美国国家地理课程标准(翻译).doc

美国国家地理课程标准.doc 的翻译GEOGRAPHY FOR LIFE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHY STANDARDS 1994 地理FOR LIFE 1994年国家地理标准 K-4 K-4 Geography for Life 生活地理 National Geography Standards 1994 (Gr. K-4) 国家地理标准1994（希腊文K-4） The Six Essential Elements of Geography and the Eighteen Geography Standards 六要素的地理和十八地理课程标准 By essential we mean that each piece is central and necessary: We must look at the world in this way. 我们必须意味着，每件作品是中央和必要的：我们必须以这种方式看待这个世界。 By element we mean that each piece is a building block for the whole. 元素，我们的意思是，每件作品是一个构建块的整体。 Each essential element contains a number of geography standards. 每一个重要的元素包含一些地理课程标准。 Each standard presents a set of ideas and approaches that a geographically informed person needs to know and understand. 每个标准提供了一组在地理上获悉的人的思想和方法，需要知道和了解。 THE WORLD IN SPATIAL TERMS 在空间方面的世界 Geography studies the relationships between people, places, and environments by mapping information about them into a spatial context. 地理研究关于他们的信息映射到空间范围内的人，地点和环境之间的关系。 The geographically informed person knows and understands. 在地理上知情的人知道和了解. Geography Standard 1: 地理标准1： How to use maps and other geographic representations, tools, and technologies to acquire, process, and report information from a spatial perspective 如何使用地图和其他地理陈述，工具和收购的技术，工艺，和报告信息从空间的角度 By the end of the fourth grade, the student knows and understands: 到四年级结束时，学生知道和理解： 1. 1。 The characteristics and purposes of geographic representations-such as maps, gloves, graphs, diagrams, aerial and other photographs, and satellite-produced images 的地理陈述-比如地图，手套，图形，图表，航空和其他的照片和卫星产生图像的特点和用途 2. 2。 The characteristics and purposes of tools and technologies-such as reference works and computer-based geographic information systems 的工具和技术-如参考作品和以计算机为基础的地理信息系统的特点和用途 3. 3。 How to display spatial information on maps and other geographic representations 如何显示在地图上的空间信息和其他地理陈述 4. 4。 How to use appropriate geographic tools and technologies 如何使用适当的地理工具和技术 Therefore, the student is able to: 因此，学生能够： A. Identify and describe the characteristics and purposes of geographic representations, tools, and technologies, as exemplified by being able to: A.识别和描述的特点和目的的的地理陈述，工具和技术，例如能够： Examine a variety of maps to identify and describe their basic elements (title, legend, cardinal directions, 检查各种地图，以确定和描述他们的基本元素（标题，图例，主要方向， intermediate directions, grid, principal parallels, meridians, scale) 中间的方向，电网，主要的相似之处，经络，规模） Interpret aerial photographs or satellite-produced image to locate and identify physical and human features (eg mountain ranges, rivers, vegetation regions, cities, dams, reservoirs) 解读航空摄影或卫星生成的图像定位和识别的物理和人性化功能（如山脉，河流，植被区，市，水坝，水库） Design a map that displays information selected by the student, using symbols explained in a key 设计由学生选择的信息，显示在地图上，用符号解释在一个关键 B. Show spatial information on geographic representations, as exemplified by being able to: B.显示空间信息的地理陈述，例如能够： Read a narrative and then create a sketch map to illustrate the narrative (eg, make a map showing the movement of a family of ducks as described in Make Way for Ducklings; or after reading the Little House series by Laura Ingalls Wilder make a map of where the Ingalls family lived) 阅读叙事，然后创建一个示意图来说明的叙述（例如，使地图显示一个家庭的鸭子让路雏鸭的运动或阅读威尔德的小房子系列地图Ingalls家庭生活） Report regional data in both a two-dimensional format (eg, by using proportional symbols drawn on a map) and a three-dimensional format (eg, stacking a proportionate number of counters on each region) 报告的区域中的数据二者的二维格式（例如，通过使用比例在地图上绘制的符号）和一个三维的格式（例如，每个区域上层叠的柜台数目比例） Construct diagrams or charts to display spatial information (eg, construct a bar graph that compares the populations of the five largest cities in a US state) 构造图或图表显示空间信息（例如，建立一个条形图在美国的一个州五大城市的人口比较） C. Use geographic representations, tools, and technologies to answer geographic questions, as exemplified by being able to: C.