have done the work better. f. The teacher entered the classroom, followed by her students.