大三笔译笔记.docx

Criteria for Beginners of TranslationLoyalty（忠实）:完整并且准确地表达原作内容。 完整：不得随意增加或删减原文的内容。 ST: Its implications will doubtlessly escape you. Original: 你看不出它的含义。 Revised: 毫无疑问，你看不出它的含义。Loyalty（忠实）: 完整并且准确地表达原作内容。 准确：忠实地传达原文的内容，不得歪曲或者篡改原文的信息。 ST: Let me be your banker. Original: 让我做你的银行家吧。 Revised: 你需要钱，我可以借给你。Fluency（通顺）:译文语言明白流畅，符合译入语的语言规范；句语句之间、 段与段之间过渡自然、衔接紧密。语言明白：用词准确，不用生硬晦涩，模棱两可，随意生造的词语 ST: The whole village was astir with the news. Original: 消息传来，全村震动。 Revised: 消息传来，全村震惊（轰动）。ST: 我永远不会忘记您。Original: I shall never forget thee.Revised: I shall never forget you. ST: Words failed me.Original: 文字打败了我。Revised: 我惊讶地说不出话来。ST: The Republicans are out, the Democrats in.Original:共和党出台，民主党进台。Revised:共和党下台，民主党上台。过渡自然，衔接紧密ST: 他2003年被哈佛大学法律系录取。三年后他大学毕，毅然放弃了当律师的机会，转身进入了华尔街。A. He was admitted by the Law School of Harvard University in 2003. He graduated there three years later and he refused to be a lawyer and stepped onto the Wall Street.B. He was admitted by the Law School of Harvard University in 2003. Following his graduation three years later, he refused to be a lawyer but stepped onto the Wall Street.Addition（增补法） Definition: Addition means supplying necessary words in translation. Purpose: Addition is adopted to make TT grammatically correct semantically clear culturally appropriateExamples and DrillsST: We wont retreat; we never have and never will.TT: 我们不后退，我们从来没有后退过，我们将来也决不后退。ST: Water evaporates more rapidly when the temperature is high than when it is low.TT: 温度高，水蒸发得快；温度低，水蒸发地慢。ST: You cannot build a ship, a house, or a machine tool if you dont know how to make a read a design.TT: 如果你不会制图或看不懂图纸，就不能造船，盖房子或制造机床。ST: At the same time, inequality has beome worse.TT: 同时，不平等现象变得更严重了。ST: Divorce is increasing in this country with growing urbanization.TT: 这个国家的城市越来越多，离婚率也越来越高。ST: Footsteps announced his return.TT: 听见脚步声，知道他回来了。ST: For my own part, I consider it as nothing less than a question of freedom or slavery.TT:依我看来，我认为这完全是一个要么赢得自由要么沦为奴隶的问题。ST: 我从去年开始学习二胡。TT: Last year I started to learn er-hu (a traditional Chinese musical instrument). Omission 省略法Defination: Deleting or omitting some words Items:Words that are important and indispensable in English, but are useless and superfluous in Chinese. Words like pronouns, articles, prepositions, connectives, some verbsExample: We have seven days in a week.一个星期有七天。Drills: If you give him an inch, he will take a mile.他这个人得寸进尺。 For two weeks, he has been studyingthe house, looking at its rooms, its electric writing, its path and its garden. 两周以来，他一直注意观察房子的情况，查看各个房间，留心电线的走向、通道和花园的布局。Omission of ArticlesExample: The moon was slowly rising above the sea. 月亮慢慢从海上升起。Drills: Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees.冬天是研究树木生长的最好季节。Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid or a gas. 任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体，都由原子组成。Omission of prepositionExample: Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共场所不许吸烟。Drills: The difference between the two machines consists in power. 这两台机器的差别在于功率不同。 Hydrogen is the lightest element with an atomic weight of 1.0008. 氢是最轻的元素，原子量为1.0008.Omission of connectivesExample: Like charges repel each other while opposite charge attract. 同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。Drills: Stainless steel possess good hardness and high strength. 不锈钢硬度大，强度高。 Only after I had heard the explanation did I understand what it was all about. 听了他的解释，我才知道究竟是怎么回事。Omission of some verbsExample: I am twenty. 我二十了。Drills: The sky is high and the clouds are pale.天高云淡。 The last few years have been positive developments in the international political scene, characterized by a spirit of accommodation. 过去几年，国际政治在和解的精神下有了积极的发展。Summary: the purpose of omission1. To make the target text (TT) concise and easy to understand. 使译文简洁易懂。2. To make the TT suit the grammar and writing style of target language（译入语） better. 使译文符合译入语的语法规则和行文规则。N.B.: Omission doesnt change the meaning.Process of Translation1. Read the original text at least two times.2. Consult reliable dictionaries or other relevant materials to look up new words and difficult expressions.3. Comprehend the text fully, especially what is implied.4. Analyze its style, especially the genre（体裁） and use of language（语言特色）5.Transfer from source to target language6. ReviseTranslation of ColorRed 红色红旗 red flag 红糖brown sugar 红茶black tea 红榜honor roll红事 wedding 红运good luck red wine红酒 red ruin火灾red battle血战 red sky彩霞；晚霞 love pea红豆Green 绿色眼红 green-eyedIn American political elections the candidates that win are usually the ones who have green power backing them. 