使用地理陈述，工具和技术，例如能够回答地理问题： Use a map grid (eg, alphanumeric system) to answer the question - What is this location? 使用的地图网格（例如，字母数字系统）来回答这个问题-这是什么位置？ - as applied to places chosen by the teacher and student (eg latitude/longitude) -适用于由教师和学生选择的地方（例如：纬度/经度） Use thematic maps to answer questions about human distributions (eg, What explains the distribution of the human population on Earth?) 使用对人类的分布回答问题（例如，如何解释地球上的人口分布专题地图） Use different types of map scales (linear, fractional, and word scale) to measure the distance between two places in response to the question-How far is location A from location B? 在回应这个问题，使用不同类型的地图比例尺（线性，分数，字量表）来测量两地之间的距离-位置A位置B有多远？ The geographically informed person knows and understands. 在地理上知情的人知道和了解. Geography Standard 2: How to use mental maps to organize information about people, places, and environments in a spatial context 地理标准2：如何使用心理映射到组织的空间环境中的人，地点和环境的信息 By the end of the fourth grade, the student knows and understands : 到四年级结束时，学生知道和理解 ： 1. 1。 The locations of places within the local community and in nearby communities 在当地社区和附近社区的地方的位置 2. 2。 The location of Earths continents and oceans in relation to each other and to principal parallels and meridians 地球的大陆和海洋的关系，彼此主要的Parallels和经络的位置 3. 3。 The location of major physical and human features in the United States and on Earth 在美国和地球上主要的物理和人类的功能的位置 Therefore, the student is able to: 因此，学生能够： A. Identify major physical and human features at a variety of scales (local to global) using maps, globes, and other sources of graphic information, as exemplified by being able to A.确定的主要物理和人性化功能，例如能够在不同的尺度（从地方到全球）使用地图，地球仪和其他来源的图形信息 Use symbols to locate, identify, and mark features of the local community (eg shopping areas, restaurants, fire stations, schools, post offices) on a prepared base map 使用符号，定位，识别和标记功能，当地社区（例如购物区，餐厅，消防局，学校，邮局）在准备的基础地图 Use labels and symbols to locate and identify physical and human features (eg largest cities, rivers, recreation areas, historic sites, landforms, power plants) on a prepared base map of the state or United States 使用标签和符号来定位和识别物质和人力上一个国家或美国准备底图的功能（例如最大的城市，河流，游憩区，历史遗迹，地貌，电厂） Identify physical and human features along a great circle route between two places (eg, Los Angeles and Moscow, Singapore and Buenos Aires) using a globe, maps, and other sources of graphic information 确定了一大圈之间的路由功能，以及两地（例如，洛杉矶，莫斯科，新加坡，布宜诺斯艾利斯）用一个地球仪，地图，图文信息和其他来源的物质和人力 B. Use a mental map to identify the locations of places, as exemplified by being able to B.使用的心理地图，以确定位置的地方，例如能够 Draw a sketch map from memory of the local community showing the route to and from school, to and from stores, and to and from recreational facilities 画一个示意图，并从内存中的当地社区的路线，从学校，从商店和娱乐设施 Prepare a sketch map to indicate the approximate locations of places, both local and global, features in a newspaper or television news story 准备一个示意图来表示的大致位置的地方，局部和全局，在报纸或电视新闻报道的功能 Answer questions about the locations of places (eg, Is Maine farther east than Florida ? Is Singapore closer to Europe or North America ? The Suez Canal connects the Red Sea with what other sea?) 回答问题的地方的位置（例如，缅因州更远的东部佛罗里达州是新加坡更接近欧洲或北美苏伊士运河连接红海与其他海？） C. Sketch an accurate map to answer questions about the locations of physical and human features, as exemplified by being able to C.画出准确的地图，回答问题的位置，物质和人力的功能，例如能够 Sketch a map showing the location of the local community in relation to major landmarks (eg, a major river, city, or landform) 画出一张地图上显示的位置，当地社区关系的主要地标（例如，一条主要河流，城市或地貌） Use a sketch map indicating the approximate location of major mountain ranges in the world to illustrate a geographic idea (eg, to explain the rain-shadow effect of mountains, or to show how mountains can affect transportation routes) 使用草图地图，标明在世界上的主要山脉的大致位置，说明了地理的想法（例如，解释雨山的阴影效果，或显示山上可以如何影响运输路线） Mark and label the locations of places discussed in history, language arts, science, and other school subjects (eg, use sketch maps regularly, as a matter of habit, to place historic events in their spatial contexts or depict countries or regions read about in language arts) 标记和标签的位置在历史上所讨论的地方，语言艺术，科学和其他学科（例如，使用定期绘制草图，作为一个习惯问题，将历史事件的空间环境或描绘中读到的国家或地区，语言艺术） D. Describe selected geographic features on the basis of using mental maps, as exemplified by being able to D.描述选定的地理特征的基础上，使用心理地图，能够举出 Write a short account from memory illustrated with a sketch map, describing the location of a shopping mall, a neighboring city, the downtown area of the community, and other important features of the local region 写一个简短的帐户从一个示意图所示的内存，描述一个商场的位置，相邻的城市，市中心区的社会，和其他重要功能的局部区域 Write a description from memory of the physical and human characteristics of the state in which the student lives and create a sketch map to Illustrate the account 从内存中的状态的自然和人文特征的描述写的学生生活，创造一个示意图来说明帐户 Write a brief summary from memory of the distribution of physical and human features in different regions of the United States and world (eg, the distribution of population in mid-latitude regions of the world) 分布在美国和世界的不同地区（如人口分布在中纬度地区的世界的物质和人力的功能从内存中写一个简短的总结） The geographically informed person knows and understands. 在地理上知情的人知道和了解. Geography Standard 3: How to analyze the spatial organization of people, places, and environments on Earths surface 地理标准3：如何分析地球表面上的人，地点和环境的空间组织 By the end of the fourth grade, the student knows and understands: 到四年级结束时，学生知道和理解： 1. 1。 The spatial elements of point, line, area, and volume 空间点，线，面积和体积元素 2. 2。 The spatial concepts of location, distance, direction, scale, movement, and region 位置，距离，方向，规模，运动，和地区的空间概念 3. 3。 That places and features are distributed spatially across Earths surface 整个地球表面的空间分布位置和功能 4. 4。 The causes and consequences of spatial interaction on Earths surface 地球表面上的空间相互作用的原因和后果 Therefore, the student is able to: 因此，学生能够： A. Analyze Earths surface in terms of its spatial elements of point, line, area, and volume, as exemplified by being able to: A.分析地球表面的空间要素的点，线，面积和体积，例如能够： Use a simple map to identify physical and human features in terms of the four spatial elements (eg, locations point, transportation and communication routes line, regions area, lakes filled with water volume.) 使用一个简单的地图，以确定物质和人力的四个空间要素的功能（例如，位置点，交通和通讯线路线，区域区域，装满水的湖泊量。） Prepare simple diagrams of various places, using the four spatial elements (eg, a diagram showing the school and student homes points, roads that connect them lines, and the school attendance region area). 准备简单的图表，不同的地方，使用空间元素（例如，图的学校和学生宿舍点，将它们连接起来的道路行的入学区域，区）。 Use a map of the local region that shows transportation links between communities to decide the best routes for getting to each community, the easiest community to get to, and the most difficult community to get to 使用地图的局部区域之间的交通联系社区决定让每个社区的最佳路线，最简单的社会，最困难群体得到 B. Use the spatial concepts of location, distance, direction, scale, movement, and region to describe the spatial organization of places, as exemplified by being able to B.