如何种植西红柿.docx

如何种植西红柿 - 有机番茄园艺Everyone knows that homegrown tomatoes taste an order of magnitude better than ones that come from the grocery stores shelves.大家都知道，自产自销西红柿的味道幅度比那些杂货店的货架上更好。 They are fresher, juicer, sweeter and just plain delicious.他们是新鲜的，榨汁机，更甜，只是简单的美味。 Tomatoes grown for supermarkets are bred for their firmness, hardiness, ability to withstand travel and even color.超市种植的西红柿培育他们的坚定性，抗寒性，能够承受旅行和色泽均匀。 That also makes them bland, mealy and not very tasty.这也使得他们平淡，粉状和不好吃。 So, consider growing tomatoes on your own; there are plenty of varieties to choose from and you can grow them until they are perfectly ripe and delicious.因此，可以考虑自己的种植西红柿 ，有大量可供选择的品种，你可以成长，直到他们完全成熟可口。 Tomato Garden Essentials 番茄花园要领 Sunshine 阳光 More than anything, tomatoes need sun.比什么，西红柿需要太阳。 Full sun, for that matter and no less than 8-hours per day.充足的阳光，为此事每天不低于8小时。 If your garden plot receives less than ideal amounts of sunshine (and the warmth it provides) you can still grow beautiful tomatoes, but will have to improve conditions for them to thrive.如果你的花园小区接收不到理想的日照量（和它提供的温暖），你仍然可以长出美丽的西红柿，但将有改善条件，为他们茁壮成长。 Spread black plastic around your plants. 黑色塑料传遍你的植物。 This will help the soil soak up heat and control weeds and many insects, too.这将有助于土壤吸收热量和控制杂草和许多昆虫，太。 Mulching will also conserve soil moisture , which can prevent tomato problems (blossom end rot, cracking) associated with uneven watering.地膜覆盖也将保护土壤水分 ，可以防止番茄的问题（开花结束腐烂，开裂）不均匀浇水有关。 Tip: Some growers prefer to use red tomato mulch , which may have the added benefit of reducing the number of days to maturity and improving tomato yields.提示：有些种植者喜欢用红色的番茄地膜 ，减少至到期日的天数和提高番茄产量可能有额外的好处。 Row covers , draped over tomato plants can trap heat and some moisture - creating a mini-greenhouse effect. 行盖 ，身披超过番茄植株可以捕获热量和一些水分-创建迷你温室效应。 There are many different kinds of row covers, but choose a gauzy material that will protect plants from cold and let rain through.有许多不同种类的行盖，但选择一个淡淡的材料，以保护植物从寒冷，让雨水通过。 Make sure to check often to be sure your plants are not overheating.确保经常检查，以确保你的植物是不是过热。 A fence or barrier behind your plants will reflect sunlight back onto them.一个篱笆或你的植物背后的屏障将阳光反射到他们。 For best results, use something shiny or bright - a white sheet hung between two posts or an old door painted white will get the job done.为了达到最佳效果，请使用有光泽或明亮的东西 - 白床单挂两个职位之间的或旧的门涂上白色会得到完成任务。 If it is heat, more than sunlight that you are trying to increase, paint your fence or barrier a dark color.如果它是热，多阳光，你正在试图增加，粉刷围栏或屏障深色。 Do you live in an area with high temperatures?你住在一个面积高温？ If so, you may need to cool your plants.如果是这样，你可能需要冷却你的植物。 Tomatoes drop their flowers, fail to color-up and pretty much stop growing when temperatures consistently climb above 90 F. To protect plants from too much heat consider shading the plants.西红柿放弃自己的花，不色，几乎停止生长时，温度始终高于90F爬为了防止过多的热量植物，考虑遮阳植物。 Be careful not to just drape something over them, as this will create more heat.小心，不要只是披了他们的东西，因为这将创造更多的热量。 