在美国政治竞选中获胜的候选人通常都是有财团支持的人。The new typist is green at her job. 刚来的打字员是个生手。Yellow 黄色a yellow dog 卑鄙的人He is too yellow to stand up and fight. 他太软弱，不敢起来斗争。黄色电影pornographic films / blue films 黄色笑话pornographic jokes / blue jokesYellow Pages Yellow boy YellowBlue 蓝色They felt rather blue after the failure in the football match.球赛踢输了，他们感到有些沮丧。a blue Monday郁闷的周一blue talk blue video blue blood下流的言论 黄色录像 贵族血统out of blue once in a blue drink till alls blue意想不到 千载难逢 一醉方休 White 白色a white lie善意的谎言 the white coffee牛奶咖啡 white man善良的人；有教养的人white elephant昂贵又无用的东西 白开水plain boiled water 白菜Chinese cabbage白字wrongly written character 白搭no use 白费事all in vainBlack 黑色black in the face 脸色铁青 to look black at someone怒目而视evil mind 黑心 inside story黑幕black sheep 害群之马 black future暗淡的前途How to translate negative words英语否定词汇的划分 完全否定 半否定 部分否定 带有否定含义的词语英语肯定，汉语否定 Such a chance was denied to me. 我没有得到这样一个机会。 I have read your article. I expected to meet an older man. 我拜读了你的大作，没想到你这样年轻。 Time is what we want most, but what many use worst. 我们最需要时间，偏偏许多人最不善于利用。 It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. 他无权签订这种合同。 He would do anything he was asked to but return to his old life. 叫他干什么都愿意，只要不再以过往那种日子。 Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity. 双方都认为可以不失体面地接受这个和平方案。 If it worked once, it can work twice. 一次得手，再次不愁。 One may as well be asleep to read anything but to improve his mind and morals, and regulate his conduct.读书如果不是为了培养才德和端庄品行，还不如睡大觉。英语否定，汉语肯定 The doubt was still unsloved after his repeated explanation. 经过他一再解释，疑团仍然存在。 He carelessly glanced through the note and got way. 他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。 He manifested strong dislike for his fathers business. 他对父亲的行业表现出强烈的厌恶情绪。 Dont lose time in posing this letter. 赶快把这封信寄出去。 Such behavior couldnt long escape notice. 这类行为迟早会被人发觉的。 Nothing is so beautiful but it betrays some defect on close inspection. 再漂亮的东西，只要仔细观察，也会发现某种缺陷。双重否定 There is not any advantage without disadvantage. 有一利必有一弊。 It never rains but it pours. 不雨则已，雨必倾盆。 It is impossible but that a man will make some mistakes. 人不会不犯错误。 Its significance and importance can never be overemphasized. 它的意义和重要性，不管怎么强调，都不过分。否定的陷阱I dont think hell come.我认为他不会来。The engine didnt stop because the fuel was finished.引擎并不是因为燃料耗尽才停止运转。I know you didnt do this just to win an election.我知道你（们）这样做并不只是为了赢得一场大选。You cant be too careful in proofreading. 校对时越仔细越好。I shall never be able to stress too much for your kindness. 无论什么词语都难以表达我对你的感激。All that glitters is not gold. 发光的不一定都是金子。Everything is not straightened out. 并非每一个问题都弄清楚了。 We both cant go. 我们俩不能同时去。Both of them are not candidates. 他们两人并非都是候选人。翻译技巧：名词从句主语从句What he told me was only half-truth. 他告诉我的东西半真半假。Whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression. 他此行所见所闻给他留下了深刻的印象。Whoever comes to our public reference library will be welcome. 无论是谁到我们公共参考图书馆来都欢迎。It doesnt make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not. 他参不参加会议都没多大关系。It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash. 驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后竟然还能活着，这看来是不可想象的事。It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings. 真奇怪，她竟然没有看出自己的缺点。宾语从句1. I understand that he is well-qualified, but I feel that he needs more experience. 我知道他完全够格，但是我觉得他需要更多的经验。2. I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting. 能被选中参加会议，我感到十分荣幸。3. We have no definite information yet as to which route he will take. 关于他将走哪条路线，我们还没有确切的消息。表语从句1. This is where the shoe pinches. 这就是问题的症结所在了。2. Things are not always as they seem to be. 事情并不总是如其表象。3. His view of the press was that the reporters were either for him or against him.他对新闻界的看法是，那些记者不是支持他就是反对他。同位语从句He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again. 他表示希望能再次访问中国。We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我们不是在调查他是否可以信任。She had no idea why she thought of him suddenly. 她不明白自己为什么突然想到了他。Each day brings new evidence that the ways we use energy threaten our planet. 每一天都在不断显示，我们使用能源的方式威胁着我们的地球。They doubted the assumption that he would rather kill himself than surrender. 对于他宁愿自杀也不投降这一假设，他们表示怀疑。But considering realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospectus were less than good. 但是现实地考虑下，我们不得不证实这样一个事实：我们的前景并不秒。 