使用空间的位置，距离，方向，规模，运动，和区域的概念来描述空间组织的地方，例如能够 Write descriptions of the spatial organization of places featured in stories (eg, use a childrens story such as Little Red Riding Hood to examine concepts of distance, direction, and location-the relative location of the two houses, the distance between them, and the direction and movement of the wolf and Little Red Riding Hood) 写说明地方特色的故事（例如，使用一个孩子的故事，如“小红帽罗宾汉”检查的距离，方向和位置的概念-两个房子的相对位置，它们之间的距离的空间组织，狼和小红帽的方向和运动） Locate the homes of classmates and the school on a map, measure the distance from each home to school, determine the direction from each home to school, identify the route traveled by each student, and outline on the map the region created by the locations of the homes 在地图上找到家的同学和学校，每家到学校的距离测量，确定每家到学校的方向，确定每个学生走过的路线，和大纲的位置在地图上的区域的家 Measure the distance between two locations in miles, kilometers, time, cost, and perception, and draw conclusions about different ways of measuring distance (eg, contrast the amount of time and the cost of traveling from one location to other locations using different means of transportation) 测量中的两个位置英里，公里，时间，成本和感知之间的距离，并得出结论不同的方法来测量距离（例如，相反，大量的时间和成本，从一个地方旅行到其他地方使用不同的手段运输） C. Observe and compare the patterns and densities of places on Earths surface, as exemplified by being able to C.观察和比较的模式和密度的地球表面的地方，例如能够 Observe the distribution of features on maps or aerial photographs to identify spatial patterns and associations (eg, the relationships between fast-food locations and accessibility) 观察分布的地图或者航拍照片的功能，以确定空间格局及其关联性（例如，快餐的地方和辅助功能之间的关系） Calculate the density of specific features within a grid placed over a map (eg, use a grid to plot and count the locations of students homes and color each grid square according to density) 地图（例如，使用一个网格，学生的家庭和颜色绘制的位置，并计算每个方格，根据其密度放置在网格内的计算密度的特定功能） Use maps of physical features to observe patterns produced by physical processes (eg, the drainage basin of a river system, the ridge-and-valley pattern of the Appalachians , or vegetation on the windward and leeward sides of a mountain range) 使用地图的物理特性产生的物理过程（例如，流域河流系统的阿巴拉契亚山脉的山脊和山谷模式，或植被山脉的迎风面和背风侧的观察模式） D. Analyze the locations of places and suggest why particular locations are used for certain human activities, as exemplified by being able to D.分析的地方的位置，并建议用于某些人类活动的特定位置，例如能够 Create a sketch map or scale model of the community locating key places and explain the locations of service and commercial activities, housing, public utilities, fire stations, and schools using the concept of accessibility 创建一个草图，地图或比例的模型定位键的地方社会和解释的位置，服务和商业活动，住房，公用事业，消防局，和学校无障碍的概念 Identify why some locations are better than others for specific activities (eg, why gas stations and convenience stores are often at the intersections of major streets and doctors offices near hospitals) 找出为什么有些地方是比别人更好的为特定的活动（例如，为什么加油站和便利店经常在医院附近的主要街道的交叉点和医生办公室） Observe and map the locations of essential services in the community (eg, streetlights, phone booths, mailboxes, fire hydrants), and suggest reasons for the locations of the services 观察和在社会上的位置映射的基本服务（例如，路灯，电话亭，邮箱，消防栓），位置的服务和建议的理由 E. Identify connections among places and explain the causes and consequences of spatial interaction, as exemplified by being able to E.