翻译技巧1.pdf

山东科技大学 外语学院 李成明 1 翻译技巧翻译技巧 上上 一一 增译法增译法 增词 译 法就是指在翻译时按照修辞句法上的需要在译文中增加一些原文 中虽无但有其意的词 增译的目的是为了更加忠实通顺地表达原文的内容 而决 不是无中生有地随意增加 一一 英译汉常用的增益法英译汉常用的增益法 I 增加原文中省略的部分 1 Since the first test of the atomic bomb the world has learnt that the atom can be split and its power used power后省略了can be 自从第一颗原子弹试验以来 全世界都已知道 原子可以分裂 原子能可以可以利用 2 A fool and his words are soon parted a man of genius and his money money后省略 了are soon parted 愚人会很快忘记说过的话 智者会很快放弃很快放弃手里的钱 3 Both human and cow milk are naturally spiced with a small amount of morphine human后省略了milk 人乳乳与牛乳均含有少量吗啡 4 So called convenience and frozen foods are now as popular in Europe as they are in America 如今 所谓的方便食品和速冻食品风靡欧洲 就像在美国一样大众化大众化 II 增加意义上或修辞上的需要的部分 1 He left without a word 他一句话也不说说就走了 2 What a leader he was 他真是一个出类拔萃出类拔萃的领袖啊 3 Personal tragedy haunted his entire life in the deaths of loved ones 亲人的相继相继离世是他的一生充满了个人悲剧 4 Disappearances occurred with apparently increasing frequency 失踪事件接二连三地接二连三地发生 显然越来越频繁 5 She warmly welcomed her guests in and brought them a cup of tea 她热情地将客人们迎进来 然后给他们各各端了一杯茶 6 Aunt Harriet used to entertain lavishly 哈丽特阿姨时常慷慨地款待客人客人 7 They wanted to ease the tension in the Middle East 他们试图缓解中东的紧张紧张局势 8 There were rows of houses which he had never seen before 一一排排的房子 都是他从来没有见过的 9 Day after day he came to his work sweeping scrubbing cleaning 他每天来干活 扫地地 擦地板地板 收拾房间房间 10 The thesis summed up the new achievements made in computers artificial satellites and rockets 该论文总结了计算机 人造卫星和火箭三方面三方面的最新成就 山东科技大学 外语学院 李成明 2 二 汉译英常用的增益法 A 增词明确原意 1 台湾是中国的领土 Taiwan is part of Chinese territory 2 饭店现有三个餐厅和一个贵宾间 240个座位 The restaurant now has three dining rooms and a VIP room with a total of 240 seats 3 狠抓管理 安全生产 We should improve management and ensure safe production 4 月亮升得高高的 明亮犹如银盘 The moon rose high shining as brightly as a silver plate 5 突然电话铃响了 母亲让我回去送弟弟去医院看病 Suddenly the telephone rang It was my mother calling me She wanted me to go home and take my brother to hospital 6 对确有困难的中西部地区和老工业基地 中央财政将继续给予支持 In the case of the enterprises of western and central China and old industrial bases that are in real financial difficulties the central government will continue to offer financial help 7 有条件的地方要率先实现现代化 The areas with suitable conditions must take the lead in achieving modernization 8 该公司的主要经营范围包括 The business scope of the company covers the following areas B 增词使结构完整 1 收效可能来得慢 但是有把握 而且是巨大的 The rewards may come slowly but they are sure and tremendous 2 我们应当逐步消灭城乡差别 We should gradually eliminate the difference between city and country 3 全国人民总体上实现了由温饱向小康的跨越 The Chinese people nationwide have developed from the stage of having enough to eat and wear to that of living a better off life 4 明朝的时候 这座城市成了一个繁荣的港口 In the Ming Dynasty the city became a flourishing port 5 沿着南京路向东走 走到尽头 是靠黄浦江江岸的一个很美的地区 Walking eastward along Nanjing Road one finally comes to a very beautiful area bordering the bank of the Huangpu River 二二 Omission 省译法省译法 省略的目的在于使译文更加通顺流畅 更符合译文习惯 但需要注意的是 省略并 不是把原文的某些思想内容删去 省略不能改变原文的意义 一 英译汉时常用的省略 山东科技大学 外语学院 李成明 3 I 从语法角度来看从语法角度来看 1 省略代词省略代词 1 He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable 他消瘦而憔悴 看上去一副可怜相 3 Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in new Campus 新校区处处可以看到新人 新事物 4 If you give him an inch he will take a mile 得寸进尺 5 I have received your letter and read it with delight 我收到了你的信 愉快地读了 2 省略连词省略连词 1 He looked gloomy and troubled 表并列 他看上去有些忧愁不安 2 As the temperature increase the volume of water becomes greater 表原因 温度升高 水的体积就增大 3 We knew winter vocation was coming as because we had seen the big stone in the River 表原因 我们 看见了河里大石头 就知道寒假要来了 4 My heart bleeds when I recall the scene my teacher moved with difficulty out the room with tears in his eyes 回想起老师眼含泪水艰难地走出教室的情景 我心里悲痛极了 省略从属 连词 3 省略前置词省略前置词 介词介词 1 The People s Republic of China was founded in 1949 一九四九年中华人民共和国成立 2 In July 1956 Egypt had seized the Suez Canal 一九五六年七月 埃及占领了苏伊士运河 3 And on July 1st 1999 I graduated from university 一九九九年七月一日 我大学毕业了 4 Smoking is prohibited in public places 公共场所不准吸烟 5 On the morning of the exam day I woke up early 考试的那天早上 我醒得很早 省略介词 6 It is really a tough job there is no help for it 这真是件棘手的事 毫无法子可想 省略介词及其宾语 根据汉语的表达习惯 有时可以省略实词如动词 名词等 如 1 When the pressure gets low the boiling point becomes low 气压低 沸点就低 省略动词 2 European habits have changed much along with the increase in supermarkets and shopping centers the number of cars and the modernization of housing 欧洲人的习惯随着超市 购物中心和小汽车的增多 以及住房的现代化而发生了变 山东科技大学 外语学院 李成明 4 化 省略名词 II 从修辞角度看从修辞角度看 A 英语句子中有些短语重复出现 或者具有相同意义的词重复出现 英译汉时可 按情况作适当省略 1 University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not 报考大学的人 有工作经验的优先录取 2 Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason 双方均不得无故解除合同 B 根据汉语习惯 译文中可以省略某些多余的或违背汉语语言习惯的词组 1 There was no snow the leaves were gone from the trees the grass was dead 没有下雪 但叶落草枯 2 Voting ballots are unsigned and marked by the voters in private booths so that no one else can find out for whom a citizen is voting 选票不记名 由选民在隔离的投票站内填写 这样就不会知道选民投了谁的 票 3 Matters in the world should be handled by the government and people of all countries through consultations on the basis of equality 世界上的事情应由各国政府和人民平等协商 二 汉译英时常用的省略 A 省略汉语中的重复词 1 我们说 长征是历史记录上的第一次 长征长征是宣言书 长征是长征是宣传队 长征长征 是是播种机 We declare that the Long March is the first of its kind in the annals of histor y that it is a manifesto a propaganda force a seeding machine 2 科学技术突飞猛进 给亚洲的发展带来带来新的机遇 也带来带来新的挑战 The rapid advance of science and technology has presented both new opportunities and challenges to the development of Asia 3 新新形势 新新趋势 新新技术 促进了生产力的发展 The new development trends and technologies have helped expand productive forces 4 他们为国家作的贡献比我们所作的贡献所作的贡献要大的多 They have done much more contributions for the state than we have B 省略汉语的范畴词 1 中东有些地区仍未结束社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面局面 The social unrest and upheaval has not been put an end to in some regions in the Mid East 2 师生关系愈好 就愈有利于教学水平水平的提高 山东科技大学 外语学院 李成明 5 The better closer relations between teachers and students the more chances for improving teaching 3 迅速改变我国贫穷落后的面貌面貌 是我国各族人民的强烈愿望 It is the burning desire of all the people to end our country s poverty and backwardness quickly 4 世界各地举行了许多盛大的庆祝活动活动 Many grand new year celebrations are held in the world 5 没有和平 没有稳定的政治局面局面 就谈不上经济发展 Without peace or political stability there would be no economic growth C 省略某些动词 1 在出席出席会议前 我有些急事要处理 I have some urgent business on hand before attending the meeting 2 他没有致致闭幕词就宣布会议结束了 He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech 3 她连续讲了两个小时的法语 没有出现出现任何错误 She has been talking in French for two hours without any mistakes 4 十万元以下的轿车的出现 激起了更多人购买购买私家车的热情 The appearance of cars priced at less than 100 000 yuan aroused the enthusiasm of more people for private cars D 汉语意义重复时 应减词英译 1 中国人民为此进行了长期不懈长期不懈的努力 The Chinese people have made unremitting efforts to that end 2 为了保卫保卫国家安全 维护维护祖国统一 我们必须不断增强国防实力 We must build up our defense capability with a view to safeguarding our State security and national unity 3 科学技术在一些领域取得重大突破重大突破 Breakthroughs were made in some areas of science and technology 4 各项各项社会事业全面全面进步 All social undertakings developed The social undertakings developed in an all round way 5 我们要进一步进一步开创外交工作的新局面 We shall open up new vista in diplomatic work 6 我们要加强与世界各国世界各国在经济 文化等领域的交往 We must enhance our economic and cultural exchange with other countries 7 市场商品供应丰富多彩丰富多彩 The market had an adequate supply of commodities 山东科技大学 外语学院 李成明 6 E 省略汉语修辞的词语 1 科学技术日新月异日新月异 Science and technology are advancing developing rapidly 2 大学校园文化包罗万象包罗万象 其主流是 青春 浪漫 激扬 的 The campus culture in universities are all inclusive with the main stream of youth romance and enthusiasm 3 各级党组织和领导干部都要旗帜鲜明旗帜鲜明地反对腐败 Party organizations and leading cadres at all levels must take a clear stand to oppose corruption 4 我们满怀信心 昂首阔步昂首阔步迈向 21 世纪 We are advancing confidently forwards to the 21st century 省略词语决不是随意删节原文的词语 而是省略在译文看来可有可无的 多余的 或是意义隐含在上下文里的词语 目的是为了使原文的意义能够得到正确地理解 在译文中准确再现原文 三三 词类转换法词类转换法 Conversion 由于英汉两种语言本身结构不同 或由于搭配问题 需要把属于某种词类的词在译 文中转换成另一种词类 即为词类转换 I 英译汉中常用的词类转换英译汉中常用的词类转换 1 转译成动词转译成动词 A 由动词的派生词名词由动词的派生词名词 或含有动作意义的名词或含有动作意义的名词 转译为动词转译为动词 1 Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources 越南战争不断地消耗消耗美国的资源 2 His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph 无论什么事情 只要他一露面露面 就算是成功了 4 A view of Mt E mei can be obtained from here 从这儿可以看到看到峨嵋山 5 The American airline industry has enjoyed significant expansion in the last twenty years 过去的 20 年里 美国的航空工业突飞猛进突飞猛进 6 The growing concentration of wealth in the hands of a few people raised social and political issues 财富逐渐集中逐渐集中在少数人手中 引发了许多社会问题和政治问题 B 英语中加后缀英语中加后缀 er or 的名词的名词 在句中并不表身份和职业在句中并不表身份和职业 而是含有较强的动作而是含有较强的动作 意义意义 7 He is no smoker but his father is a chain smoker 他倒是不抽烟抽烟 但他的爸爸却一支接一支地抽 是个老烟枪 8 He was a regular visitor 他经常来来 9 What kind of sailor are you a bad sailor or a good sailor 你晕不晕晕不晕船 10 We cannot become participants in the war but nor must we be mere spectators 山东科技大学 外语学院 李成明 7 我们不能参与参与战争 但也不能袖手旁观袖手旁观 11 Americans are great joiners as the huge number of organizations available in the United States attests 美国人热衷于参加热衷于参加各种活动 看看不胜枚举的各种组织就足以证明这一点 C 前置词转换为动词前置词转换为动词 12 Coming Away she skimmed over the lawn up the path up the steps across the veranda and into the porch 来啊 她转身蹦着跳着地跑了 越过越过草地 跑上跑上小径 跨上跨上台阶 穿过穿过凉台 进了进了门 廊 13 Jones opened the windows to let fresh air in 琼斯把窗子打开 让新鲜空气进来进来 14 That day she was up before sunrise 那天她在日出前就起来了起来了 15 The Statue of Liberty was a gift to USA from France in 1886 as a mark of friendship and also in memory of the aid France gave the Americans during the American Revolution 自由女神像由法国于 1886 年赠给赠给美国 作为友谊的象征 并纪念纪念美国独立战争期间 法国给予的援助 2 转译成名词转译成名词 A Verbs Nouns 1 She behaves as if she were a child 她的举止举止跟一个孩子一样 2 A well dressed man who looked and talked like an American got into the car 一个衣着讲究的人上了车 他的言谈举止言谈举止酷似美国人 3 Population grew both as a result of natural increase and of continued immigration 人口的增长增长是自然增长和不断移民的结果 4 The American economy is organized in single owner businesses partnerships and corporations 美国经济的组织方式组织方式是个人所有制 合伙制和公司制 B Adjectives Nouns 3 Stevenson was eloquent and elegant but soft 史蒂文森有口才口才 有风度风度 但很软弱 4 This problem is no less important than that one 这个问题的重要性重要性不亚于那个问题 5 Glass is more transparent than plastic cloth 玻璃的透明度透明度比塑料布要好 C Adverbs Nouns 1 It is editorially said that 社论说 2 He is strong physically but weak mentally 他体力很强 可智力很弱 3 The new type of machine is shown schematically in Figure 1 图一所示是这种新型机器的简图 山东科技大学 外语学院 李成明 8 3 转译成形容词转译成形容词 1 I can note the grace of her gesture 我可以看到她优雅的优雅的举止 2 We have seen the beauty of Mt Tai 我们看到了美丽的美丽的泰山 3 Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study 独立思考是学习所绝对必要的必要的 4 The English language has changed subtly and pervasively 英语的变化很敏感 很普遍 5 She looked at me expectantly 她用期待的期待的眼光看着我 6 Hopefully it will be done early next month 下月初完成这项工作是大有希望的大有希望的 7 Variety is a key characteristic of the United States both geographically and culturally 多姿多彩是美国地理和文化的地理和文化的主要特征 4 转译成副词转译成副词 A Nouns Adverbs 1 The man nodded with satisfaction 那人满意地满意地点了点头 2 He had the honor to attend the congress 他荣幸地荣幸地出席了代表大会 B Adjectives Adverbs 3 He had a careful study of the map before he started off 他在出发前仔细地看了看地图 4 Can you give an accurate translation of the sentence 你能准确地把这句话译出来吗 II 汉译英中常用的词类转换汉译英中常用的词类转换 A 动词的转译 译成名词 介词短语 形容词等 1 中国政府承诺不不对无核国家使用核武器使用核武器 1 The Chinese Government commits itself to non use of nuclear weapons against non nuclear countries 2 The Chinese Government undertakes not to use nuclear weapons against non nuclear countries 2 我们要确保更有效地利用利用外资 1 We shall ensure that foreign capital is more effectively utilized 2 We shall ensure more effective utilization of foreign capital 3 那个国家片面地注重注重工业 忽视忽视农业和轻工业 因而市场上货物不够不够 货币不 稳定 That country s lopsided stress on heavy industry to the neglect of agriculture and light industry results in a shortage of goods on the market and an unstable currency 4 这次国际会议开得好开得好 The recent international conference was a success 山东科技大学 外语学院 李成明 9 5 中国在发展经济的过程中 逐步改善改善了人民的生活条件 The economic growth in China has been accompanied by the improvement of the people s living conditions 6 当今中国 电脑使用已经普及电脑使用已经普及 上网人数与日俱增 Nowadays with the wide use application of computers in China more and more people have access to the Internet 7 中国仅有有美国一半的可耕地 却负担为美国人口四倍的人民的吃饭问题 China supports a population four times that of the United States with the arable land only half that of the US 9 他不懂知足常乐的道理 对现有的一切还不满足不满足 He never understands that happiness lies in contentment so he isn t content with what he has already had 10 得知台湾地震 全国人民深表关切关切 The people in the mainland are all deeply concerned at the news that Taiwan has been struck by an earthquake B 名词的转译 国民经济出现了重要转机重要转机 The national economy has improved significantly 2 去年中国出口总额总额为 1873 亿美元 China s export totaled US 183 7 billion last year 3 专家认为认为 肥胖人口增长的主要原因是的主要原因是人们的运动量减少 The experts attribute the increasing number of obese people to the decrease in the physical exercises C 形容词和副词的转译 