大学英语六级考试写作部分精解.doc

大学英语六级考试写作部分精解从句到段：段落的展开基本句法掌握之后，接下来就要训练段落写作，这是因为段落是文章的基本组成部分，要写出好文章，必须在段落写作上多下功夫。段的基本组成是句子，好的段落应该是该段中所有的句子都围绕着一个主题展开，且句与句之间应该是紧密相连，形成统一的整体即unifiedandcoherent。那么怎样将一个段落展开呢？下面介绍英语中几种常用的方法。(1)时间顺序按时间顺序写作就是按照事物发展在时间上的正常顺序或先后顺序展开段落。在讲述故事或回忆事件时，先发生的先写，后发生的后写。请看下面的例子： MyheartgavealeapwhenIheardtheannouncementthatourtrainwouldsoonarriveatitsdestination-Beijing.Likeotherpassengers,Ibegantocollectmythingsandputmymug,towel,atlas,apples,andotherthingsintomybag.Tothetuneofabeautifulsongthetrainpulledintothestationandgentlystoppedbyaplatform.Iwalkedoutofthetrainandwascarriedforwardbythestreamofpeopleintoanundergroundpassageandthenintoabighall.AsIsteppedoutofthestation,IwasdazzledbythebrightautumnskiesofBeijing.ThoughIhadbeenonthetrainformorethethirtyhoursandspentansleeplessnight,Ididntfeeltiredatall,andIbelievedmydaysinthisgloriouscitywouldbeassunnyastheskies. (2)空间顺序按空间顺序组织材料通常用于描述一个地方、事情或人物外貌等。其文章内容应按照由近及远、由远及近、自下而上、自上而下、按顺时针方向或逆时针方向排列，例如： Inthemiddleoftherectangular-shapedcourtyardstoodthreemagnoliatrees(),allinfullbloom.Alittlegirlwashopingamongthem,nowgazingatabud,nowcollectingfallenpetals.Underoneofthetreesstoodherparents,who,whilekeepinganeyeonher,wereexaminingthesnowwhiteblossomswithgreatinterestandadmiration.Infrontofanothertreeayoungcouple,freshandbrightastheflowers,wereposingforapicture.Attheendofthecourtyardagroupofyoungstershadgatheredbehindanartistpaintingaflourishinglimb,whichlookedsocharmingandrealthataboystoopedtosniffatahalf-openflower.Attheoppositeendafewelderlymenandwomenstoodadmiringtheleaflessfloweringtreesandthepeoplelookingatthem. (3)列举法通过列举一系列的论据对主题句中的论点进行广泛、全面的陈述或解释，列举的顺序可按照所列各点的内容的相对重要性、时间、空间来排列，例如： TheOtherSideofCityLife Intheeyesofmanypeople,citylifeisattractivewithallitsadvantagesandconvenience,yettheydontseetheothersideofthepicture.First,withtheexpansionofthecity,housinghasbecomeaseriousproblemforcitypeople.Then,thereistheproblemofpollution:harmfulgasesfromvehiclesandpoisonouswaterfromfactoriespolluteoursurroundings;noisecontinuallydisturbsyourpeaceandrestanddrivesyoumad.Thirdly,moderncitylifeputsahighpressureuponpeople;youhavetohurrytoandfromwork;youhavetododgeinsoastoavoidbumpingintothefloodofpeople,bicycles,cars,buses;alldaylongyouareundergreatstress.Fourthly,bigcitiesalsocausesomesocialproblems.Ofwhichhighcrimerateisthemostseriousone.Peoplearejustifiablyinfearofbecomingvictimsofburglary,robbery,murderandothercrimesatanytime.Theyshouldfindsomewaystocopewithalltheseproblems.