Shade the side of the plants being hit with the sun and make sure there is plenty of air circulation.遮阳侧面被击中太阳的植物，并确保有足够的空气流通。 Soil 土壤 Tomatoes are not super fussy about what type of soil they are grown in. As with most garden vegetables, they do well in well-drained, fertile loam with a pH of 5.8 to 7.0.西红柿是对他们最田园蔬菜生长的什么类型的土壤不超挑剔，他们在排水良好，肥沃的壤土与pH值5.8至7.0。 Mix several inches of organic compost or aged animal manure into the upper 4-8 inches of soil before planting.播种前混入土壤上4-8英寸几英寸的有机肥料或老年动物粪便。 If a soil pH meter shows the pH is above 6.0, apply elemental sulfur - if it is below 6.0, add oyster shell lime.如果土壤pH计显示pH值在6.0以上，适用于元素硫-如果它是低于6.0，添加牡蛎壳石灰。 Space 空间 How much space youll need per plant depends on the tomato variety you are growing and whether or not your plants are staked or caged.你需要多大的空间增长的番茄品种单株取决于你的植物是否是押或笼。 Proper spacing will assure that your plants receive plenty of sunlight and good air circulation, which will prevent many plant diseases from developing.适当的间距，将保证您的植物得到充足的阳光和良好的空气流通，这将阻止来自发展中国家的许多植物病害。 When its time to plant, refer to the seed packet or seedling directions for specific spacing requirements.当它是植物，是指特定的间距要求的种子包或幼苗方向。 Some general guidelines are:一些一般性的指导方针是： Space staked tomatoes and indeterminates 1.5 to 3-feet apart (determinates grow more compact and can be spaced planted 2-feet apart) 空间放样西红柿和indeterminates相距1.5至3英尺（因素研究变得更加紧凑和可以间隔种植相距2英尺） Plant unstaked/uncaged plants 6-feet apart 的植物unstaked /开锁厂相距6英尺 Tomatoes with a 2-foot diameter cage can be planted 4-feet apart一个直径为2英尺的笼西红柿可以种植相距4英尺 Allow at least 3-feet between rows of tomatoes 允许至少3英尺之间的西红柿行 Where to Plant 哪里植物 Traditionally, it has been recommended that plants in the same family (in this case the Solanaceae Family) should not be planted near each other or in the same ground as the previous year.传统上，它已建议在同一家庭（在这种情况下， 茄科 ）植物，不应互相靠近或在地面比去年同期种植。 (For tomatoes, this would include eggplants, peppers and potatoes, in addition to other varieties of tomatoes.) While members of the same plant family often share common pest problems, it is nearly impossible to keep them apart if you have a small to medium sized garden. （西红柿，这将包括茄子，辣椒和土豆，除了其他品种的西红柿。）虽然同一植物家族的成员往往有着共同的虫害问题，它几乎是不可能的，让他们分开，如果你有小到中等大小花园。 In her book Great Garden Companions: A Companion-Planting System for a Beautiful, Chemical-Free Vegetable Garden , Sally Jean Cunningham suggests planting tomatoes, eggplants, and pepper together and mulching them with black plastic.萨莉让坎宁安在她的书大花园的同伴：同伴一个美丽，化工，无公害蔬菜园，种植制度 ，种植西红柿，茄子，辣椒和黑色塑料地膜覆盖。 Feed all of them with a high-phosphorous fertilizer which will promote flowering and fruiting.他们喂高磷肥，这将促进开花结实。 (Potatoes have different nutritional needs, so plant them separately.) （土豆有不同的营养需求，使它们分开种植。） Garden plants that seem to grow well near tomatoes - and visa versa - include carrots, garlic, beans, peas, other legumes and basil.园林植物，似乎增长近西红柿 - 反之亦然 - 包括胡萝卜，大蒜，蚕豆，豌豆等豆类食品和罗勒。 Read more about companion planting here.了解更多有关同伴种植在这里。 