Not long ago the scientists made an exciting discovery that this “waste” material could be turned into plastics. 不久以前，科学家们有了一个令人振奋的发现，即可以把这种废物变为塑料。An order has been given that the researchers who are now in the skylab should be sent back. 已下令要求将目前在航天实验室里的研究人员送回来。 定语从句的翻译合并法1. Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with. 污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。2. The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him. 在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死。3. He liked his sister who was warm and pleasant,but he didnt like his brother who was aloof andarrogant. 他喜欢热情活泼的妹妹，而不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。 分译法1. A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat. 燃料是一种物质，在适当温度下可以燃烧并且释放出热量。2. They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased. 他们设计出一种新方法，采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。 3. They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives. 他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人为了这个理想牺牲了自己的生命。兼有状语功能的定语从句1. A solid fuel, like coal and wood, can only burn at the surface, where it comes to contact with the air. 固体燃料，如煤和石材，只能在表面燃烧，因为表面接触空气。2. We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays than our eyes, can see more clearly in the night. 我们知道，由于猫的眼睛能比我们的眼睛吸收更多的光线，所以猫在黑夜能看得很清楚。3. You must grasp the concept of “work” which is very important in physics. 你必须掌握“功”这一概念，因为它在物理学中很重要。4. There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. 这个方案富于原创性，独具一格，很有魄力，因此他们都很喜欢。5. Copper, which is used so widely to carry electricity, offers very little resistance. 铜的阻力很小，所以广泛地用来传输电力。6. He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for. 他坚持要再造一幢房子，尽管他并无此需要。7. The scientist, who is dog-tired, went on with the experiment. 那位科学家虽然已经筋疲力尽，但还是继续进行实验。8. Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing. 现在人们已经懂得，如果饮食中缺少了某些重要成分，即使其中不含任何有害物质，也会引起严重疾病。9. Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families. 人们急切地需要工作，不管什么工作，只要它能维持一家人的生活就行。10. They have built up a new college here, where students will be trained to be engineers and scientists. 他们在这里建了一所学院，以培养工程师和科学家。11. I will try to get an illustrated dictionary dealing with technical glossary, which will enable me to translate scientific literature more exactly. 我要设法弄一本有插图的技术词语词典， 以便能更准确地翻译科学文献。12. We have to oil the moving parts of the machine, the friction of which may be greatly reduced. 我们必须给机器的运动部件加润滑油，以使摩擦大大减小。 状语从句的翻译时间状语从句1. Please turn off the light when you leave the room. 你离开房间时请把灯关上。2. While she spoke, the tears were running down. 她说话时，泪水直流。3. She sang as she prepared the experiment. 她一边唱歌，一边准备实验。4. They set him free when his ransom had not been paid. 他还没有交赎金，他们就把他释放了。5. Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine. 如果机器发生故障，就把电门关上。6. We cant start the job until we have the approval from the authority. 如果没有得到当局的同意，我们就不能开始这项工作。地点状语从句1. Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions. 在有疑问的地方做个记号。2. The materials are excellent for use where the price of the work pieces is not high. 如果零件价格不高，使用这些材料是最好不过的了。原因状语从句1. Since that is so, there is no more to be said. 既然如此，再没什么可说的了。2. As the moons gravity is only about 1/6 gravity of the earth, a 200-pound man weighs only 33 pounds in the moon. 由于月球的引力只有地球的1/6， 所以一个体重200磅的人在月球上仅重33磅。原因状语从句1. Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion. 他深信这件事情真实可靠，因此坚持己见。2. Pure iron is not used in industry, because it is too soft. 纯铁太软，所以不用在工业上。条件状语从句Granted that it is true, what conclusion can you draw? 假设这是真的，你又能得出什么结论？ Should there be an urgent situation, press the red button to switch off the electricity. 万一发生紧急情况，请按红色按钮切断电源。其它状语从句I still think that you made a mistake while I admit what you say. 就算我承认你说的话，但是依然认为你犯了个错误。They were determined to carry out their plan no matter what obstacles they would have to face. 无论将遇到什么样的障碍，他们都下定决心执行计划。We should start early so that we might get there before noon. 为了正午以前赶到那里 ，我们应该早点动身。A rocket must attain a speed of about five miles per second so that it may put a satellite into orbit. 为了把卫星送入轨道，火箭的速度必须达到每秒5英里。长句的翻译长句翻译一般翻译步骤 找出句子的主谓宾，抓住句子的主干。 找出所有的修饰成分，理解并分析其功能。 按表达需要将长句划分成若干部分。 逐一翻译各个部分，再按照汉语特点和表达方式，对译文进行调整，排列和重组。顺序法You must know, Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it that he argued with Mr. Morris immediately; that he is to take the possession before Christmas, and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week.Drill: Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels we