英语语法从句.doc

第三章状语从句状语从句在复合句中起状语的作用，由从属连词引导。状语从句状语从句在复合句中起状语的作用，用于修饰主语中的谓语动词、形容词和副词等。状语从句一般由连词引导，连词不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。状语从句也可以由短句引起，也有时不需要连词而直接与主句连接起来。状语从句多位于句首或句尾。位于句首时，一般要用逗号与主句隔开；位于句尾时，一般不与主句隔开。根据意义上的不同，状语从句也可以表示时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、比较和方式等。经典例句 1.It will not be long before we meet again.(时间状语从句) （用不了多久我们会再见面的。）经典例句 2.I got up early so that I caught the bus.(结果状语从句) （我起得很早，所以我赶上了公共汽车。）Title 01 表示时间的状语从句时间状语从句常用的引导词Before（在之前） directly（一就）By the time(截止) after（在之后）Since（自以来） tilluntil（直到）whenwhileas（当的时候） each timeevery time（每次）The moment（立刻，马上） no soonerthan（一就）Once（一旦就） instantly（一就）As soon as（一就） immediately（一就）Hardlywhen（一就） scarcelywhen（一就）Wheneverno matter when（无论何时）1. beforebefore的意思是“在之前”，常用来引导时间状语从句。句型 it iswas（not）+时间+before+从句 It will（not）be +时间+before+从句It was one year before he finished his work.（过了一年他才完成了他的工作。）It was not long before he finished his work.（过了不久，他就完成了他的工作。）It will be three weeks before he finishes his work.（要过三周，他才能完成他的工作。）It won，t be long before he finishes housework.（用不了多久，他就会完成他的工作。）2. by the timeby the time的意思是“截止(时间)”，可以引导时间状语从句。by the time引导的时间状语从句若是一般现在时，主句要用将来完成时；若是一般过去式，主句则要用过去完成时。By the time you receive this letter, I will have left this city for my hometown.(你收到这封信是我将已经离开这座城市回家乡了。)I shall have finished it by the time you come back. (你回来以前我就把它做完了。)By the time I got there, the bus had already left.(等我到哪里时，公共汽车已经开走了。)She had finished cleaning by the time I arrived.(在我到达之前，她就已经打扫完卫生了。)“by+时间”还可以构成各种短语，在句子中作时间状语。By then（截止那时） by nine o，clock（截至九点钟）By the end of last year（截至去年年底） by last year（截至去年）By the end of next year（截至明年年底）3. onceonce做连词引导时间状语从句时，意思是“一旦就”。Once you understand the rules of the game，you，ll enjoy it. (一旦你了解了这个游戏的规则，你就会喜欢它。)Once you begin，you should go on.(一旦开了头，你就应该继续下去。)Once引导时间状语从句时，若从句的主语和主句的主语一致，有时可以将从句的主语和be动词省略。Once（it is）printed，the book will be very popular.（这本书一旦复印，肯定很受欢迎。）Once （it is）found，any mistake must be corrected.(一旦发现任何错误就必须加以改正。)Once having made a promise，you should keep it.(一旦作出承诺，你就应该遵守承诺。)4. as soon as和no soonerthan等as soon as，no soonerthan，hardlyscarcelywhenbefore，immediately，directly等连词及连词短语的意思都是“一就”。当主语是一般将来时，as soon as引导的从句要用一般现在时。no soonerthan，hardlyscarcelywhenbefore等引导的从句常用一般过去式，主句往往和过去完成时连用；为了加强语气，主句还可以用倒装语序。They will post the tickets to me as soon as they receive my check.(他们收到我的支票后就立刻把邮票寄给我。)He will be set free as soon as the fine is paid.(只要交了罚款，他就会被释放。)I gave the alarm as soon as I saw the smoke.(我一看见冒烟，就发出了报警。)Immediately she had gone, I remembered her name.(她刚走开我就想起了她的名字。)The fans cried as soon as they saw the movie star.=the fans had no sooner seen the movie star than they cried.=the fans had hardly seen the movie star when they cried.=the fans had scarcely seen the movie star when they cried.=no sooner had the fans seen the movie star then they cried.=hardly had the fans seen the movie star when they cried.=scarcely had the fans seen the movie star when they cried.(追星族们一看见这位影星就喊起来。)As soon as I got home，it began to rain.=I had on sooner got home than it began to rain.=I had hardly got home whenbefore it began to rain.=I had scarcely got home whenbefore it began to rain.=no sooner had I got home than it began to rain.=hardly had I got home whenbefore it began to rain.=scarcely had I got home whenbefore it began to rain.(我刚一到家，就下起雨来了。)“no+名词doing”结构也相当于as sooner as引导的时间状语从句。Please report to reception on arrival. (到达后请立即到接待处报到。)On arriving home, he discovered they had gone. (他一到家就发现他们已经走了。)5. whenever和no matter when等whenever相等于no matter when, 意思是“无论什么时候”；every timeeach time的意思是“每次”。Whenever I visited him，he was not at home.=no matter when I visited him，he was not at home.(无论何时拜访他，他都不在家。)Whenever I come up to Tianjin，I call at my teacher，s home.=no matter when I come up to Tianjin，I call at my teacher，s home.= I call at my teacher，s home each time I come up to Tianjin.(每次到天津我都要去拜访我的老师。)Whenever I see this picture, I think of my hometown.=no matter when I see this picture, I think of my hometown.=eachevery time I see this picture, I think of my hometown.(无论是么时候我看到这幅图片，我都会想起我的家乡。)Title 02 表示地点的状语从句地点状语从句表示地点、方位，通常由连词where和关系副词wherever（相等于no matter where）引导。1. wherewhere作连词引导地点状语从句时，意思是“在向的地方”。You should have put the book where you find it.(你本来应该把书房回原来的地方。)Youd better make a mark where you have any question.(哪儿有问题，就在那儿做个记号。)We must camp where we can get water.(我们必须在能找到水的地方露营。)Where they went，they were warmly welcomed.(他们走到哪里都受到热烈地欢迎。) Where引导的地点状语从句与定语从句的区别引导定语从句时，where是关系副词，在从句中作地点状从句，其前面有表示地点的先行词，where引导的从句修饰先行词。引导状语从句时，where是从属连词，它引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词，where前面没有表示地点的先行词。Bamboo grows best in places where it is warmed and where it rains often.(温暖而多雨的地方最适合竹子生长。)有时，where引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义，可放在主句的前面；而where引导的定语从句则不能放在主句前面。Where there is water，there is life.(有水的地方就有生命。)2. whereverwherever相当于no matter where，意思是“无论到哪里，无论在哪里”。Wherever引导的地点状语从句多位于句首。Whenever he goes, he always takes a notebook with him.(无论他走到哪里，他总是带着一个笔记本。)Wherever there is smoke，there is fire.(无风不起浪。)Wherever he may be，he will be happy.=no matter where he may be，he will be happy.(无论在什么地方，他都会快乐的。)Title 03 表示原因的状语从句原因状语从句常用的引导词Because（因为） since（既然） now that（既然）As（由于） seeing（that）（由于，因为，鉴于） considering（that）（考虑到，鉴于）1. becausebecause的意思是“因为”，表示直接原因，语气最重，常用来回答why（为什么）引导的特殊疑问句。A：why are you late for school this morning?(你今天早晨上学为什么迟到了？)B：because I got up late.（因为我起床晚了。）I want to do it myself because I like it.(我想亲自做这件事，因为我喜欢它。) ()he is disappointed because he failed again. ()so he is disappointed because he failed again. Because不能和so连用。（因为他又失败了，所以感到失望。）The museum won，t be open this week because it is under repairs.(博物馆本周不开放，因为他正在修缮中。)2. sincesince的意思是“既然”，表示对方已经知道的事实或理由，语气比because弱。Since you are not interested，I won，t tell you about it.(既然你不感兴趣，那我就不告诉你了。)Since no one is against it，we，ll pass it.(既然没人反对，那我们就通过了。)Since you can，t answer the question，I，ll ask someone.(既然你回答不出这个问题，我就问别人了。)3. asas的意思是“由于”，表示较为明显的原因，语气较弱。As it is snowing，you，d better take a taxi.(下雪了，你最好乘出租车。)As you request it，I will come.(语气较缓和)=I will come because you request it. (语气很强)（由于你的要求，所以我回来。）As she had no car，she stayed at home.(语气较缓和)=she stayed at home because she had no car. (语气很强)（她因为没车而留在家里。） Because，since，as和for的区别1. 都可译为“因为”，但在语气上，because最重，其次是since，as，for。2. because，since，as都是从属连词。而for是一个并列连词，用来附带解释说明前一分居的原因或理由，for引导的并列句，一般放在所要说明的句子的后面。3. because引导的原因状语从句一般放在主句后面，也可放主句前面；since和as引导的从句则通称为于句首；for不能为于句首，只能置于句中，且前面要有逗号和前一分居隔开。4. I went to see him，for I had something to tell him.(我去见他，因为我有事要告诉他。)4.now that，seeing that和considering thatNow that的意思是“既然”，seeing that的意思是“由于，因为，鉴于”，considering的意思是“考虑到，鉴于”。Now that they have taken matters into their hands，the pace of events has quickened.