What to Grow 增长 There are so many types of tomatoes to choose from that it can be difficult to decide which ones to grow.有这么多的西红柿的类型来选择，它可以是很难决定哪些成长。 Experts suggest starting with three varieties and taking careful notes so youll know which ones you want to plant the following year.专家建议，有三个品种，并开始采取认真记录，这样你就会知道哪些你想种植次年。 When choosing plants, ask yourself the following questions:选择植物时，问自己以下几个问题： What shape, size and use do I prefer? 我喜欢什么形状，大小和使用？ Is this plant resistant to local diseases?这是植物抗病当地疾病？ Which plant grows best in my climate? 哪种植物生长在我的气候最好的吗？ How many plants do I want to grow?我想有许多植物成长？ Getting Started 入门 Visit your local nursery (avoid the big box stores at this point - you want to find someone who really knows what they are talking about) or jump online and visit a garden forum for answers to your questions.参观当地的苗圃（避免在这一点上的大箱子商店 - 你想找到的人，谁真正知道他们正在谈论），或跳在线和花园论坛访问问题的答案。 Find out which tomatoes grow best in your area and get answers to any other questions you might have.找出其中西红柿生长最好在您的地区，并获得您可能有任何其他问题的答案。 Then buy a few.然后买了几个。 Here is a little vocabulary lesson, so you wont feel lost when the nursery salesperson starts talking about:这里是一个小的词汇课，所以你不会感到失落时，幼儿园的营业员开始谈论： Determinate Tomatoes : These plants set all their fruit at once and then they are done. 确定的西红柿 ：这些植物水果设置一次，然后他们做。 Blossoms grow at the end of their shoots.樱花生长在笋结束。 Usually, they do not require much pruning or staking (unless they are vigorous and have such big fruit that they need a little extra support).通常，他们并不需要太多的修剪或跑马圈地（除非他们是“严厉”，有这么大的水果，他们需要一点点额外的支持）。 Determinate types like hot and relatively dry conditions, and will grow well in the Southwest.确定的类型，如热和相对干燥的条件下，生长良好，在西南。 Indeterminate Tomatoes : These plants grow and fruit throughout the summer. 不确定的西红柿 ：这些植物的生长和整个夏天的水果。 Their flowers bloom along the vines - not at the ends.他们的鲜花盛开沿藤蔓 - 而不是在两端。 Support and pruning are usually requirements of indeterminate varieties, which do well in warmer, more humid parts of the country.支持和修剪通常是不确定的品种，在更温暖，潮湿的全国各地以及要求。 Heirloom Tomatoes : These old fashioned, non-hybrid varieties were developed over generations by continually breeding plants with the most desirable characteristics with other plants that also had these characteristics. 传家宝西红柿 ：这些“老土”，非杂交品种，开发一代又一代不断繁殖植物与其他植物也有这些特点的最可取的特点。 Plants of each generation that did not meet the growers requirements were pulled out and not bred again.每一代的植物种植者的要求不符合拉出，而不是再繁殖。 An important point with heirlooms is that they are usually (but not always) indeterminate and are developed in an open pollinated environment.与传家宝的一个重要的一点是，它们通常（但不总是）不确定的，在一个开放的环境中授粉开发。 An heirloom plants defining qualities are in its dominant genes, so even if cross-pollinated with varieties are nearby, heirloom seeds will stay true, at least for awhile.一个传家宝植物的定义素质是显性基因，因此，即使与异花授粉品种都在附近， 传家宝种子会留真实的，至少在一段时间。 Eventually, you will see changes in the seeds, but by keeping them relatively separated, they will breed true.最终，你会看到种子的变化，但保持他们的相对分离，他们将培育出真正的。 Hybrid Tomatoes : These plants are produced anew every year and are the result of two different tomatoes being force-pollinated or crossed with no attempt to create a self-propagating seed. 杂交西红柿 ：这些植物每年产生新的，是两种不同的西红柿力授粉或“交叉”，没有试图创造一种自我繁殖的种子。 Hybrid seed will produce a plant with the characteristics that it was bred for only once.杂交种子会产生一种植物的特点，它孕育只有一次。 Selecting Seedlings 选择幼苗 If you live in an area with a short growing season, purchasing seedlings may be the best way to go, since they take less time to reach maturity and develop, well tomatoes!如果你住在具有生长期短的地区，购买树苗可能是最好的方式去，因为他们需要更少的时间达到成熟和发展，以及西红柿！ When it comes time to select your young seedlings look for leafy, vigorous plants.当谈到时间，选择您的幼苗，叶菜类，植物蓬勃。 Leggy or spindly plants will likely fall over and not fair well in the garden.徒长或细长的植物可能会翻倒和不公平以及在花园里。 Stocky seedlings, about 6-8 inches tall with one main stem are best.敦实的幼苗，一个主茎高约6-8英寸是最好的。 Also, watch for plants with discolored leaves or insects on them and do NOT choose plants that are in flower - overall yield will likely be poor.也变色的树叶或昆虫的植物，观赏，而不要选择开花的植物 - 整体收益率将可能是穷人。 Growing from Seed 与萌发的成长 Many tomato varieties and most heirlooms are only available as seed.许多番茄品种和最传家宝仅作为种子。 Therefore, if you want to grow an assortment of tomato plants, chances are youll have to start from seed.因此，如果你想种植番茄品种，机会是你必须从种子开始。 Fortunately, growing tomatoes from seed is pretty darn easy.幸运的是，种植西红柿种子是相当不错的。 When to Plant 何时种植 Seed packets tell you to start planting 6-8 weeks before the last frost - indoors.气候温暖，没有霜冻，播下的种子6-8周前的白天气温达到70年代高，夜间温度不低于55F。 Starting Seeds Indoors 开始种子室内 Growing Media. A good organic potting soil will be lightweight and drain well. 生长介质。一个很好的有机盆栽土壤将是轻量级的，沥干。 It will also be weed and pest free - typical garden soil is not!这也将是杂草和病虫害的自由 - 典型菜地土壤是不是！ Choose an organic potting mix and your seedlings will thank you.选择一个有机的盆栽混合和幼苗会感谢你。 Containers. Just about anything works as a container to start seeds in. Egg cartons, the bottom half of milk or juice cartons, yogurt containers, etc. Just be sure to poke drainage hole in the bottom.任何东西的容器。容器种子开始英寸蛋纸箱，箱牛奶或果汁，酸奶容器等的下半部是一定要捅在底部的排水孔。 Of course, plastic flats purchased at the garden store work great, too.当然，在花园商店购买塑料单位的工作很大，太。 Whatever you choose, be sure to put a tray under your containers to catch the water that drains out.无论你选择，根据你的容器一定要放一个托盘，赶排出的水。 Seeds. You cant grow seedlings without seeds, no matter how great your potting mix and ingenious your containers are. 种子。你不能成长过程中没有种子种苗，无论多么伟大的盆栽组合和巧妙的容器。 Head to your local garden store or shop online to select tomato seeds.头到您当地的花园商店或网上商店选择番茄种子。 Sowing and Sprouting. Sow seeds 1/4 to 1/2 inch deep (check the seed packet for specifics) and keep the potting mix evenly moist - if seeds get wet, then dry out, they will die. 播种和发芽播种1/4到1/2英寸深（检查具体的种子包），并保持盆栽混合均匀湿润-如果种子淋湿，然后擦干了，他们会死。 Seeds should sprout in 10-14 days.种子应在10-14天发芽。 Tip: To keep seeds evenly moist, cover your containers with plastic wrap, or keep them in a plastic bag.提示：为了保持种子均匀湿润，用保鲜膜覆盖容器，或保存在一个塑料袋。 DO NOT let it get so wet that mold develops and remove or raise the wrap once seedlings emerge.不要让它太湿，模具开发，删除或增加包装，一旦苗木出现。 Keeping them Healthy. After your seeds have germinated, make sure they get plenty of direct light - 12 to 16 hours a day. 保持他们的健康，你的种子已经发芽后，确保他们得到充足的直射光-每天12至16小时。 If your house doesnt get enough natural sunlight, you might need to invest in an indoor grow light system .如果你的房子没有得到足够的自然阳光，你可能需要在室内植物生长灯系统投资。 If your seedlings are on a windowsill, turn them daily to ensure even growth.如果你的苗木窗台上，打开，以确保他们每天甚至增长。 Once a seedling has developed 4 leaves, it is time to transfer it to a new pot.幼苗4叶一次，现在是时候将它转移到一个新的锅。 Heres how:下面是如何： 1.) Put a layer of a light potting mix in the new container. 1）将在新的容器组合盆栽光层。 2.) Gently remove the seedling from its old pot, being careful not to damage or bruise the roots or stem. 2）轻轻地从老火锅苗，注意不要损伤或瘀伤的根或茎。 3.) Set the new seedling in the pot. 3）在锅内设置新的苗子。 4.) Carefully fill with soil. 4）认真填写土壤。 Cover most of the stem, leaving only the leaves above the soil.覆盖大部分的干，土壤留下的只有叶以上。 5.) Repeat this process when plants are 8-10 inches tall, unless it is time to move them outside. 5）重复此过程，当工厂8-10英寸高的，除非它是时间来移动它们之外。 Moving Plants Outside 搬厂外 When soil temperatures reach 55-60 F. and the days are in the 60s, its time to transplant your tomatoes.当土壤温度达到55-60楼和天是在60年代，它的时间来移植你的西红柿。 However, dont just stick them in the ground.然而，不只是粘在地面。 Theyll need to get used to cooler outdoor temperatures and a harsher environment.他们将需要习惯于凉爽的室外温度和更严厉的环境。 For best results, start your young plants out in the shade for an hour or two before bringing them back in the house.为了达到最佳效果，你年轻的植物开始在一两个小时的树荫，才使他们在房子里。 Increase their time outdoors until they can handle living outside full time.增加户外活动的时间，直到他们能处理全职以外的生活。 This process will take about 7-10 days.这个过程将需要大约7-10天。 Transplanting Tomatoes in Seven Steps 移栽番茄中的七个步骤 1.) Choose a cloudy day, if possible, so seedlings dont dry out. 1）选择一个阴天，如果可能的话，使幼苗不干燥。 2.) Water plants with compost tea or diluted fish emulsion an hour or two before transplanting 2）堆肥茶或稀释的鱼乳液水植物移栽前一个小时或两个 3.) Pinch off the lower leaves. 3）夹断下部叶片。 4.) Mix 1 cup of kelp meal, 1 cup of bone meal and a healthy amount of organic compost into each planting hole to give tomatoes an extra boost. 4）1杯，海带粉，骨粉1杯和健康的有机堆肥混合到每个种植孔给西红柿一个额外的刺激。 5.) Very gently, remove the seedling from its pot and place in the planting hole. 5）。非常轻柔，取出锅和幼苗在定植穴的地方。 6.) Fill the hole with soil. 6）用土填充孔。 7.) Water well. 7）。水井。 Garden Maintenance 园林养护 Watering 洒水 The key to beautiful tomatoes is consistent watering.美丽的西红柿，关键是一致的浇水。 Water deeply and often, making sure to soak the soil 6 to 8 inches deep at least twice per week.水深情，经常，确保浸泡6至8英寸深的土壤，每星期至少两次。 Do NOT let the soil dry out between waterings, especially once tomatoes begin to develop.不要让土壤干燥，浇水之间，尤其是西红柿一旦开始发展。 Uneven watering will produce misshapen fruit and a host of other problems, some of which are mentioned above.浇水不均匀，会产生畸形果和其他问题，其中一些是上面提到的主机。 Tomatoes love water!西红柿爱水！ Tip: Keep water off the leaves of tomato plants to prevent many plant diseases from developing.提示：保持了番茄植株叶片的水，以防止来自发展中国家的许多植物病害。 Mulching 覆盖 Mulch will help retain moisture and keep your garden soil warm.覆盖将有助于保持水分，并保持您的菜园土温暖。 Apply up to 8-inches of straw, grass, leaves or other organic mulch soon after the soil has warmed.申请了8英寸的稻草，草，树叶或其他有机覆盖后不久，土暖。 If you will be using tomato stakes or cages, make sure to install them prior to adding mulch.如果您将使用番茄木桩或笼，确保安装它们之前加地膜。 Learn more about mulches for the home vegetable garden here.了解更多有关这里为家的菜园覆盖物 。 Fertilizing 施肥 Tomatoes are heavy feeders meaning they need a lot of nutrients.西红柿是“重馈线”，这意味着它们需要大量的营养物质。 Phosphorous will promote blossoming (and thus fruiting), whereas nitrogen will increase vegetative growth.磷会促进开花（因而出菇），而氮会增加营养生长。 The following applies to organic fertilizer only.以下内容适用于仅有机肥 。 Liquid Fertilizer. Liquid fertilizers are immediately available to the plant, but they do leach out of the soil quickly, requiring frequent applications. 液体肥料，液体肥料是立即可用的植物，但他们做滤出的土壤迅速，需要频繁的应用。 Fertilizers such as fish emulsion or compost tea can be applied to the foliage or to the soil around the base of the plant.如鱼乳液或堆肥茶肥料，可用于向叶面或周围的植物基地的土壤。 Slow-Release Granules. These organic nutrients can be scattered around established plants on the surface of the soil.围绕既定的植物在土壤表面，可以分散缓释颗粒，这些有机养分。 They release slowly, will not burn plants, contain all kinds of micronutrients in addition to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and even improve the texture of the soil as they break down (see Producing Garden Vegetables with Organic Soil Amendments ).他们释放缓慢，不会烧伤植物，除氮，磷，钾中含有各种微量营养素，甚至改善土壤质地，因为他们打破（见花园蔬菜生产有机土壤改良剂 ）。 Top and Side-Dressings. Top-dressing is adding fertilizer or soil amendments on top of the soil. 顶部和侧面敷料。追肥，增加土壤上的肥料或土壤改良剂。 Compost is an obvious choice for top-dressing.堆肥是一个显而易见的选择追肥。 Water will leach the nutrients into the soil and earthworms will carry the compost downward.水会渗入土壤中的养分和蚯蚓进行堆肥向下。 With side-dressing, youll need to dig the tomato fertilizer into the soil around your plants, being careful not to disturb the root system.侧追肥，你需要到你的植物周围的土壤挖番茄肥料 ，小心不要打扰根系统。 Side dress with a calcium source (such as gypsum) during the blossom stage to prevent blossom-end rot.侧裙与钙源（如石膏），以防止花腐病在开花阶段。 Pruning 修剪 Only indeterminate varieties of tomatoes require (or benefit from) pruning.唯一不确定的品种西红柿需要（或利益）修剪。 Pruning tomatoes is the act of removing volunteer sprouts, or suckers.修剪西红柿是消除志愿豆芽，或吸盘的行为。 The suckers grow at the junction of the main plant stem and the leaf stem.在交界处的主要植物的茎和叶茎生长的吸盘。 If you dont prune your suckers, they will grow roots, leaves and flowers just like the rest of the plant, which will actually increase the overall number of tomatoes you can harvest.如果不修剪你的吸盘，他们将成长就像根，叶，花，其余的厂房，这实际上增加了可以收获的西红柿的总体数量。 However, it will decrease the size of each individual to