1 水资源稀缺稀缺 是我国经济和社会发展的严重制约因素 Lack of water resources is a serious limitation on the economic and social development of our country 形容词转成名词 2 所有单位必须搞好卫生 清除混乱混乱和不文明不文明现象 All the organization must clear up and banish disarray and discourtesy 形容词转 成名词 3 亚洲依然是世界上最具经济经济活力的地区 Economically Asia is still the most dynamic region in the world 形容词转成副词 4 一切形式的恐怖行为都严重严重威胁着所有人民 所有国家的和平 繁荣和安全 Terrorist acts in all forms and manifestations are a profound threat to the peace prosperity and security of all people and of all nations 副词转成形容词 Negation 正说反译正说反译 反说正译法反说正译法 一 原文用肯定语气 译文用否定语气 1 You have roused my curiosity And now you must gratify it a 你既然挑起了我的好奇心 就别再就别再吊我的胃口了 b 你既然激起了我的好奇心 就别再就别再卖关子了 c 你既然激起了我的好奇心 就别再就别再遮遮掩掩了 2 Appearances are often deceptive 山东科技大学 外语学院 李成明 10 外表往往是靠不住的靠不住的 3 She was irritated at being denied the opportunity to get a pay rise 她没有得到没有得到涨工资的机会 非常生气 4 She is the last person to trust with a secret 她是最不能最不能保守秘密的人 5 It escapes your notice that she has changed so much 你没注意到没注意到她变化那么大 6 The computer is beyond repair You might as well buy a new one 这台电脑修不好了修不好了 你不如买台新的算了 7 They accepted the peace proposal with dignity 他们不失体面地不失体面地接受了这项和平方案 二 原文用肯定语气 译文用否定语气 1 The hotel staff spared no pains to ensure that our stay was as joyable as possible 旅馆工作人员竭尽所能竭尽所能让我们住得舒适些 2 Nothing but a miracle could prevent the company from going bankrupt 只有只有奇迹发生 这家公司才能免于破产 3 Your negligence was nothing less than criminal 你的疏忽简直是简直是犯罪 你的疏忽无异于无异于犯罪 4 She couldn t find anywhere to live though not for want of trying 她四下里寻找四下里寻找住处 仍是找不到 6 If all three of you take part in it there can be no further questioning of your courage 要是你们三位都参加 那就足以证明足以证明你们勇气可嘉 反译 要是你们三位都参加 无疑无疑你们是有勇气的 正译 两者比较 还是反译更合适 更能传达原文的意思 7 We could not be more mistaken 我们大错特错大错特错了 8 You can not be too careful in proofreading 校对时越越仔细越好越好 9 I couldn t agree with you more 我完全同意完全同意 Repetition 重译法重译法 一一 重复名词和动词重复名词和动词 1 Since most new smokers apparently are women my friend s confusion was understandable And there are more than ever since September 11 1 因为多数新近成为烟民的显然都是女性 我朋友把她们混同为妓女 是可以理 解的 自 9 11 事件发生后 抽烟的女性抽烟的女性超过以往任何时候 2 大多数的新烟民似乎都是女性 我的朋友误以为她们是妓女也情有可原 自 9 11 事件发生后 抽烟的女性人数抽烟的女性人数比以往任何时候都多 2 Americans view relationships in terms of rights Chinese in terms of obligations 山东科技大学 外语学院 李成明 11 to family to one s elders to the country 美国人以 权利 看待关系看待关系 而中国人则以 义务义务 看待关系看待关系 包括对家庭的义务义务 对长辈的义务义务和对国家的义务义务 3 Detroit owes its rapid growth and one time prosperity to the automobile and above all to Henry Ford 底特律的迅速发展和一度繁荣归功于归功于汽车业 尤其归功于归功于亨利 福特 4 Populations increase and decrease relatively not only to one another but also to natural resources 人口的增减不仅彼此有相对关系相对关系 而且也和自然资源有相对关系相对关系 6 Americans are beginning to realize that this terrible problem of poverty is their problem and not just the Government s 美国人开始意识到可怕的贫困问题不仅是政府的问题问题 更是他们自己的问题问题 析 重复译出省略的名词 问题 并且调整原句的顺序 使之更加符合汉语表达习 惯 7 Genetically engineered rice is the key to Asia s food security to feed impoverished millions 转基因大米对于保障亚洲粮食供给十分重要十分重要 对于保证贫穷的数百万人民温饱也十十 分重要分重要 8 Justice will inevitably prevail over evil light over darkness and progress over backwardness 正义终将战胜战胜邪恶 光明终将送走送走黑暗 进步终将替代替代倒退 9 The 21st century executive must be a global strategist working as deftly in Tokyo as in New York He se