(4)举例法在主题句中简要、概括地说明一个段落的主题思想之后，可以用具体的、生动的事例来支撑论证主题，向目标读者展示并使他们具体感受主题句中尚未展开的内容和细节，例如： Thistermseveralusefulandinterestingcourseshavebeenoffered.AnIntroductiontoEuropeanCulture,forinstance,givesusalotofbackgroundknowledgeofthehistoryofEuropeanphilosophy,literature,andarts.Fromtimetotimeweseeslideshowsoffamouspaintingsandheartapesoffamouspiecesofmusic,andtheymakethelecturesallthemoreinteresting.AmericanSocietyandCultureisanothercoursethatattractsalargeaudience.Theteacher,whovisitedtheUnitedStatesnotlongago,discussesnewtrendsandchangesinAmericanlifeaswellasAmericanhistoryandtraditions.Weliketheseandothercoursesverymuch,becausetheyhelpusnotonlytoimproveourEnglishbutalsotobroadenourvision. (5)比较和对比比较(comparison)主要是指出两个或两个以上不同种类的事物的共同点或相似之处，如人物、地点、事物、思想、观点等。对照(contrast)主要是指出它们的不同点。相同的或类似的特征可以组成比较，不同的特征则可以组成对照。不仅如此，比较和对比常常同时使用，这是因为比较中往往隐含着对比。 比较和对比常有两种形式，即整体比较和对比(blockcomparisonandcontrast)与逐项比较(alternatingcomparison)，例如： AlthoughUlyssesS.GrantandRobertE.LeewerefierceadversariesduringtheCivilWar,theirlives,bothmilitaryandnonmilitary,hasagreatdealincommon.GrantdescendedfromafamilywhosemembersparticipatedintheAmericanRevolution.HereceivedhiscommissionofsecondlieutenantfromWestPointandservedintheSpanish-AmericanWar.HewaslatersummonedbyPresidentLincolntoassumecommandoftheUnionForcesduringtheCivilWar.AftertheCivilWar,Grantsufferedfinancialproblemsandwasforcedtodeclarebankruptcy.LeealsodescendedfromafamilywhichengagedintheAmericanRevolution.He,too,receivedhiscommissionfromWestPointandlaterfoughtinMexicoduringtheSpanish-AmericanWar.HisfameasamilitarystrategistduringtheCivilWar,whenhewasthecommanderoftheConfederatearmies,iswellknown.Althoughitisnotalwayspointedoutbyhistorianshe,likeGrant,hadfinancialdifficultiesafterthecivilWarandwascompelledtodeclarebankruptcy.BysecuringapostaspresidentofWashingtonCollege,hewasabletoavoidadditionalpoverty.(整体比较) Thesamequalitiesthatmakepeoplegoodhouseguestsmakethemgoodhospitalpatients.Goodhouseguestscanexpectareasonableamountofserviceandeffortontheirbehalf,andhospitalpatientscanalso.Guestshavetoadjusttowhatisforthemachange,andcertainlyhospitalpatientsmustdothesame.Nooneappreciatesacomplaining,unpleasant,unappreciativehouseguest,andthehospitalstaffisnoexception.Hoseguestswhoexpectvastchangestobemadefortheirbenefitarenotpopularforlong.Certainlynursesandotherpersonnelwiththeirroutinesfeelthesamewayaboutpatientsintheircare.Justashouseguestsmustmakeadjustmentstoenjoytheirvisits,sopatientsmustmakeadjustmentstomaketheirstaysreasonablypleasantandsatisfyingunderthecircumstances.(逐项比较)(6)原因和结果因果分析是常用的拓展段落的方法之一，一定要注意推理的逻辑性因果关系必须表达清楚，不能因果混淆，更不能因果倒置，要避免牵强附会和循环论证。一个原因可能造成一个或多个结果，也可能在一大段文章中涉及到一连串因果关系。一个结果也可能由多种原因所引起，通常先写结果，后写多种原因；但也可先写原因后写结果。另外，如果哟啊强调原因或结果，可用倒装或强调句型加以突出。