确定地方之间的连接和解释的空间相互作用的原因和后果，例如能够 Identify cultural characteristics that originated in other cultures and trace the spread of each characteristic and the means by which it spread (eg, trace the movement from Africa to America of cultural characteristics such as foods, language, music, and customs as a result of the slave trade between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries) 确定文化特性，起源于其他文化和跟踪各的特点和以何种方式传播（例如，跟踪运动的结果，从非洲到美洲的文化特色，如食物，语言，音乐，和海关的传播十七，十九世纪的奴隶贸易之间） Use labels on clothing, canned goods, and other consumer items to map links with locations in different regions of the country and world and then write a brief account suggesting reasons for the patterns observed on the map 使用在衣服上的标签，罐头食品和其他消费项目，地点在不同国家和地区的世界地图链接，然后写一个简短的帐户，这表明在地图上观察到的模式的原因 Write a story or play about the consequences of a community being cut off from interaction with the outside world for three days- an account of life in the community without fuel, fresh fruits and vegetables, truck deliveries, mail service, and other forms of community-to-outside-world interaction 写一个故事或播放被切断与外界的互动三天的帐户在社区的生活没有燃料，新鲜水果和蔬菜，卡车运输，邮件服务，和其他形式的社区一个社区的后果对外部世界的互动 PLACES AND REGIONS 地方和区域 The identities and lives of individuals and peoples are rooted in particular places and in those human constructs called regions. 个人和民族的身份和生活，是植根于特定的地方，在那些人的结构称为区域。 The geographically informed person knows and understands. 在地理上知情的人知道和了解. Geography Standard 4: The physical and human characteristics of places 地理标准4：地方的自然和人文特征 By the end of the fourth grade, the student knows and understands : 到四年级结束时，学生知道和理解 ： 1. 1。 The physical characteristics of places (eg, landforms, bodies of water, soil, vegetation, and weather and climate) 的地方（例如，地貌，水体，土壤，植被机构，以及天气和气候的物理特性） 2. 2。 The human characteristics of places (eg, population distributions, settlement patterns, languages, ethnicity, nationality, and religious beliefs) 人性化特点的地方（如人口分布，聚落形态，语言，种族，国籍，宗教信仰） 3. 3。 How physical and human processes together shape places 物质和人力的过程形状的地方 Therefore, the student is able to: 因此，学生能够： A. Describe and compare the physical characteristics of places at a variety of scales, local to global, as exemplified by being able to A.描述和比较的物理特性，例如能够在各种规模的地方，从地方到全球 Observe and describe the physical characteristics of the local community in words and sketches, using a data-retrieval char organized by physical features (eg, landforms, bodies of water, soils, vegetation) 观察和描述的物理特性，当地社区在文字和草图，使用数据检索字符的物理特性（例如，地貌，水体，土壤，植被的） use a variety of visual materials and data sources (eg, photographs, satellite-produced images, pictures, tables, charts) to describe the physical characteristics of a region, noting items that have similar distributions (eg, trees in river valleys) 使用各种视觉材料和数据源（例如，照片，生产的卫星图像，图片，表格，图表）来形容一个地区的物理特性，并指出项目也有类似的分布（例如，树木河谷） use cardboard, wood, clay, or other materials to make a model of a region that shows its physical characteristics (eg, landforms, bodies of water, vegetation) 使用纸板，木材，泥土或其他材料做一个模型的一个区域，显示其物理特性（例如，地貌，水体，植被） B. Describe and compare the human characteristics of places at a variety of scales, local to global, as exemplified by being able to B.描述和比较人性化特点的地方，例如能够在不同的尺度，从地方到全球 Observe and describe the human characteristics of the local community in words and sketches, using a data-retrieval chart organized by human features (eg, type of economic activity, type of housing, languages spoken, ethnicity, religion) 观察和描述的人类特征的文字和草图当地社区，举办的人性化功能（例如，经济活动的类型，房屋类型，使用的语言，种族，宗教图表使用的数据检索） Use a variety of visual materials, data sources, and narratives (eg, photographs, pictures, tables, charts, newspaper stories) to describe the human characteristics of a region and to answer such questions as; Where do people live? 使用各种视觉材料，数据源，并叙述（例如，照片，图片，表格，图表，新闻报导）来形容一个地区的人类特征，并回答这样的问题，人们会在哪里住？ What kinds of jobs do they have? 他们有什么样的工作？ How do they spend their leisure time? 他们如何度过闲暇时间？ Use cardboard, wood, clay, or other materials to make a model of a community that shows its human characteristics (eg, land-use patter