(他们既然已着手自己来处理问题，事态的进展也就加快了。)Now that you are a man，you must not do such a thing.(既然你是个男子汉，就不要做这样的事情。)Now that you are well，you can work.(既然你已经好了，你可以工作了。)Seeing that he，s been off sick all week，he is unlikely to come today.(他请病假整整一周了，所以今天不太可能来。)She knows quite a lot about it，considering （that）she is very young.(鉴于他年龄小，她懂得的已经很多了。)Title 04 表示条件的状语从句条件状语从句常用的引导词In case（万一） unless（除非） asso long as（只要）If（如果） provided（that）（如果） providing（that）（如果）Suppose（that）（如果） supposing（that）（如果） on condition（that）（如果）1. if和unlessif的意思是“如果”。Unless的意思是“除非；如果不”，相当于ifnot，有时二者可以互换。If you have any questions or comments，you can voice them now.(你们如果有任何疑问或意见，可以现在提出。)If we interfere with nature，we will have to deal with the consequences.(如果我们干预自然，我们将不得不应付后果。)If we don，t eat meat，this tour is not for you as the Inuit live on animals，birds and fish.(如果你不吃肉，那这种旅行就不适合你，因为因纽特人以动物、鸟和鱼为主食。)If you dont visit him tomorrow，he will be angry.(如果你明天不去看他，他会生气的。)=unless you visit him tomorrow，hell beanery.(除非你明天去看他，否则他就会生气。)2. in casein case的意思是“万一，以防”，常用来引导条件状语从句。Take a coat in case the weather turns cold.(带上一件外衣吧，以防天气转冷了。)Take some money with you in case you want to buy something.(带上些钱，万一你要买一些东西呢。)Take a taxi in case you are late for the meeting.(坐出租车去，免得开会迟到。)I，ll leave you my phone number in case you want to contact me.(我把我的电话号码留给你，万一你要和我联系呢。)You，d better be ready in case he comes.(你最好有所准备，万一他来呢。)“In case+从句”和“in case of+名词”都表示“以防，万一”。They won，t be able to go to the park in case it rains.=In case of rain they can，t go to the park.(万一下雨，他们就不能去公园了。)In that case意为“如果是那样的话”。In that case，he would be punished.(要是情况如此，他将会受到惩罚。)Will Li Ming attend the party? In that case I won，t attend it.(李明会参加聚会吗？若是那样的话，我就不参加了。)3. as long as和so long asas long as和so long as的意思都是“只要”。I，m sure we are safe as long as（we are）in his care.(我深信只要在他的保护下，我们就会平安无事。)He will surely finish the job on time as long as he，s left to do it in his own way.(只要让他用自己的方式工作，他一定会按时完成这项工作的。)Asso long as we don，t lose heart，well find a way to overcome the difficulty.(只要我们不灰心，我们就能找到克服困难的办法。)You can go to see the film asso long as you arrive at the cinema on time.(你可以去看这场电影，只要你能按时到达电影院。)As long as还可以作“之久”讲。Keep it as long as you can.(你能把它保留多久，就保留多久。)4. provided（that）和supposing（that）等条件状语从句还可以由provided（that），providing（that），suppose（that），supposing（that），on condition（that）等引导。We shall sign the contract provided（that）there is no opposition.(如果没有反对意见，我们就在合同上签字。)He won，t be against us in the meeting provided（that）we ask for his advice in advance.(如果我们提前征求一下他的意见，他就不会在会上反对我们。)Providing there is no objection，we shall make a decision.(如果没人反对，我们就决定了。)Suppose we offer more favorable terms，they will choose to cooperate with us.(假如我们提供更优惠的条件，他们会选择和我们合作。)Supposing it rains，shall we visit the museum?(倘若下雨，我们还去参观博物馆吗？)I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep a secret.(我可以告诉你真相，条件是你答应保守秘密。)5. 条件状语从句的时态在运用条件状语从句的时候，一定要注意主句和从句在时态上的一致。A主句是一般将来时，从句要用一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时和时间状语从句一样，条件状语从句的时态也要注意和主句时态保持一致。大多数情况下，主句如果是一般将来时，从句要用一般现在时来表示，有时也可以用现在进行时和现在完成时。He，ll be a doctor when he finishes studying here.(时间状语从句)（他结束在那儿的学习后，将会成为一名医生。）If it doesnt，t rain tomorrow，we，ll start.（条件状语从句）(明天如果不下雨，我们就出发。)If you understand this rule，you will have no further difficulty.（条件状语从句）(你如果了解了这个规则，就不会在有困难。)有时用as long as或once代替if。Onceas long as you understand this rule，you will have no further difficulty.B有时主句中用祈使句和情态动词代替将来时If you get the book，let me know.（祈使句）(如果你弄到了那本书，告诉我一声。)If you drink，don，t drive.（祈使句）(如果你喝了酒，千万别开车。)If he feels like seeing the sights of the city，he can take a bus tour.(情态动词)（如果他想看城市风光，他可以做城市观光车。）If you like，you can stay here for the weekend,（情态动词）(如果你愿意就留在这过周末吧。)C如果主句谓语动词是want，hope等词，则条件状语从句用一般现在时。What do you want to do if you have much money?(如果你有很多钱你想要做什么？)I hope to see her if Im free.(如果我有空我希望去看她。)D有些句子中，主、从句都可用一般现在时。If you ring this number，no one answers.(如果你打这个电话号码，不会有人接。)If you press the switch，the computer comes on.(如果你按这个开关，计算机就会启动。)有时if引导的从句也可以用will，但will表意愿。If you will go into the fields and turn over a few big stones，you will uncover a city of ant“people”.(如果你愿意到田野里去翻开几块大石头，你准会揭开一个蚁“民”的城市)If you，ll just wait a moment，I，ll find someone to help you.(如果你愿意等一会，我会找人来帮助你。)If you won，t go，you needntwon，t go.(如果你不愿意去，那就不必去。)Title 05 表示目的、结果的状语从句目的的状语从句常用的引导词 结果状语从句常用的引导词That so that （so）that （so）thatIn order that （such）that （so much）that1. so thatso that的意思是“目的是，结果是”，既可以引导目的状语从句，也可以引导结果状语从句。引导目的状语从句时，从句的谓语里常有can，could，might，will，would等情态动词。而引导结果状语从句时，则通常没有情态动词。The little boy saved every coin so that he could buy his mother a present on Mother，s day.（目的）(小男孩把一枚枚硬币积攒起来，为的是能在母亲节给妈妈买份礼物。)The little boy saved every coin so that he bought his mother a present on Mother，s day.（结果）(小男孩把一枚枚硬币积攒起来，在母亲节那天给妈妈买了一份礼物。)He always studies hard so that he may make great progress. (目的)（他总是努力的学习，这样他才会取得很大的进步。）He always studies hard so that he made great progress. (结果)（他总是努力的学习，结果他取得了很大的进步。）2. in order thatin order that的意思是“以便，为了”。In order that和so that表示目的时一样，从句的谓语动词里常有can，could，may，might，will，would等情态动词。She raised her voice in order that she might be heard.= She raised her voice so that she might be heard.(她把声音抬高以便与别人听见。)In order that和so that与不定式in order to，so as to以及to表示目的时表达的意思一样，不过不定式表示目的时，句子是简单句。因此上一句还可以表示为：She raised her voice so as to be heard.In order to be heard she raised her voice.She raised her voice in order to be heard.To be heard she raised her voice.She raised her voice to be heard.3Sothat和suchthatSothat和suchthat的意思都是“如此以致”，二者皆可引导结果状语从句，且含义相同，但用法有一定的不同。句型：So+形容词副词+thatWhen the football fans saw Beckham，they got so excited that they cried out.(当球迷们看到贝克汉姆的时候，他们如此激动以至于大喊大叫。)He will so ill that we had to send for a doctor.(他病得很重，我们只好给他请医生了。)He was injured so badly that he had to be sent to the hospital.=so badly was he injured that he had to be sent to the hospital.(他伤势很重，不得不送医院。)The novel was so boring that he gave up reading it half way through.=so boring was the novel that he gave up reading it half way through.(这本小书非常乏味，他读了一半就不读了。)David was so careless that he didnt，t find the mistakes in his test paper.=David was too careless to find the mistakes in his test paper.(戴维太粗心了，没发现他试卷中的错误。)She was so exhausted that she couldnt，t move on.=she was too exhausted to move on.(他疲惫的无法继续前进。)如果sothat引导的结果状语从句是否定句，也可以用tooto来表达相同的意思。句型：such+aan（+形容词）+单数可数名词+that =so+形容词+aan+单数可数名词+thatIt gave him such a shock that his face turned white.(这使他如此震惊以至于他的脸色变白。)This is such a useful dictionary that I，m thinking of buying it.= This is so useful a dictionary that I，m thinking of buying it.(这本字典很有用，我正打算买一本。)He is such a clever boy that all the teachers like him.= He is so clever a boy that all the teachers like him.(他是如此聪明的一个男孩，所有的老师都喜欢他。)It was such an interesting film that I saw it twice.= It was so interesting a film that I saw it twice.(这是一部很有意思的电影，我看了两次。)Such（+形容词）+不可数名词+thatThis book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it.(这本书是用浅易的英语写的，初学者都可以读懂。)He showed such concern that people took him to be a friend.(他表现得如此关心以至于人们都把他当做朋友了。)（）it，s such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.（）it，s so nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.（多么好的天气啊，我们大家都想去公园玩。）当不可数名词前有形容词much，little修饰时，要用so，而不用such。句型为“so+muchlittle+不可数名词+that”Such a little boy has so little difficulty in working out this difficult problem that I admire him very much.(这样小的一个男孩节这道题所遇到的困难是如此之少，以至于我很羡慕他。)He had so much work to do that he had to work late into the night.(他有那么多工作要做，不得不工作到深夜。)句型such（+形容词）+复数可数名词+thatThey are such difficult problems that I don，t know how to settle them.(这些问题是如此复杂，以至于我不知道如何解决。)He made such a lot of mistakes in his maths exercises that he had to do them all over.(他做错了如此多的数学题，以至于不得不重新做。)（）they are such fine teachers that we all hold them in great respect.（）they are so fine teachers that we all hold them in great respect.（他们是非常好的老师，我们对他们极为尊敬。）当可数名词前有形容词many，few修饰时，要用so，而不用much。句型为“so+manyfew+复数可数名词+that”。There are so few notebooks that I can，t give you any.(笔记本太少，我一本也给不了你。)There are so many kinds of bikes on sale at the market that I cannot make up my mind which to buy.(市场上出售的自行车种类很多，我拿不定主意要买哪一种。)Title 06 表示让步的状语从句让步状语从句常用的引导词Thoughalthough no matter+疑问词（whowhatwhenwhichwherehow）（虽然） （无论）Even ifeven though whoeverwhateverwheneverwhicheverwhereverhowever（即使） （无论）1. though和althoughthough，although都当“虽然”讲，二者都可与yet或still连用，但不能与but连用。Although he was worn out，he（still）kept on working.= though he was worn out，he（still）kept on working.= he（still）kept on working though he was worn out.=he was worn out but he still kept on working.(他虽然已经筋疲力尽了，但仍然继续工作。)Although he was a child，he knew what was the right thing to do.= though he was a child，he knew what was the right thing to do.=child though he was，he knew what was the right thing to do.= child as he was，he knew what was the right thing to do.(虽然他是一个孩子，但他知道该做什么。)Although you may object，I，ll carry out the experiment.= though you may object，I，ll carry out the experiment.=object as you may，I，ll carry out the experiment.(即使你反对，我也要做这项实验。)Although he works hard，he makes little progress.= though he works hard，he makes little progress.= hard though he works，he makes little progress.= hard as he works，he makes little progress.(尽管他学习很努力，但几乎没取得什么进步。)此二句采用了倒装语序，在这种倒装句中只能用as或though，不能用although。2. even if和even thougheven if相当于even though，意思是“即使，尽管，虽然也”，其所表达的意思比although更强烈。We，ll make a trip even ifeven though the weather is bad.(即使天气不好，我们也要做一次旅行。)You should try to be nice to him，even though you don，t like him.(即使你不喜欢他，也要尽量对他好些。)Even thougheven if it is raining，I，ll go to the work.(尽管下着雨，我也要去上班。)Even if和even though所引导的状语从句中，动词用虚拟语气时和用陈述语气时表达的意义有所不同。Even if I were ill，I would attend the meeting.(虚拟语气)（即使我生病了，我也要参加会议。）Even if I am ill，I will attend the meeting.(陈述语气)（虽然我生病了，我也要参加会议。）3.“no matter +疑问词”和“疑问词-ever”“no matter+疑问词（whowhatwhenwhichwherehow）”引导让步状语从句时，相当于whoeverwhateverwheneverwhicheverwhereverhowever，它们可以互换，表达的含义是“无论，不管都”。No matter who=whoever（无论是谁）No matter what=whatever（无论什么）No matter when=whenever（无论何时）No matter where=wherever（无论何地）No matter which=whichever（无论是哪一个）No matter how=however（无论怎样）No matter