例如： ThesurgeofdemandforoilwillsoonbegintosendshockwavesthroughtheAmericaneconomyandtransportationsystem.Theimpactofthesetremorscanalreadybeanticipated:totheconsumertheysignaltheendofalongloveaffairwiththecar,andtoDetroittheyofferanearlywarningthatits1985growthaimsaredangerouslyunrealistic.Unlessweexerciseforesightanddevisegrowth-limitspoliciesfortheautoindustry,eventswillthrustusintoacrisisthatwillleadtoasubstantialerosionofdomesticoilsupplyaswellastheindependenceitprovidesuswith,andalevelofpetroleumimportsthatcouldcostasmuchas$20to$30billionperyear.Moreover,wewouldstillbedepletingourremainingoilreservesatanunacceptablerate,andscramblingforpetroleumsubstitutes,withenormouspotentialdamagetotheenvironment. (7)定义法有时候为了避免混淆或误解，我们必须对一个词、一条术语或谚语、一个概念通过下定义加以说明、解释。通常有三种方法下定定义：给出同义词、用一个带有定语从句的复合句或用一整段文章，而以第三种方法最为常用。1997年1月份四级考试的作文PracticeMakesPerfect就是一篇极为典型的定义型文章。再看下面的例子： Aliberatedwomanissimplyawomanwhocontrolsherownlife,ratherthanallowingittobecontrolledbyotherpeople,traditions,orexpectations.Aliberatedwomancanbefoundpursuinganylineofwork,includinghousework,ornoworkatall.Shemayormaynotbemarried;shemayormaynothavebornchildren.Shemaybelongtoanyrace;shemayhaveattainedanyage.Sheneedhaveonlyonetraitincommonwithherliberatedsisters:shemakesherownchoices,whethertheybethecolorsonherwallsortheadvanceddegreessheseeks.Sheactsofherownvolition,responsibletoherself,andnotoutoffearofwhathermother,lover,orneighbormightsay. (8)分类法所谓分类就是根据人物和事物的特征将他们/它们分别归入各自不同的范畴。在写这一类段落时，一定要抓住各个类别的典型特征，不要异类相串，混淆起来。例如： AccordingtoXiaoLi,thefifteenstudentsofhisclassfallintothreegroups.Sevenofthemworkhardandstudywell.Theyalwaysgetgoodmarksinexaminationsandareoftenpraisedbytheteachers.Licallsthemgoodstudents.Themonitor,thesecretaryoftheYouthLeaguebranch,andthecaptainoftheclassvolleyballteam,arequickinfindingoutwhattheirfellowstudentsareinterestedinorwhattheyshoulddoasacollective.Theyalwaysorganizeproperactivitiesatthepropertime,soLicallsthemgoodorganizers.Fourotherstudentsareverykindtotheirclassmates,alwaysreadytolendthemahelpinghand.Theyhelptocleantheclassroomandthecorridorevenwhentheyarenotonduty.Lisaysthattheyaregoodfellows.Whataboutyourself?someoneaskshim.Imagroupbymyself-agoodobserver.从段到篇：四种体裁 掌握了前面八种段落展开的天龙八部，在面对任何级别的英语考试的作文时，相信大家都可以从容落笔，应付如裕。 不过，大家仍然要谋篇布局，从篇章的角度对自己要写的内容作宏观的整体上的把握，这就要求大家区分各种体裁，以采用不同的方法去应对。英语文章的体裁可分为四类，即： (1)记叙文(narration) (2)描述文(description) (3)说明文(exposition) (4)议论文(argumentation) 和中文无异。限于篇幅，在此就不一一举例详细论述，只说一下写作要领。 先说记叙文。所谓narration就是叙述一件事或一连串事件，像四级曾经考过的AMorningWalk(晨间漫步)即是一例。在写这类作文时，要注意以下几点：首先，在一开始就要设定时间、地点、人物，一定要交代清楚；其次，在讲述发生的事件本身时，要选取一些关键的细节，不要漫无边际或不着边际，而组织那些素材一般采用时间顺序亦即先发生的先写，后发生的后写，或